Sanitation in India
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Transcript of Sanitation in India
Jatin,Raghav,Nisarg,Lovin,Abhineet,MunnezaSanitation Problem in India
Presentation Agenda
Introduction to the problem
Costs associated with poor sanitation
Government Initiatives
Role of private sector & NGOs
Learnings & Opportunities as future managers
Indians defecate everywhere. They defecate mostly besides the railway tracks. But they also defecate on the beaches; they defecate on the hills; they defecate on the river banks; they defecate on the streets; they never look for cover.”—V.S. Naipaul, An Area of Darkness, 1964
“There is no use blasting Agni missiles if the sanitation problem is not solved ““It’s more important than the launch of Agni missiles. If there are no toilets, then Agni is of no use. The price of just one fighter aircraft is enough to free one thousand villages from open defecation.”—Jairam Ramesh
My identity is of a Hindutvawadi, but I say build toilets before you build temples,“—Narendra Modi
More Temples than Toilets!!!!
More Mobiles than Toilets!!!!
60% of all open defecations in the world are in India 64% of Indians defecate in the open That amounts to a staggering 626 million people going to relieve themselves in the
open every morning!!!
India – Next Superpower or World’s Largest open air
Loo
India is all set to miss United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals to double the number of households with a toilet facility by 2015.
A point to ponder – a case of misplaced priorities???
Primary Research
The group visited the village Farmana Khas located about 15 kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway.
The village was awarded the Nirmal Gram award for achieving 100% sanitation under the "total sanitation programme.
Success of “No bride without a toilet campaign in the village”
“The greatest obstacle in improving sanitation conditions is in changing the mindset of people. There are families with Corollas parked in their houses, but the houses have no toilets.”
-Mr. Sheel Kumar, Chief Sanitary Officer -Rohtak District
Costs of poor Sanitation
Cost of poor Sanitation
Public sector InitiativesInitiative % Description Target Shortcomings
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan or
Total Sanitation Campaign
• Construction of Individual Household Toilets• Community Sanitary Complex• Institutional Toilets - Schools and Anganwadi• Solid and Liquid Waste Management• Maintenance of facilities under NBA• Participatory Approach–Individual / Community• Active involvement of PRIs, CBOs, NGOs & SHGs
• Make India Open Defecation free by 2022• To cover all schools with toilets by December 2008;
• Households that have benefitted once would not be eligible for any further assistance• No involvement of private sector• Issue of local leadership
Nirmal Gram Puraskar
• Largest incentive scheme launched by GOI for Panchayati Raj Institutions• Award given to panchayats which become free from Open Defecation and maintain clean environment
• Improving and maintaining sanitation facilities• Solid and Liquid Waste Management and creation of additional sanitation facilities
• Officials’ vested interests in clocking higher numbers.• Quality of sanitation not assured before awarding the status
Central Rural Sanitation Program
• Improving the quality of life of people in rural areas • Provide privacy and dignity to women• Expanded in 1993 to include personal hygiene and home sanitation
• Construction of sanitary toilets for households below poverty line in rural areas
•Inefficiencies in implementation
CHALLENGES
The current system of financing sanitation is fragmented between the national and state governments which poses several delivery challenges
There is general lack of awareness, especially in the rural areas, about the importance of proper sanitation
Socio-economic factors like poverty and caste discrimination among the poor and SCs/STs have led to lower reach of sanitation and clean drinking water among them.
Lack of proper waste disposal systems
NGOs & Private Sector
• Started Water, Sanitation and hygiene program• To create the next generation of sanitation technologies.• Investments in sanitation tools and technologies—
including toilet design, pit emptying, sludge treatment, and the disposal or reuse of waste
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
• Notable success in field of cost-effective sanitation and liberation of scavengers
• 1.2 million Sulabh Household toilets constructed and 54 million government toilets constructed based on Sulabh design
• 8000+ Sulabh community toilet blocks constructed
Sulabh International Social
Service Organization
• Public Private Partnerships- Finance, Skill, Expertise• CSR Initiatives by companiesPrivate Sector
Media Campaigns
Recommendations
Recommendations
Recommendations
Enable all households to have access to and use toilets
Ensure all government schools and anganwadis have functional toilets, urinals and access to safe drinking water
Ensure sustainability of Drinking water sources and systems
Enable rural communities to monitor and keep surveillance n their drinking water resources
Objectives
Sustainable Ecosystem
of USE
Local Govt.
MR
Slum
Community organizatio
ns/NGO
Facilitator
Technology Partner
Active Government Participation
Community based
finances
Community Mobilization
Technology & Infrastructure
Support
Local Government: Provide and maintain drainage and toilet facilities, subsidize toilet infrastructure and specialized awareness campaigns, legal environment, regulator, maintains trunk infrastructure and approves individual household levelsMicro Financial Institutions: Link funds to projects and infrastructureSlum Household Support: Sense of ownership among households-chit fund concept, improved maintenance, target must be willing for initial contributionCommunity based Organizations: Acts as link between government/MFIs and households, motivates the slums and attracts the government, guides families to connections, attracts entrepreneurs for opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid and guides and trains facilitators in motivating individual householdsFacilitator: motivates households , people’s representative involved in decision makingTechnology partner: Start ups gaining credibility by being in government projects, cheap technology providers and advisors
Framework for sanitation in slums
• NGO’s to be involved only in initial period following which community takes over.
• Involvement from corporations help sourcing of funds• Large FMCG groups can provide toilet cleaning agents and soaps as a part of
CSR e.g. Sustainable living Programme by Unilever
Role of Institutions
• Electricity generated for the village• Permanent Employment for villagers• Revenue from power generation can be used t further scale up and provide
better solutions
Incentives
• Use social donors to keep donors and stakeholders updated about progress• Progress made in a particular community can be used as a model for their
villagesInformation
• During the initial phase NGO’s will be involved in educating the villagers about sanitation and only once there this complete buy in, they should go ahead setting up the infrastructureInclination
4 I Framework to help improve sanitation condition
Focus on change at different levels
Multiple dimensions influence individual behaviour as depicted in the figure below
Interpersonal factors, socio- cultural and policy environments all influence sanitation and hygiene behaviours
Knowledge
Attitudes
Social Environment
Individual
practices
CHANGE
Promoting Individual Behaviour Change
STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENTInfrastructure, economic barriers
PUBLIC POLICYNational, state, local laws
INSTITUTIONALStaff capacities, resources, mandate
SOCIO-CULTURALCommunity norms and social networks
INTERPERSONALFamily & friends
INDIVIDUALKnowledge,
attitudes, skills, practices
C 4 D - I C O
SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL MODEL
14%
Early Adopters
34%
Early Majority
34%
Late Majority
10%
Late Adopters
6%
ResistorsInnovators
2%
Individuals and peers groups can effectively influence others groups and draw them in to be more open to new ideas, as their peers have already modeled before them.
How do new ideas spread ?
Reinventing The Toilet
BIO-DIGESTER technology to be
installed in Konkan Railway
Eram’s “She Toilet” and “Ceti Projects”
implemeted in Kerela has bagged innovation
award
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundations “Reinvent the toilet- challenge”
launched in India
But Marketing and Communication is a problem for ERAM
& also
Lack of Knowledge of private companies and NGO
Learning as Managers
680 billion sanitation
market by 2020
Sanitation is more important than freedom.
“ ”