SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC - … $ ps –ag command for real time process monitoring. Use kill...
Transcript of SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC - … $ ps –ag command for real time process monitoring. Use kill...
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 01
Name of Experiment Implement following commands with their options:
ps and kill. df and du mount and umount. (4 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic knowledge about linux command.
Equipment/ Instrumentation Linux Operating System.
Procedure (Key Points)
Open shell terminal
Set ps command and get information of process.
Set $ ps –ag command for real time process monitoring.
Use kill command to kill process by ID
$kill 1020
Use killall command to kill all processes.
Kill with process name
$killall processname
Stop all process
$kill 0
Df command is used to check disk available space.
$df
$df –h
The du command shows the disk usage for a specific
directory (by default, the current directory).
$du –c
$du –h
Mount Command
mount -t vfat /dev/sdb1 /media/disk
Unmount Command
$umount
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Check command result and notice that results.
Safety Measures Do not kill system processes.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down all results after command execution.
Assignments. Describe Linux file structure in details.
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
Name of Experiment Implement grep and tar commands. (4 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Open Linux shell
Before performing grep command need files for searching
data
Type in shell
Create sample files in linux in home directory
$cat file1
One two three four
$man grep
Check grep manual and performing operating
$grep two file
Use different attributes
Use tar command for archiving file
$man tar
$tar –cvf test.tar /test1/test2
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in grep and tar
command examples.
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments. Explain grep and tar commands with 4 examples.
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 03
Name of Experiment Implement setting of global and local environment variable,
shell environment variables. (4 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Open Linux shell
$ echo $SHELL
would give you the name of the current shell you are using.
To see a list of the environment variables that are already set
on your machine, type the following-
$ env
Display current environment variables-
$set
Printing shell , environment variables
$printenv
$env VAR1="blahblah" command_to_run
command_options
Creating Environment variables
$test_var=testing
$echo test_var
$export test_var
$echo $test_var
e.g $export PATH=${PATH}:/home/cse/bin
Removing Environment Variables
$unset test_var
Seting PATH variable
$ PATH=$PATH:/home/rich/test
Setting Shell variables
$test_var='cse'
To define a temporary value to a shell variable use the
command: $set variable_name=value
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 04
Name of Experiment Create users, groups .Set permissions and ownership.
View the /etc/passwd file and describe its syntax.
View the /etc/shadow file and describe its syntax.
View the /etc/group file and describe its syntax. (4 Hours)
Prerequisite of
experimentation.
Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/
Instrumentation
OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Adding a new user
Open Linux shell
# /usr/sbin/useradd –D
You can test this by creating a new user account using the default
system parameters
# /usr/sbin/useradd test
Changing the default values is a snap:
# useradd -D -s /bin/tsch
Removing a user
# /usr/sbin/userdel -r test
Modifying a user
Usermod
passwd and chpasswd
# passwd test
The chpasswd command reads a list of login name and
password pairs (separated by a colon) from the standard input, and
automatically encrypts the password and sets it for the user
account.
chsh, chfn, and chage
# chfn test
# finger rich
# chfn test
# finger test
The /etc/group file
Creating new groups
# /usr/sbin/groupadd shared
# /usr/sbin/usermod -G shared test
Modifying groups
# /usr/sbin/groupmod -n sharing shared
Default file permissions
$ touch newfile
$ ls -al newfile
$ umask
Changing permissions
Format: chmod options mode file
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
$ chmod 760 newfile
$ ls -l newfile
$ chmod o+r newfile
Changing ownership
The format of the chown command is:
chown options owner[.group] file
# chown dan newfile
# ls -l newfile
The /etc/passwd file
$man passwd
$ cat /etc/passwd
The /etc/shadow file
The /etc/shadow file contains one record for each user account on
the system. A record looks like this:
rich:$1$.FfcK0ns$f1UgiyHQ25wrB/hykCn020:11627:0:99999:7:::
In between check Points
during experimentation/
execution of practical.
Use ls command to check system result of operation.
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples.
Assignments.
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 05
Name of Experiment Implement setting up and releasing of special permissions
(SGID, SUID and sticky bit) and state their effects. (4 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Open Linux shell
The set user id (SUID): When a file is executed by a user,
the program runs under the permissions of the file owner.
■ The set group id (SGID): For a file, the program runs
under the permissions of the file
group. For a directory, new files created in the directory use
the directory group as the default group.
