Sandip Foundation’s

SANDIP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, NASHIK

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Savitribai Phule Pune University

Third Year of Computer Engineering (2015 Course)

310247:Database Management System Lab

Teaching Scheme: Credit (04) Examination Scheme:

TUT: 04 Hour/Week 02 TW: 50 Marks

OR: 50 Marks

Prof. Anjali Deore

Prof. Mangesh Ghonge

Prof. A.Kolpekwar Prof. (Dr.) Amol Potgantwar

_________________ _______________

Name & Sign of Faculty Head of the Department

Preface

DBMS database management system (DBMS) is a powerful computer program that stores

and manages information in a digital repository deployed on a server or mainframe system. This

program lets users keep, sort, update, retrieve and modify their records in a single database; for

example they can keep and update profiles in a client base. DBMS apps are widely used in business.

In this manual, RDBMS and MongoDB has been introduced. MySQL is a relational

database management system (RDBMS) which has been around for decades. MongoDB is built to

store data as an object in a dynamic schema, instead of a tabular database like SQL. Basic

DDL(Data Definition Language), DML(Data Manipulation Language) Language with syntax

covered in the manual. All concern practical’s are implemented on Two Tier and Three Tier

Architecture. Eclipse Platform has been used as frontend to implement to perform java application

and MYSQL Database and MongoDB as background.

Introduction to Lab:

Set of suggested assignment list is provided in groups- A and B. Each student must

perform at least 13 assignments (8-Mandotory plus 4 from remaining 8 assignments)

from group A , 5 from group B and 2 mini projects from Group C

Operating System recommended :- 64-bit Open source Linux or its derivative

Programming tools recommended: SQL, PL/SQL,

Front End: Java/Perl/PHP/Python/Ruby/.net,

Backend : Monod/MYSQL/Oracle,

Database Connectivity : ODBC/JDBC

Prerequisites:

• Fundamentals of Programming Languages

• Principles of Object Oriented Concepts

• Data Structures and Algorithms

• Database Management System (310242)

Objectives:

• To develop basic, intermediate and advanced Database programming skills

• To develop basic Database administration skills

• To percept transaction processing

Outcomes:

On completion of the course, student will be able to–

• Develop the ability to handle databases of varying complexities

• Use advanced database Programming concepts

List of Assignments with practical plan

List of Laboratory Assignments on Group -A

Sr.

No

Assignment Name Date of

Conduction

Reference

1 Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL

2 Design and Develop SQL DDL statements whichdemonstrate the use of SQL objects such as Table, View,Index, Sequence, Synonym

3 Design at least 10 SQL queries for suitable databaseapplication using SQL DML statements: Insert, Select,Update, Delete with operators, functions, and set operator.

4 Design at least 10 SQL queries for suitable databaseapplication using SQL DML statements: all types of Join,SubQuery and View.

5 Unnamed PL/SQL code block: Use of Controlstructure and Exception handling is mandatory. Write a PL/SQL block of code for the followingrequirements: Schema: 1. Borrower(Rollin, Name, DateofIssue, NameofBook,Status) 2. Fine(Roll_no,Date,Amt) • Accept roll_no & name of book from user. • Check the number of days (from date of issue), if daysare between 15 to 30 then fine amount will be Rs 5perday. • If no. of days>30, per day fine will be Rs 50 per day &for days less than 30, Rs. 5 per day. • After submitting the book, status will change from I toR. • If condition of fine is true, then details will be storedinto fine table. Frame the problem statement for writing PL/SQLblock inline with above statement.

6 Cursors: (All types: Implicit, Explicit, Cursor FORLoop, Parameterized Cursor) Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterizedCursor, that will merge the data available in the newlycreated table N_RollCall with the data available in thetable O_RollCall. If the data in the first table already existin the second table then that data should be skipped.Frame the separate problem statement for writingPL/SQL block to implement all types of Cursorsinline with above statement. The problem statement

should clearly state the requirements.

7 PL/SQL Stored Procedure and Stored Function. Write a Stored Procedure namely proc_Grade forthe categorization of student. If marks scored by students in examination is <=1500 and marks>=990then student will be placed in distinction category ifmarks scored are between 989 and900 category is first class, if marks 899 and 825 category is Higher SecondClass Write a PL/SQL block for using procedure created withabove requirement. Stud_Marks(name, total_marks) Result(Roll,Name, Class) Frame the separate problem statement for writing PL/SQLStored Procedure and function, inline with abovestatement. The problem statement should clearly state the requirements.

