StandardsDEFINITION OF SANCTUARYREQUIREDRECOMMENDEDALLOWEDDISCOURAGEDPROHIBITEDThe Big FourBreedingXSellingXBuying (only to end an abusive situation, not buying babies)XBoardingXWritten contract providing for abandonment/ownershipXGuidelinesAcquisition of animalsBuying, selling or trading of animals or their partsXAcquisition shall be by surrender or rescueXRequires owner to surrender permits and right to buy againXSanctuary must have resources to properly care for animalXIn the best interest of the animalXWill not jeopardize animals at the sanctuaryXDirector prepares written policy for acquisitionsXActs that perpetuate the commercial trade in animalsXThe director has final authority in acquisitionsXLaws and PermitsObtain and maintain all permits required for each animalXRecordsMaintained on each animalXSecure from fire, flood, damage or theftXClearly defines organization as responsible for animalXHistory of animal and surrendering partyXTransport of AnimalsMeet or exceed USDA guidelinesXLifelong responsibility taken for each animal rescuedXSanctuaries assume lifelong care for each animalXMay only transfer to a facility equally or better qualifiedXMay only transfer to a facility meeting similar guidelinesXEuthanasiaMust have a humane euthanasia policyXMust be carried out by a licensed veterinarianXBreedingBreeding animals, intentionally or notXAnimals are to be surgically sterilizedXAnimals are to be housed separately if not sterilizedXSpecies specific birth control may be usedXSeparating during breeding cycles as method usedXIf an animal arrives pregnant or nursing or there is some legitimate reason, determined by the veterinarian to contraindicate sterilization it may be done when the offspring are weaned or the animal recoversXCommercial ActivitiesAnimals shall not be used in any commercial activityXHandlingOnly by or under supervision of appropriately trained staffXAbuse, dominance, food deprivation or negative reinforcement shall not be used for training.XShall not cause undo trauma, overheating, stress, physical harm or discomfortXRestraintPerformed only by appropriately trained staff or vetsXAnimal restrained before handling for care or managementXChemical restraint to be performed only by veterinarianXAdvocacy & Outreach Educational ProgramsGeneralPolicies shall be writtenXDirected & performed by trained staffXEvaluated annually for effectiveness and contentXAnimals shall not be removed from their primary cagesXProgram to be respectful and not portray animals as handleable, leashable or as pets in any wayXToursMust be escorted by trained staffXTours must be educationalXGroups must be manageable in sizeXMust not disturb the animalsXDispositionPolicy for disposition of live and dead animals in writingXThe director has final authority in dispositionsXAcceptable reasons for disposition include:Death of the animalXRelease of releasable wildlifeXHealth or medical reasons that cannot be handled by the sanctuaryXAbility of another facility to provide better careXClosing of the sanctuary or financial insolvencyXGoverning AuthorityOrganizationalNon Profit 501 c 3XRegistered in the state to solicit donationsXBoard of DirectorsXOther than family membersXMembers to include non employeesXMinimum of 3 membersXBylawsXGoverns the organizationXComplies with state lawsXRegular meetingsXResponsible for sound financial management and oversightXAppoints a Director to oversee the organizationXKeeps the records up to date and safeXConsists of members with a wide range of skillsXWritten business planXCode of ethicsXAdopted by Board of DirectorsXCore values or integrity, professionalism, accountabilityXAll personnel adheres to the code of ethicsXRespectfully cooperate with other sanctuariesXLand and assets are owned or leased by the non profitWritten contngency plan for animals if land is lostXProperty to be held in the name of the sanctuaryXBusiness PlanningWritten operating and strategic planXOne year operating and budget planXThree to five year strategic planXIncluding financial plan and budgetXFacilityUSDA licensedXState licensedXState, County or City approvalXcopies of all licenses and permits to be kept availableXMember of The Association of SanctuariesXStaffingGeneralWritten job descriptions, rolls and reporting dutiesXSufficient number of staff and volunteersXStaff onsite 24 hoursXAdequate supervision of staff and volunteersXDirector is full time and available to staff at all timesXWritten staff security protocos for resident staffXBackground checks on staff and volunteersXManualsEmployee ManualXStaff signs receipt aknowledging manual receivedXBenefits, leaves, complaints, evaluations spelled outXOperation ManualXSOP available to all staff at all timesXUpdated as neededXShall consist of:Xdaily routinesXspecies specific animal care plansXemergency response proceduresXfirst aid and safetyXcommunications systemXGeneral Safe Handling PracticesXAt least 2 qualified staff involving dangerous animalsXStaff discloses any condition that limits their abilityXFollow animal care plansXDangerous Animal Safety ProceduresXWritten policiesXStaff shall not enter exhibits with dangerous animalsXDouble gated entrancesXMinimum of 2 staff in presence of dangerous animalsXAnimals not removed unless secured for transportXEmployee Training RequirementGeneral TrainingEmployees trained and evaluated regularlyXSuffient number trained in chemical restraintXEmergency TrainingAll personnel trained & evaluated in emergenciesXSigned