■ The sticky bit: The file remains (sticks) in memory after
the process ends.
to create a shared directory that always sets the directory
group for all new files, all you need
to do is set the SGID bit for the directory:
$ mkdir testdir
$ ls –l
$ chgrp shared testdir
$ chmod g+s testdir
$ ls –l
$ umask 002
$ cd testdir
$ touch testfile
$ ls -l
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 06
Name of Experiment Implement I/O Redirection and Pipes. (4 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Output redirection
The most basic type of redirection is sending output from a
command to a file. The bash shell uses the greater-than
symbol for this:
command > outputfile
$ date > test6
$ ls -l test6
$ cat test6
Now the contents of the test6 file contain the output from the
who command.
$ who > test6
$ cat test6
$ date >> test6
$ cat test6
The test6 file still contains the original data from the who
command processed earlier, plus now it contains the new
output from the date command.
Input redirection
The input redirection symbol is the less-than symbol (<):
command < inputfile
$ wc < test6
The wc command provides a count of text in the data.
The inline input redirection symbol is the double less-than
symbol (<<). Besides this symbol, you must specify a text
marker that delineates the beginning and end of the data used
for input.
command << marker
$ wc << EOF
> test string 1
> test string 2
> test string 3
> EOF
Pipes
There are times when you need to send the output of one
command to the input of another command.
This process is called piping. The pipe symbol is the bar
operator (|):
command1 | command2
Now, using piping you can easily pipe the output of the rpm
command directly to the sort
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
command to produce your results:
$ rpm -qa | sort
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 07
Name of Experiment Write shell script to demonstrate use of conditional and loop
control statements.
Write a shell script that shows effects of quotes on the Output
of a variable.
Write a shell script that looks through all the files in the current
directory for the string POSIX and then prints the name of
these files to the standard output. (6 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Here The syntax expressed the how to use loops:
if [ expression ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
fi
If else
if [ expression ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
else
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is not true
fi
While Loop
while command
do
Statement(s) to be executed if command is true
Done
For Loop
for var in word1 word2 ... wordN
do
Statement(s) to be executed for every word.
done
try this Code for standard output
#!/bin/bash
#finding name of files
echo “current working directory files”
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
find . –print
find . -name POSIX|ls > search.txt
ls > find . –name POSIX
#find –name \*.txt .POSIX.txt |ls > search.txt
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 08
Name of Experiment Write shell script to implement following test commands :
For string comparisons.
For numeric comparisons.
For file comparisons (6 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
String Comparison
Example 1:
$ cat > test9b
#!/bin/bash
# testing string sort order
val1=Testing
val2=testing
if [ $val1 \> $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi
$ sh test9b
Testing is less than testing
$ sort testfile
Numeric Comparison
Example 1:
$ cat > test5
#!/bin/bash
# using numeric test comparisons
val1=10
val2=11
if [ $val1 -gt 5 ]
then
echo "The test value $val1 is greater than 5"
fi
if [ $val1 -eq $val2 ]
then
echo "The values are equal"
else
echo "The values are different"
fi
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
echo The first test condition:
if [ $val1 -gt 5 ]
echo tests if the value of the variable val1 is greater than 5.
The second test condition:
if [ $val1 -eq $val2 ]
echo There is a limitation to the test numeric conditions
though. Try this script:
#sh test5
File Comparison
Example 1:
$ cat > test11
#!/bin/bash
# look before you leap
if [ -d $HOME ]
then
echo "Your HOME directory exists"
cd $HOME
ls -a
else
echo "There’s a problem with your HOME directory"
fi
$ sh test11
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 09
Name of Experiment Write shell script that :
Uses command line parameters.
Counts number of parameters.
Implements shift command.
Implements processing option with parameter values. (6
Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Command Line Parameter
Example 1
$ cat > test4
#!/bin/bash
# handling lots of parameters
total=$[ ${10} * ${11} ]
echo The tenth parameter is ${10}
echo The eleventh parameter is ${11}
echo The total is $total
$ sh test4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Counting Parameters
Example 1
$ cat > test8
#!/bin/bash
# getting the number of parameters
echo There were $# parameters supplied.
$ sh test8
There were 0 parameters supplied.
$ sh test8 1 2 3 4 5
There were 5 parameters supplied.
$ sh test8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
There were 10 parameters supplied.
$ sh test8 "Rich Blum"
There were 1 parameters supplied.
$
Shift Command
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
Example 2
$ cat > test14
#!/bin/bash
# demonstrating a multi-position shift
echo "The original parameters: $*"
shift 2
echo "Here’s the new first parameter: $1"
$ sh test14 1 2 3 4 5
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Name of Experiment Write shell script :
To implement redirection of Input script.
For redirecting file descriptors.
Creating input file descriptor. (6 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Redirecting Input in Scripts
Example 1
$ cat test12
#!/bin/bash
# redirecting file input
exec 0< testfile
count=1
while read line
do
echo "Line #$count: $line"
count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done
$ ./test12
Redirecting file descriptors
Example 1
$ cat test14
#!/bin/bash
# storing STDOUT, then coming back to it
exec 3>&1
exec 1>test14out
echo "This should store in the output file"
echo "along with this line."
exec 1>&3
echo "Now things should be back to normal"
$ ./test14
Now things should be back to normal
$ cat test14out
This should store in the output file
along with this line.