8 Database Trigger (All Types: Row level and Statementlevel triggers, Before and After Triggers). Write adatabase trigger on Library table. The System should keeptrack of the records that are being updated or deleted. Theold value of updated or deleted records should be added inLibrary_Audit table. Frame the problem statement forwriting Database Triggers of all types, in line with abovestatement. The problem statement should clearlystate the requirements.

List of Laboratory Assignments on Group -B

Sr.

No

Assignment Name Date of

Conduction

Reference

1 Study of Open Source NOSQL Database:MongoDB (Installation, Basic CRUD operations,Execution)

2 Design and Develop MongoDB Queries usingCRUD operations. (Use CRUD operations, SAVEmethod, logical operators)

3 Implement Map reduces operation with suitable exampleusing MongoDB.

4 Design and Implement any 5 query using MongoDB

Mini Project : Database Project Life Cycle -Group C

Sr.

No

Assignment Name Date of

Conduction

Reference

1 Write a program to implement MogoDB databaseconnectivity with PHP/ python/Java Implement Databasenavigation operations (add, delete, edit etc.) usingODBC/JDBC.

2 Implement MYSQL/Oracle database connectivity withPHP/ python/Java Implement Database navigationoperations (add, delete, edit,) using ODBC/JDBC.

Guidelines for Students

• Students are expected to carry this journal every time they come to the lab for practical’s

• Student should maintain separate journal for the source code

• Student should read the topics mentioned in Reading section of this book before coming for

practical

• Students should solve only those exercises which are selected by instructor as a part of

journal activity. However, students are free to solve additional exercises to do more practice

for their practical examination

• Assinment Group • AssigmentGroup A 8 from groupGroup B 4 from groupGroup C Atleast 2 assignment

Student will be assessed for each exercise on following scale:

Performance(15)

Completeness (05) Viva (05) Total (25) Instructor’sSign

Guidelines for Instructor

• Explain the assignment and related concepts in around half an hour using white board if

required or by demonstrating the software

• Choose appropriate problems to be solved by student

• Make sure that students follow the instruction as given above

• After a student completes a specific set, the instructor has to verify the outputs and sign in

the provided space after the activity

• Ensure that the students use good programming practices

• You should evaluate each assignment carried out by a student on a given scale

• The marks should also be entered on assignment completion page

Group-A

Assignment No:-2

Title:- Getting Started with Basic demonstartion of DDL Queries

Assignment Name:- Design and Develop SQL DDL statements which demonstrate the use

of SQL objects such as Table, View, Index, Sequence, Synonym.

Objectives:-

• To study basic Data Defination Language statements like Create,Update,Alter ,Drop on

DBMS Object .

Outcomes:-

• Student should able to Create,Update,Alter ,Drop DBMS Object

Prerequisite s -

• Basic Commands of Mysql.

Hardware Requirement-

• Desktop PC with keyboard and Mouse

Software Requirement-

• OS: Ubuntu 14.04 64 bit

• mysql

Introduction:-

SQL:IBM developed the original version of SQL, originally called Sequel, as part of theSystem R project in the early 1970s. The Sequel language has evolved since then,and its name has changed to SQL (Structured Query Language). Many productsnow support the SQL language. SQL has clearly established itself as the standardrelational database language. In 1986, the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published anSQL standard, called SQL-86. ANSI published an extended standard for SQL,SQL-89, in 1989. The next version of the standard was SQL-92 standard,followed by SQL:1999, SQL:2003, SQL:2006, and most recently SQL:2008. Thebibliographic notes provide references to these standards.The SQL language has several parts:

Data-definition language (DDL): The SQL DDL provides commands fordefining relation schemas, deleting relations, and modifying relationschemas.

Data-manipulation language (DML): The SQL DML provides the ability toquery information from the database and to insert tuples into, delete tuplesfrom, and modify tuples in the database.

SQL Data Definition: The set of relations in a database must be specified to the system by means of adata-definition language (DDL). The SQL DDL allows specification of not only aset of relations, but also information about each relation, including:

The schema for each relation. The types of values associated with each attribute. The integrity constraints. The set of indices to be maintained for each relation. The security and authorization information for each relation. The physical storage structure of each relation on disk.