forms by staff stating they have been trainedXTraining records kept in staff's fileXRegular drillsXFirearm TrainingSufficient staff trained and proficient in firearmsXStaff signed form acknowledging training in firearmsXAlternate arrangement with agencies & officers trainedXZoonotic Disease TrainingStaff trained in zoonotic diseasesXStaff signs acknowledgement of zoonotic trainingXStaff is advised of any zoonotic outbreakXAuthorities contacted when reportable diseases occurXContinuing EducationWritten plans in place for continued educationXContinuous in house training in every aspect of care & managementXLiterature and training documents available to staffXVolunteer and Intern ProgramsWritten volunteer and intern programsXVolunteers & Interns to be overseen by staffXCommunity Service workers to be overseen by staffXOnly fully trained caregivers to work with dangerous animalsXFinanceDemonstrate Financial StabilityGeneralWritten Financial and Strategic PlansXAnnual operating budgetXFinancial ReportsXFollows standard accounting practicesXAccountant reviews and prepares all tax returnsXFinancial ReportsGenerally accepted accounting principals usedXIRS 990 and relevant documents shall be on file & availableXQuarterly Financial ReportsXBalance SheetXOperating StatementXStatement of Cash FlowXPetty cash reconciliationXAnnual audit by independent auditing firmXBanking responsibilitiesXBusiness checking account in organization's nameXPersonal business kept separateXLoans and relevant documents shall be signed and on fileXContributions recorded and deposited immediatelyXBoard to determine check signing requirementsXFinancial Plan and BudgetXIn accordance with the strategic planXFinancial Plan should include the followingXOne year budget and operating expense detailXstaffing and benefitsXoverhead expensesXsuppliesXcapital improvementsXadequate allowance for unanticipated expenseXThree to Five year financial projectionXFundraisingDone with honesty, integrity in accordance with missionXWithout emotionally manipulative contentXMaterials shall be accurate & reflect missionXRestricted funds will be used as required by donorXShall conform to IRS and local charitable lawsXFundraising expenses shall not exceed The Association of Fund Raising Professionals guidelinesXRisk ManagementA written risk management policy will be in place incl:XIdentification of risksXEvaluation of risksXReduction of risks to extent possibleXAdequate insurance coverageXReviewed and revised as neededXDirector shall develop policies to protect finaces and publicXConsultation with insurance experts on a regular basisXDirectors and Officers Liability InsuranceXGeneral Liability InsuranceXPhysical FacilitiesGeneralFacilitiesDirector shall insure a safe & healthful environmentXWorking conditions shall meet all health & safety regsXPractices will be in accordance with OSHA standardsXDisposal facilities shall be provided to minimize infestation by pests and shall be in accordance with all Federal, State and local laws and regulationsXFacility shall have access to ample water and powerXAn emergency power back up shall be providedXThe boundaries of the property shall be known to all members of the organizationXSoil and water qualities shall be monitored and kept within acceptable levels in accordance with all regulationsXLocationSanctuary will not be in flood zones, on riverbeds, fault lines or in areas prone to uncontrolled firesXThe location shall take into consideration its impact on the environment.XThe location should not be in highly developed areas or areas subjected to undue levels of pollution, noise and activityXQuarantineGeneralDirector and Vet shall establish a written quarantine protocolXQuarantine facilities shall be isolated from resident animalsXQuarantine FacilitiesArea should be easily cleaned and sanitizedXProvides species appropriate environmental conditionsXAppropriate shelters that are kept sanitaryXAllows animals to be safely isolated from all activityXSecure, double locking gated system of entryXProtective clothing shall be wornXCleaning utensils shall be kept clean and in this area to prevent spread of infection to residentsXFood Storage and Food PrepGeneralDesignated food prep and storage areas:XProtected from dampness, deterioration, contaminationXAppropriate dry storage, refrigeration and freezersXShall not store hazardous chemicals in same areasXAll frozen food shall be handled and thawed in accordance to USDA manual of SOP for the Handling Frozen/Thawed Meat & Prey ItemsXSecurity PlanThe Director shall provide a written security planX24 hours security measures in place for animal safetyXLightingAdequate lighting shall be providedXSpecies specific lighting provided as neededXHazardous Materials HandlingHandled according to OSHA standardsXMaterial Safety Data Sheets shall be available in areas where chemicals are storedXAll persons handling chemicals shall be appropriately trainedXAccumulations of trash shall be cleared regularlyXWritten emergency response procedures shall be in placeXAnimal EnclosuresGeneralAnimal enclosures shall be built and maintained to prevent escape and of materials that facilitate cleaning and of a size and design to provide for the animal's physical, social and psychological well-being.XBarriersGeneralMeets or exceeds all federal, state and local requirementsXAdequate buffer zone between enclosures and perimeter fence to deter unauthorized public access or dangerXGates and doors to be at