$
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
Creating input file descriptors
Example 1
$ cat test15
#!/bin/bash
# redirecting input file descriptors
exec 6<&0
exec 0< testfile
count=1
while read line
do
echo "Line #$count: $line"
count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done
exec 0<&6
read -p "Are you done now? " answer
case $answer in
Y|y) echo "Goodbye";;
N|n) echo "Sorry, this is the end.";;
esac
$ ./test15
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Name of Experiment Practice sed editor and gawk utility. (6 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Sed
The format for using the sed command is:
sed options script file
$ echo "This is a test" | sed ’s/test/big test/’
This is a big test
$
Using multiple editor commands in the command line
To execute more than one command from the sed command
line, just use the -e option:
$ sed -e ’s/brown/green/; s/dog/cat/’ data1
Reading editor commands from a file
$ cat script1
s/brown/green/
s/fox/elephant/
s/dog/cat/
$ sed -f script1 data1
Gawk
The gawk command format
The basic format of the gawk program is:
gawk options program file
Reading the program script from the command line
$ gawk ’{print "Hello John!"}’
Using data field variables
$ cat data3
One line of test text.
Two lines of test text.
Three lines of test text.
$ gawk ’{print $1}’ data3
Using multiple commands in the program script
$ echo "My name is Rich" | gawk ’{$4="Dave"; print $0}’
My name is Dave
$
Reading the program from a file
$ cat script2
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
{ print $5 "’s userid is " $1 }
$ gawk -F: -f script2 /etc/passwd
Running scripts before processing data
$ gawk ’BEGIN {print "Hello World!"}’
Hello World!
$
$ gawk ’BEGIN {print "Hello World!"} {print $0}’
Running scripts after processing data
$ gawk ’BEGIN {print "Hello World!"} {print $0} END
{print "byebye"}’
$ cat script4
BEGIN {
print "The latest list of users and shells"
print " Userid Shell"
print "-------- -------"
FS=":"
}
{
print $1 " " $7
}
END {
print "This concludes the listing"
}
$
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Name of Experiment Write a shell script using functions. Modify it to handle
function with parameters, function returning values.
Write shell script for handling array variables.
Write shell script that uses function returning true or false
result. (6 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
Returning a Value
Example 1
$ cat test4
#!/bin/bash
# testing the exit status of a function
func1() {
echo "trying to display a non-existent file"
ls -l badfile
}
echo "testing the function:"
func1
echo "The exit status is: $?"
$ ./test4
Example 2
$ cat test5
#!/bin/bash
# using the return command in a function
function dbl {
read -p "Enter a value: " value
echo "doubling the value"
return $[ $value * 2 ]
}
dbl
echo "The new value is $?"
$
Passing parameters to a function
$ cat badtest1
#!/bin/bash
# trying to access script parameters inside a function
function badfunc1 {
echo $[ $1 * $2 ]
}
if [ $# -eq 2 ]
then
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
value=`badfunc1`
echo "The result is $value"
else
echo "Usage: badtest1 a b"
fi
$ ./badtest1
Usage: badtest1 a b
$ ./badtest1 10 15
./badtest1: * : syntax error: operand expected (error token is
"*
")
The result is
$
Passing arrays to functions
$ cat test10
#!/bin/bash
# array variable to function test
function testit {
local newarray
newarray=(`echo "$@"`)
echo "The new array value is: ${newarray[*]}"
}
myarray=(1 2 3 4 5)
echo "The original array is ${myarray[*]}"
testit ${myarray[*]}
$ ./test10
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)
SANJAY GHODAWAT POLYTECHNIC
PRACTICAL PLAN
Name of Faculty: - Mr. PISE S.P. Course: - CSE
Subject and Code: -LPR (17816) Course/Semester/Master: - CW-6-G
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Name of Experiment Write a shell script which checks disk space and store the
value to the variable and display it.
Write a shell script that tests connectivity with the PCs
whose IPs are provided as command line parameters. (6 Hours)
Prerequisite of experimentation. Basic command knowledge.
Equipment/ Instrumentation OS - Linux operating system
Procedure (Key Points)
In between check Points during
experimentation/ execution of
practical.
Use different parameters and attributes in shell commands
Safety Measures Do not practicing with system files.
Analysis of Results/
experimentation
Note down result of different attributes used in examples
Assignments.
Subject Teacher HOD
(Mr. Pise S. P ) (Mr. Patil P.R.)