Create Database:You would need special privileges to create or to delete a MySQL database. Soassuming you have access to root user, you can create any database usingMySQL. Example:Here is a simple example to create database called TUTORIALS:

MySQL> create TUTORIALS

This will create a MySQL database TUTORIALS.

Delete / Drop Database:

You would need special privileges to create or to delete a MySQL database. So assumingyou have access to root user, you can create any database using MySQL .Be careful while deleting any database because you will lose your all the data available inyour database.Here is an example to delete a database created:

MySQL > drop TUTORIALS

This will give you a warning and it will confirm if you really want to delete this databaseor not.

Dropping the database is potentially a very bad thing to do.

Any data stored in the database will be destroyed.

Do you really want to drop the 'TUTORIALS' database [y/N] yDatabase "TUTORIALS" dropped

Creating Table/Relation:

The table creation command requires: Name of the table Names of fields Definitions for each field

Syntax:

Here is generic SQL syntax to create a MySQL table:

CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name column_type);

Now, we will create following table in TUTORIALS database.

tutorials_tbl( tutorial_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, tutorial_title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, tutorial_author VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, submission_date DATE, PRIMARY KEY ( tutorial_id ));

Here few items need explanation: Field Attribute NOT NULL is being used because we do not want this field to be

NULL. So if user will try to create a record with NULL value, then MySQL will raisean error.

Field Attribute AUTO_INCREMENT tells MySQL to go ahead and add the nextavailable number to the id field.

Keyword PRIMARY KEY is used to define a column as primary key. You can usemultiple columns separated by comma to define a primary key.

Creating Tables from Command Prompt:This is easy to create a MySQL table from mysql> prompt. You will use SQLcommand CREATE TABLE to create a table.

Example:Here is an example, which creates tutorials_tbl:

mysql> use TUTORIALS;

Database changedmysql> CREATE TABLE tutorials_tbl( -> tutorial_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -> tutorial_title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, -> tutorial_author VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, -> submission_date DATE, -> PRIMARY KEY ( tutorial_id ) -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)mysql>

NOTE: MySQL does not terminate a command until you give a semicolon (;) at the end ofSQL command.

Deleting / Dropping Table :

It is very easy to drop an existing MySQL table, but you need to be very careful whiledeleting any existing table because data lost will not be recovered after deleting a table.

Syntax:Here is generic SQL syntax to drop a MySQL table:

DROP TABLE table_name ;

Dropping Tables from Command Prompt:

This needs just to execute DROP TABLE SQL command at mysql> prompt.Example:

Here is an example, which deletes tutorials_tbl:

mysql> use TUTORIALS;Database changedmysql> DROP TABLE tutorials_tblQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.8 sec)mysql>

Modifying Relation Schemas /Table Structure

MySQL ALTER command is very useful when you want to change a name of your table,any table field or if you want to add or delete an existing column in a table.Let's begin with creation of a table called testalter_tbl.

root@host# mysql -u root -p password;Enter password:*******mysql> use TUTORIALS;Database changedmysql> create table testalter_tbl -> ( -> i INT, -> c CHAR(1) -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl;+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | || c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Dropping, Adding or Repositioning a Column:

Suppose you want to drop an existing column i from above MySQL table then you willuse DROP clause along with ALTER command as follows:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;

A DROP will not work if the column is the only one left in the table.To add a column, use ADD and specify the column definition. The following statementrestores the icolumn to testalter_tbl:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT;

After issuing this statement, testalter will contain the same two columns that it hadwhen you first created the table, but will not have quite the same structure. That'sbecause new columns are added to the end of the table by default. So eventhough i originally was the first column in mytbl, now it is the last one.

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl;+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+| c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | || i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

To indicate that you want a column at a specific position within the table, either useFIRST to make it the first column or AFTER col_name to indicate that the new columnshould be placed after col_name. Try the following ALTER TABLE statements, usingSHOW COLUMNS after each one to see what effect each one has:

ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT FIRST;ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT AFTER c;

The FIRST and AFTER specifiers work only with the ADD clause. This means that if youwant to reposition an existing column within a table, you first must DROP it and thenADD it at the new position.

Renaming a Table:

To rename a table, use the RENAME option of the ALTER TABLE statement. Try out thefollowing example to rename testalter_tbl to alter_tbl.

