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Sanjay Gandhi National Park(SGNP), previously Borivali National Park,[2]is a large

protected areain the northern part of suburbanMumbaicity inMaharashtraState inIndia.[3]Itencompasses an area of 104 km2 (40 sq mi) and is surrounded on three sides by India's mostpopulous city.[4]It is notable as one of the majornational parksexisting within ametropolislimitand is one of the most visited parks in the world [3]

The rich flora and fauna of Sanjay Gandhi National Park attracts more than 2 million visitorsevery year. Tourists also enjoy visiting the 2400 years oldKanheri cavessculpted out of therocky cliffs which lie within the park

HISTORY

The Sanjay Gandhi National Park area has a long written history dating back to the 4th centuryBC. In ancient India,SopoaraandKalyanwere two ports in the vicinity that traded with ancientcivilizations such asGreeceandMesopotamia. The 45 km (28 mi) land route between these twoports was partially through this forest.[5]

TheKanheri Cavesin the centre of the park were an importantBuddhistlearning centre andpilgrimage site sculpted by Buddhist monks between pradyut sakhseria 9th and the 1st centuriesBCE.[6]They were chiseled out of a massivebasalticrock outcropping.[7]

The park was named 'Krishnagiri National Park' in thepre-independence era. At that time thearea of the park was only 20.26 km2 (7.82 sq mi). In 1969, the park was expanded to its presentsize by acquiring variousreserve forestproperties adjoining the park. After this, an independentunit of the Forest Department called 'Borivali National Park Sub-division' administered the area.Krishnagiri National Park was created in 1974 and later renamed as 'Borivali National Park'. In1981, it was re-dedicated as 'Sanjay Gandhi National Park' in memory ofSanjay Gandhi, the son

of exPrime Minister of IndiaIndira Gandhi, who was killed in an air-crash in 1980.

GEOGRAPHY

The park is nestled in the hill ranges to the east of the suburb of Borivali. It occupies most of thenorthern suburbs. To the west lie the townships ofGoregaon,Malad,Kandivali,BorivaliandDahisar. To the east lie the townships ofBhandupandMulund. To the south lies theAarey MilkColony. The northern reaches of this forest lie inThanecity. The park and these areassurrounding it are all part of theMumbai metropolitan area.

The region is hilly with elevations between 30 m (98 ft) and 480 m (1,570 ft). The Park

encompasses two lakes,Vihar LakeandTulsi Lake, which meet part of the city's waterrequirements. The park is said to be the lungs of the city as it purifies much of the air pollution ofthe city.

WILDLIFE

The park is home to a number of endangered species of flora and fauna. The forest area of thePark houses over 1000 plant species, 251 species of migratory, land and water birds, 50,000

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species of insects, 40 species of mammals. In addition, the Park also provides shelter to 38species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians and also 150 species of butterflies and a large varietyof fish.[4][8]

Flora: Kadamba, teak, karanj, shisam, and species of acacia, ziziphus, euphorbia, flame of the

forest, red silk cotton and a number of other varieties of flowers. Karvi or Karvy, a floweringplant that flowers once in seven years, can be found in the Park.

Fauna: The forest cover in the park helps provide the ideal habitat for many wild animals.Chital(or spotted deer),Rhesus MacaqueandBonnet Macaqueare some of the wildmammalsthat caneasily be spotted roaming inside the park. Other large mammals found in the park are: BlackNaped orIndian Hare,Muntjac(Barking Deer),Porcupine,Asian Palm Civet,Chevrotain(Mouse Deer), Hanuman orGray Langur,Indian Flying-fox,Sambar DeerandLeopard. One canalso spothyenaorfour-horned antelope.

Reptilesliving here include:crocodilesin the Tulsi Lake,pythons,cobras,monitor lizards,Russell's Vipers,Bamboo Pit ViperandCeylonese Cat Snakes.[4]

ButterfliesTotal 172 species of butterflies has been reported here, of which the spectacular onesareBlue Mormon, the phenomenal artist of camouflage theBlue Oak leaf, the brightjezebelsand Large Yellow and WhiteOrange tips,Tigers,Eggfliesand Sailers.

Avian-Fauna: Some of thebirdsone may see in the park are:Jungle Owlets,golden orioles,racket-tailed drongos,minivets,magpies,robins,hornbills,bulbuls,sunbirds,peacock, andwoodpeckers. Migratory and local birds such asparadise flycatcherand various species of

kingfishers,mynas,drongos,swifts,gulls,egrets, andheronshave also been spotted

TOURISM

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is said to be one of the most visitedNational Parksin Asia.According to estimates, around 2 million visitors visit this park annually. Collection at the gatesin November 2004 touched 98lakh(US$170,000).

The Krishnagiri Upavan is an area of approximately 5.5 km2 (2.12 sq mi) reserved as an easilyaccessible public recreation zone inside the park. The remaining core area has restricted access.Among the several attractions of the Krishnagiri Upavan is a mini-zoowhere visitors can view

animals up close. There is a crocodile park where one can easily view different sizes of thesereptiles all at one place. The lion and tiger safaris educate and guide visitors through the naturalhabitats of these animals. A narrow gauge train travels around the tourist zone showcasing partsof the rich biodiversity. There aboatingfacility where visitors can rent a two person pedal-powered boat for Rs.15 per 15 minute increment at191346N72528E. Two watchtowers areavailable for panoramic views of the park.

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Many visitors also travel to the Kanheri Caves, especially on an auspicious day in August.Nature trails and treks are also popular.Rock climbingenthusiasts often come to national park.Many rock faces around the National Park and the Kanheri Caves offer a great opportunity forrock climbers.

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