least as strong and effective as the rest of the barrierXAreas adjacent to barriers shall be kept free of foliage or structures that would aid in escape, or prevent cleaning or maintenanceXShould be regularly inspected and maintainedXSafety or warning signs should be clearly visibleXEnclosuresWhere fences are used to contain animals, they shall be securely mounted & strong enough to contain the animalXEnclosures housing digging animals shall be designed to prevent escapeXEntrances into enclosures whall be secured by locking, double gated systemXDry moats shall be designed in a way to prevent injury to the animal and a means to climb back up into the enclosure.XWater barriers are a significant riskXAll enclosures shall have a lock out area to safely contain the animal during cleaning and maintenanceXPerimeterMust be at least 8 feet tall and of sufficient structure to keep animal in and unauthorized public outXShall discourage unauthorized entryXShall safely contain an escaped animalXAll exits shall be properly marked and kept clearXAll exits should be kept closed when not in useXMaintenance and InspectionsWritten schedule of maintenanceXAll equiptment and facilities to be maintained to work properly and safelyXSecurity and SafetyEmergency PlanAdequate written policies covering animal escapes, serious staff or animal injuries and natural disastersXAll staff and volunteers sign that they have received a copyXCopy kept on site and staff knows whereXStaff to be trained in every aspect of emergency planXConsistentwith federal, state & local regulationsXProtocols address 24/7 responsesXReviewed and revised as neededXStaff Emergency Evacuation PlanWritten policy covers communications, emergency procedures, location of all exits are clearly identified and known by entire staffXContact information is posted in designated locationsXMaps are posted in designated locations and include exitsXDrills held at least twice @ year, recorded results, reviewed and revised as neededXNatural Disaster Response PlanWritten natural disaster plan is in placeXAddresses issues such as relocating animals, securing animals, identifying which animals are suitable for evacuation from sanctuaryXSpecific info on staff, volunteer & public safety protocolsXAnimal Escape PlanWritten escaped animal emergency plan in placeXShared with locale emergency services such as animal control, sheriff's department, fire and police departmentsXEscaped Animal Plan shall include:Notification process and protocolXDetail staff's roles and persons qualified to utelize firearms, chemical immobilization, etc.XSpecies specific emergency responsesXAll escapes to be documented & evaluatedXVenomous Animal BiteWritten venomous animal bite emergency response planXAppropriate supply of anti venom to be on handXTwo trained persons shall be present in the same area during any procedure that involves venomous animalsXFirearm PolicyWritten firearm policy defining appropriate lethal dispatchXIdentifies qualified personnel for use of firearmsXStaff participates in training and practice of firearm usexFirearms, ammunition and darting equipment shall be immediately available to only trained staff and shall be kept clean, stocked and in working order, under lock & keyXEmergency Chemical Immobilzation PlanWritten humane emergency chemical immobilization plan to be developed by the director and veterinarianXPlan shall be carried out under the supervision of the vetXPlan shall include:XTraining in the use of the drugs & equipmentXLocation of drugs & equipment and who has authorized accessXList of persons qualified to administer the drugsXList of situations in which chemical immobilization usedXEmergency response in case human is injuredXHuman First AidWritten first aid plan is available & accessible to staffXIncludes actions necessary to documentation and responding to incidents requiring first aidXFirst aid stations shall be equipt and available according to OSHA standardsXSpecific instructions shall be provided to incidents involving potential zoonotic diseaseXBio-safetyWritten bio-safety protocol outlining measures to prevent zoonotic disease and emergency response when a potential exposure occursXFor sanctuaries housing Macaques that plan shall include measures necessary to prevent human exposure to Herpes B and an emergency response in the event of potential exposureXBio-safety Plan shall include:Adequate methods of disposing of sewage, toxic/hazardous materials, garbage and animal wastesXUse of protective gear including appropriate clothing, face masks, eye protection & glovesXReporting methodsXAnimal Care and FacilitiesTypes of animals coveredCarnivoresXPrimatesXHoofed AnimalsXFarmed AnimalsXReptilesXBirdsXElephantsXSanctuaries shall only house animals for which they can provide responsible, professional careXTransportationComply with local, state and federal law.XAll required transport documents shall accompany the animal when being transportedXAll transport containers shall comply with International Airline Transportation Association (IATA) container specificationsXTransportation methods including but not limited to capture, preparation for transport, crating or loading, transporting, and unloading shall take account of the animal's temperament and behavior in order to minimize injury and distress to the animal and/or damage to the transport containerXWhenever possible animals should be acclimated to and familiar with the transport container prior to