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl RENAME TO alter_tbl;

Database Constraint:

Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on table. These are used to limit thetype of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the datain the database.Constraints could be column level or table level. Column level constraints are appliedonly to one column, whereas table level constraints are applied to the whole table.Following are commonly used constraints available in SQL.

NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are different.PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database table.FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any another database table.

CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a columnsatisfy certain conditions.

INDEX: Use to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly.

NOT NULL ConstraintBy default, a column can hold NULL values. If you do not want a column to have a NULLvalue, then you need to define such constraint on this column specifying that NULL isnow not allowed for that column.A NULL is not the same as no data, rather, it represents unknown data.

Example:For example, the following SQL creates a new table called CUSTOMERS and adds fivecolumns, three of which, ID and NAME and AGE, specify not to accept NULLs:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID));

If CUSTOMERS table has already been created, then to add a NOT NULL constraint toSALARY column in Oracle and MySQL, you would write a statement similar to thefollowing:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) NOT NULL;

DEFAULT Constraint:The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when the INSERT INTOstatement does not provide a specific value.

Example:

For example, the following SQL creates a new table called CUSTOMERS and adds fivecolumns. Here, SALARY column is set to 5000.00 by default, so in case INSERT INTOstatement does not provide a value for this column, then by default this column would beset to 5000.00.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00, PRIMARY KEY (ID));

If CUSTOMERS table has already been created, then to add a DFAULT constraint toSALARY column, you would write a statement similar to the following:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00;

Drop Default Constraint:

To drop a DEFAULT constraint, use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS ALTER COLUMN SALARY DROP DEFAULT;

UNIQUE Constraint:The UNIQUE Constraint prevents two records from having identical values in a particularcolumn. In the CUSTOMERS table, for example, you might want to prevent two or morepeople from having identical age.

Example:

For example, the following SQL creates a new table called CUSTOMERS and adds fivecolumns. Here, AGE column is set to UNIQUE, so that you can not have two records withsame age:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID));

If CUSTOMERS table has already been created, then to add a UNIQUE constraint to AGEcolumn, you would write a statement similar to the following:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS MODIFY AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE;

You can also use following syntax, which supports naming the constraint in multiplecolumns as well:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS ADD CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint UNIQUE(AGE, SALARY);

DROP a UNIQUE Constraint:

To drop a UNIQUE constraint, use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint;

If you are using MySQL, then you can use the following syntax:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP INDEX myUniqueConstraint;

PRIMARY Key:A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in adatabase table. Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannothave NULL values.A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of single or multiple fields.When multiple fields are used as a primary key, they are called a composite key.If a table has a primary key defined on any field(s), then you cannot have two recordshaving the same value of that field(s).Note: You would use these concepts while creating database tables.

Create Primary Key:

Here is the syntax to define ID attribute as a primary key in a CUSTOMERS table.

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID));

To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" column when CUSTOMERS tablealready exists, use the following SQL syntax:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

NOTE: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary key, the primary keycolumn(s) must already have been declared to not contain NULL values (when the tablewas first created).For defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQLsyntax:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME));

To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" and "NAMES" columns whenCUSTOMERS table already exists, use the following SQL syntax:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS ADD CONSTRAINT PK_CUSTID PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME);

Delete Primary Key:

You can clear the primary key constraints from the table, Use Syntax:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP PRIMARY KEY ;

FOREIGN Key:

A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is sometimes called areferencing key.Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose values match a Primary Keyin a different table.The relationship between 2 tables matches the Primary Key in one of the tableswith a Foreign Key in the second table.

If a table has a primary key defined on any field(s), then you cannot have two recordshaving the same value of that field(s).

Example:

Consider the structure of the two tables as follows:CUSTOMERS table:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID));

ORDERS table:

CREATE TABLE ORDERS ( ID INT NOT NULL, DATE DATETIME, CUSTOMER_ID INT references CUSTOMERS(ID), AMOUNT double, PRIMARY KEY (ID));

If ORDERS table has already been created, and the foreign key has not yet been set, usethe syntax for specifying a foreign key by altering a table.

ALTER TABLE ORDERS ADD FOREIGN KEY (Customer_ID) REFERENCES CUSTOMERS (ID);

DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint:

To drop a FOREIGN KEY constraint, use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE ORDERS DROP FOREIGN KEY;

CHECK Constraint The CHECK Constraint enables a condition to check the value being entered into arecord. If the condition evaluates to false, the record violates the constraint and isn'tentered into the table.

Example:

For example, the following SQL creates a new table called CUSTOMERS and adds fivecolumns. Here, we add a CHECK with AGE column, so that you can not have anyCUSTOMER below 18 years:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18), ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID));

If CUSTOMERS table has already been created, then to add a CHECK constraint to AGEcolumn, you would write a statement similar to the following:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS MODIFY AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18 );

You can also use following syntax, which supports naming the constraint in multiplecolumns as well:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS ADD CONSTRAINT myCheckConstraint CHECK(AGE >= 18);

DROP a CHECK Constraint:

To drop a CHECK constraint, use the following SQL. This syntax does not work withMySQL:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP CONSTRAINT myCheckConstraint;

Creating Index on Tables:

A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table.Indexes can be created using one or more columns, providing the basis for both rapidrandom lookups and efficient ordering of access to records.While creating index, it should be considered that what are columns which will be usedto make SQL queries and create one or more indexes on those columns.Practically, indexes are also type of tables, which keep primary key or index field and apointer to each record into the actual table.The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up queries and will beused by Database Search Engine to locate records very fast.INSERT and UPDATE statements take more time on tables having indexes where asSELECT statements become fast on those tables. The reason is that while doing insert orupdate, database need to insert or update index values as well.

The INDEX is used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly. Index canbe created by using single or group of columns in a table. When index is created, it isassigned a ROWID for each row before it sorts out the data.Proper indexes are good for performance in large databases, but you need to be carefulwhile creating index. Selection of fields depends on what you are using in your SQLqueries.

Example:

For example, the following SQL creates a new table called CUSTOMERS and adds fivecolumns:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR (25) , SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), PRIMARY KEY (ID));

Now, you can create index on single or multiple columns using the following syntax:

CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name ( column1, column2.....);

To create an INDEX on AGE column, to optimize the search on customers for a particularage, following is the SQL syntax:

CREATE INDEX idx_age ON CUSTOMERS ( AGE );

DROP an INDEX Constraint:

To drop an INDEX constraint, use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP INDEX idx_age;

MySQL Sequence:

A sequence is a set of integers 1, 2, 3, ... that are generated in order on demand.Sequences are frequently used in databases because many applications require each rowin a table to contain a unique value and sequences provide an easy way to generatethem. This chapter describes how to use sequences in MySQL.

Using AUTO_INCREMENT column:

The simplest way in MySQL to use Sequences is to define a column asAUTO_INCREMENT and leave rest of the things to MySQL to take care.

Example:

Try out the following example. This will create table and after that it will insert few rowsin this table where it is not required to give record ID because it's auto incremented byMySQL.

mysql> CREATE TABLE insect -> ( -> id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -> PRIMARY KEY (id),

-> name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, # type of insect -> date DATE NOT NULL, # date collected -> origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL # where collected);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES -> (NULL,'housefly','2001-09-10','kitchen'), -> (NULL,'millipede','2001-09-10','driveway'), -> (NULL,'grasshopper','2001-09-10','front yard');Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> SELECT * FROM insect ORDER BY id;+----+-------------+------------+------------+| id | name | date | origin |+----+-------------+------------+------------+| 1 | housefly | 2001-09-10 | kitchen || 2 | millipede | 2001-09-10 | driveway || 3 | grasshopper | 2001-09-10 | front yard |+----+-------------+------------+------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Renumbering an Existing Sequence:

There may be a case when you have deleted many records from a table and you want toresequence all the records. This can be done by using a simple trick but you should bevery careful to do so if your table is having joins with other table.If you determine that resequencing an AUTO_INCREMENT column is unavoidable, theway to do it is to drop the column from the table, then add it again. The followingexample shows how to renumber the id values in the insect table using this technique:

mysql> ALTER TABLE insect DROP id;mysql> ALTER TABLE insect -> ADD id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT FIRST, -> ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

Starting a Sequence at a Particular Value:

By default, MySQL will start sequence from 1 but you can specify any other number aswell at the time of table creation. Following is the example where MySQL will startsequence from 100.

mysql> CREATE TABLE insect -> ( -> id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT = 100, -> PRIMARY KEY (id), -> name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, # type of insect -> date DATE NOT NULL, # date collected -> origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL # where collected);

Alternatively, you can create the table and then set the initial sequence value with ALTERTABLE.

mysql> ALTER TABLE t AUTO_INCREMENT = 100;

Creating Views

A view is nothing more than a SQL statement that is stored in the database with anassociated name. A view is actually a composition of a table in the form of a predefinedSQL query.A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table. A view can be createdfrom one or many tables which depend on the written SQL query to create a view.Views, which are kind of virtual tables, allow users to do the following:

Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or intuitive. Restrict access to the data such that a user can see and (sometimes) modify

exactly what they need and no more. Summarize data from various tables which can be used to generate reports.

Creating Views:

Database views are created using the CREATE VIEW statement. Views can be createdfrom a single table, multiple tables, or another view.To create a view, a user must have the appropriate system privilege according to thespecific implementation.The basic CREATE VIEW syntax is as follows:

CREATE VIEW view_name ASSELECT column1, column2.....FROM table_nameWHERE [condition];

You can include multiple tables in your SELECT statement in very similar way as youuse them in normal SQL SELECT query.

Example:

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 || 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 || 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 || 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 || 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 || 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 || 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Now, following is the example to create a view from CUSTOMERS table. This view wouldbe used to have customer name and age from CUSTOMERS table:

SQL > CREATE VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW ASSELECT name, ageFROM CUSTOMERS;

Now, you can query CUSTOMERS_VIEW in similar way as you query an actual table.Following is the example:

SQL > SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS_VIEW;

This would produce the following result:

+----------+-----+| name | age |+----------+-----+| Ramesh | 32 || Khilan | 25 || kaushik | 23 || Chaitali | 25 || Hardik | 27 || Komal | 22 || Muffy | 24 |

+----------+-----+

The WITH CHECK OPTION:

The WITH CHECK OPTION is a CREATE VIEW statement option. The purpose of theWITH CHECK OPTION is to ensure that all UPDATE and INSERTs satisfy the condition(s)in the view definition.If they do not satisfy the condition(s), the UPDATE or INSERT returns an error.The following is an example of creating same view CUSTOMERS_VIEW with the WITHCHECK OPTION:

CREATE VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW ASSELECT name, ageFROM CUSTOMERSWHERE age IS NOT NULLWITH CHECK OPTION;

The WITH CHECK OPTION in this case should deny the entry of any NULL values in theview's AGE column, because the view is defined by data that does not have a NULL valuein the AGE column.

Dropping Views:

Obviously, where you have a view, you need a way to drop the view if it is no longerneeded. The syntax is very simple as given below:

DROP VIEW view_name;

Following is an example to drop CUSTOMERS_VIEW from CUSTOMERS table:

DROP VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW;

Exercises:

1. Design and Develop SQL DDL statements for above database using MySQLClient- MySQL Server Data sever.

1. Create and use library database using Mysql Client2. Create tables for above database with all constraints and Insert at least five

records in each table.3. Create a view on Book table as “DBMS BOOKS” by selecting all books titled

DBMS.4. Drop the view “DBMS BOOKS” just created5. Create an index on Book_Author on table on attribute “Author_Name”.

2. Design and Develop SQL DDL statements with all constraints for belowuniversity database Schema using MySQL Client- MySQL Server Data sever.

Applications:

• Designing/ modifying scheme of any database.

References:-

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/mysql/index.htm

Use Following Library Database Schema BOOK (Book_ISBN [PK], Title[Not Null], Publisher_ Name [FK],price[Check Price>0], Date_Of_Publication,Book_Copy ), BOOK_AUTHORS (Book_ISBN [PK,FK]Author_Name [PK],Author_City)

Group-A

Assignment No:-1

Title:- Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL

Assignment Name:- Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL

Objectives:-

• Basic concept of Relational Database.

Outcomes:-

• Student should know RDBMS

Prerequisite s -

• Database

Hardware Requirement-

• Desktop PC with keyboard and Mouse

Software Requirement-

• Ubuntu 14.04 64 bit

• Internet

Introduction:-

What is a Database?

A database is a separate application that stores a collection of data. Each database has one or more distinct APIs for creating, accessing, managing, searching and replicating the data it holds.

Other kinds of data stores can also be used, such as files on the file system or large hash tables in memory but data fetching and writing would not be so fast and easy with those type of systems.

Nowadays, we use relational database management systems (RDBMS) to store and manage huge volume of data. This is called relational database because all the data is stored into different tables and relations are established using primary keys or other keys known as Foreign Keys.

A Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) is a software that −

• Enables you to implement a database with tables, columns and indexes.

• Guarantees the Referential Integrity between rows of various tables.

• Updates the indexes automatically.

• Interprets an SQL query and combines information from various tables.

RDBMS TerminologyBefore we proceed to explain the MySQL database system, let us revise a few definitions related to the database.

• Database − A database is a collection of tables, with related data.

• Table − A table is a matrix with data. A table in a database looks like a simple spreadsheet.

• Column − One column (data element) contains data of one and the same kind, for example

the column postcode.

• Row − A row (= tuple, entry or record) is a group of related data, for example the data of

one subscription.

• Redundancy − Storing data twice, redundantly to make the system faster.

• Primary Key − A primary key is unique. A key value can not occur twice in one table. With

a key, you can only find one row.

• Foreign Key − A foreign key is the linking pin between two tables.

• Compound Key − A compound key (composite key) is a key that consists of multiple

columns, because one column is not sufficiently unique.

• Index − An index in a database resembles an index at the back of a book.

• Referential Integrity − Referential Integrity makes sure that a foreign key value always

points to an existing row.

MySQL DatabaseMySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big businesses. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish company. MySQL is becoming so popular because of many good reasons −

• MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to pay to use it.

• MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large subset of the

functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.

• MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.

• MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages including PHP, PERL,

C, C++, JAVA, etc.

• MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.

• MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web development.

• MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a table. The default file

size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can increase this (if your operating system can handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).

• MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows programmers to modify the

MySQL software to fit their own specific environments.

Installing MySQL on Linux/UNIX

The recommended way to install MySQL on a Linux system is via RPM. MySQL AB makes the following RPMs available for download on its website −

• MySQL − The MySQL database server manages the databases and tables, controls user

access and processes the SQL queries.

• MySQL-client − MySQL client programs, which make it possible to connect to and interact

with the server.

• MySQL-devel − Libraries and header files that come in handy when compiling other

programs that use MySQL.

• MySQL-shared − Shared libraries for the MySQL client.

• MySQL-bench − Benchmark and performance testing tools for the MySQL database server.

The MySQL RPMs listed here are all built on a SuSE Linux system, but they will usually work on other Linux variants with no difficulty.

Now, you will need to adhere to the steps given below, to proceed with the installation −

• Login to the system using the root user.

• Switch to the directory containing the RPMs.

• Install the MySQL database server by executing the following command. Remember to

replace the filename in italics with the file name of your RPM.

[root@host]# rpm -i MySQL-5.0.9-0.i386.rpm

The above command takes care of installing the MySQL server, creating a user of MySQL, creatingnecessary configuration and starting the MySQL server automatically.

You can find all the MySQL related binaries in /usr/bin and /usr/sbin. All the tables and databases will be created in the /var/lib/mysql directory.

• The following code box has an optional but recommended step to install the remaining

RPMs in the same manner −

[root@host]# rpm -i MySQL-client-5.0.9-0.i386.rpm[root@host]# rpm -i MySQL-devel-5.0.9-0.i386.rpm[root@host]# rpm -i MySQL-shared-5.0.9-0.i386.rpm[root@host]# rpm -i MySQL-bench-5.0.9-0.i386.rpm

Verifying MySQL Installation

After MySQL, has been successfully installed, the base tables have been initialized and the server has been started: you can verify that everything is working as it should be via some simple tests.

Use the mysqladmin Utility to Obtain Server Status

Use mysqladmin binary to check the server version. This binary would be available in /usr/bin on linux and in C:\mysql\bin on windows.

[root@host]# mysqladmin --version

It will produce the following result on Linux. It may vary depending on your installation −

mysqladmin Ver 8.23 Distrib 5.0.9-0, for redhat-linux-gnu on i386

If you do not get such a message, then there may be some problem in your installation and you would need some help to fix it.

Execute simple SQL commands using the MySQL Client

You can connect to your MySQL server through the MySQL client and by using the mysql command. At this moment, you do not need to give any password as by default it will be set as blank.

You can just use following command −

[root@host]# mysql

It should be rewarded with a mysql> prompt. Now, you are connected to the MySQL server and youcan execute all the SQL commands at the mysql> prompt as follows −

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;+----------+| Database |+----------+| mysql | | test | +----------+2 rows in set (0.13 sec)

Post-installation StepsMySQL ships with a blank password for the root MySQL user. As soon as you have successfully installed the database and the client, you need to set a root password as given in the following code block −

[root@host]# mysqladmin -u root password "new_password";

Now to make a connection to your MySQL server, you would have to use the following command −

[root@host]# mysql -u root -pEnter password:*******

UNIX users will also want to put your MySQL directory in your PATH, so you won't have to keep typing out the full path everytime you want to use the command-line client.

For bash, it would be something like −

export PATH = $PATH:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin

Running MySQL at Boot TimeIf you want to run the MySQL server at boot time, then make sure you have the following entry in the /etc/rc.local file.

/etc/init.d/mysqld start

Also,you should have the mysqld binary in the /etc/init.d/ directory.

Running and Shutting down MySQL Server

First check if your MySQL server is running or not. You can use the following command to check it−

ps -ef | grep mysqld

If your MySql is running, then you will see mysqld process listed out in your result. If server is not running, then you can start it by using the following command −

root@host# cd /usr/bin./safe_mysqld &

Now, if you want to shut down an already running MySQL server, then you can do it by using the following command −

root@host# cd /usr/bin./mysqladmin -u root -p shutdownEnter password: ******

Setting Up a MySQL User AccountFor adding a new user to MySQL, you just need to add a new entry to the user table in the database mysql.

The following program is an example of adding a new user guest with SELECT, INSERT and UPDATE privileges with the password guest123; the SQL query is −

root@host# mysql -u root -pEnter password:*******mysql> use mysql;Database changed

mysql> INSERT INTO user (host, user, password, select_priv, insert_priv, update_priv) VALUES ('localhost', 'guest', PASSWORD('guest123'), 'Y', 'Y', 'Y');Query OK, 1 row affected (0.20 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT host, user, password FROM user WHERE user = 'guest';+-----------+---------+------------------+| host | user | password | +-----------+---------+------------------+| localhost | guest | 6f8c114b58f2ce9e |+-----------+---------+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

When adding a new user, remember to encrypt the new password using PASSWORD() function provided by MySQL. As you can see in the above example, the password mypass is encrypted to 6f8c114b58f2ce9e.

Notice the FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement. This tells the server to reload the grant tables. If you don't use it, then you won't be able to connect to MySQL using the new user account at least until the server is rebooted.

You can also specify other privileges to a new user by setting the values of following columns in user table to 'Y' when executing the INSERT query or you can update them later using UPDATE query.

• Select_priv

• Insert_priv

• Update_priv

• Delete_priv

• Create_priv

• Drop_priv

• Reload_priv

• Shutdown_priv

• Process_priv

• File_priv

• Grant_priv

• References_priv

• Index_priv

• Alter_priv

Another way of adding user account is by using GRANT SQL command. The following example will add user zara with password zara123 for a particular database, which is named as TUTORIALS.

root@host# mysql -u root -p password;Enter password:*******mysql> use mysql;Database changed

mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP -> ON TUTORIALS.* -> TO 'zara'@'localhost' -> IDENTIFIED BY 'zara123';

This will also create an entry in the MySQL database table called as user.

NOTE − MySQL does not terminate a command until you give a semi colon (;) at the end of the SQL command.

The /etc/my.cnf File ConfigurationIn most of the cases, you should not touch this file. By default, it will have the following entries −

[mysqld]datadir = /var/lib/mysqlsocket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock

[mysql.server]user = mysqlbasedir = /var/lib

[safe_mysqld]err-log = /var/log/mysqld.logpid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Administrative MySQL CommandHere is the list of the important MySQL commands, which you will use time to time to work with MySQL database −

• USE Databasename − This will be used to select a database in the MySQL workarea.

• SHOW DATABASES − Lists out the databases that are accessible by the MySQL DBMS.

• SHOW TABLES − Shows the tables in the database once a database has been selected with

the use command.

• SHOW COLUMNS FROM tablename: Shows the attributes, types of attributes, key

information, whether NULL is permitted, defaults, and other information for a table.

• SHOW INDEX FROM tablename − Presents the details of all indexes on the table,

including the PRIMARY KEY.

• SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE tablename\G − Reports details of the MySQL DBMS

performance and statistics.

Applications:

• Designing database

References:-

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/mysql

• Ivan Bayross, ―SQL, PL/SQL: The Programming Language of Oracle , BPB Publication,‖

ISBN- 10: 8176560723; ISBN-13: 978-8176560726