transport.XDesignated personnel or agent shall escort animals where possible during transportXAll animals shall be kept away from direct contact with persons other than the designated personnel or agent during transport.XAnimals shall not be transported while chemically immobilized.XWhere appropriate, transportation requirements for specific animal groups or species are identifiedXCensusDirector shall ensure that census is conducted annuallyXThe census shall include: a. total number of individuals by species, gender and ID b. acquisitions of the year c. dispositions of the yearXThis report should be submitted to the accrediting body.XAnimal IdentificationAll identifiable animals shall be identified using at least one of the following methods:Microchip or Permanent TattooXEar tag (if already present) Other means of easy identification, such as distinguishing characteristic, marking, or unique physical attribute.XAll documentation shall clearly link the identification method with a specific animalXFor animals maintained in colonies in which individual identification is not possible, the sanctuary shall provide a statement explaining how record keeping is maintainedXRecordsStorage & SecurityAnimal records shall be maintained currentXProvision should be made for long-term archiving in a secure format. Animal records, including health records, shall be duplicated and a back-up copy stored in a separate location, protected from fire, flood and other natural disaster.XAccess and Inspection of records and propertyRecommendation that all records are made available when necessary to the accrediting bodyXRequired Animal RecordsAcquisition & Disposition DocumentsXLocal, State and/or Federal PermitsXImportation papers or other declaration forms where applicableXTransport Records to and from the Sanctuary to include: date of transportation, transfer, euthanasia or other disposition of animalXTransfer of Ownership and other appropriate documents establishing legal acquisition shall be maintained whenever possible.XLocal, State and/or Federal Certificate of Health Examination (Health Certificate)XMedical RecordsComplete medical records shall be maintained for each individual animal; for animals housed in colonies where individual identification is not possible, then a group record shall be maintainedXMedical records shall include the following information: 1. Animal identification 2. Medical History 3. Clinical data and medical treatment record 4. Nutrition/diet information 5. Laboratory Reports 6. Anesthesia Records 7. Surgery Reports 8. Pathology Reports 9. Necropsy ReportsXDetailed daily logs shall be prepared and maintained by the animal care staff and provided for each animal or animal group, reviewed by the Director and the veterinarian, and assessed on a daily basisXDaily logs shall record data on the behavior, activity, and health of the animal or animal groupXThese Inspection Reports shall be kept current:i. USDA Inspection Reports ii. Local and State Agency Inspection Reports iii. Accrediting Organization Inspection Reports iv. Sanctuary Facilities Inspection ReportXOther Animal Documentation to be kept on file and current:i. Police Reports pertaining to specific animal ii. Public complaints pertaining to specific animal iii. Incident Reports, Including: Animal Escape reports, Injury reports and enclosure damage/maintenanceXStandards of Care and ManagementGeneral ConsiderationsAnimals shall be maintained at all times in secure enclosuresXAnimal enclosures shall meet or exceed the animal group and/or species-specific standards outlined herein and shall provide a diverse and complex vertical and horizontal environment that encourages the expression of natural behaviors observed in the wild for the speciesXEnclosure surfaces shall consist primarily of natural substrates (e.g., soil, sand, grass) that provide good drainage and have an area(s) that can be readily cleaned and sanitized for feeding and resting.XEnclosure design and location shall take into consideration the animal group specific tactile, visual, olfactory, and acoustic sensitivities.XThe enclosure shall provide protection from predators.XHazardous materials shall not be used in or around animal enclosures, including but limited to: i. Toxic Plants and plant materials (such as seeds, bark, fruits) ii. Poisons iii. Chemicals iv. Enrichment items that can be harmful to the animalXEnclosures shall be designed to meet the psychological and social needs of the animal, including measures to allow for the safe expression of species appropriate behaviors including but not limited to: territoriality, dominance or hierarchical behaviorXAnimals shall be protected from environmental conditions detrimental to their health. This shall include shelter from rain, sun, heat, cold.XAny appliances or equipment (e.g. heat sources) within or surrounding animal enclosures shall be installed and maintained in such a way that they do not present a hazard to animals, and their safe operation cannot be disrupted by the animals.XTools and other portable equipment shall not be left unattended in places where they could cause animals harm, provide a means of escape, or serve as projectiles.XDistance between enclosures and personnel shall be sufficient to prevent physical injury and transmission of disease or potential pathogens.XSocial ConsiderationsAnimals in the same enclosure shall be housed in animal group specific functioning social groups. If properly managed, mixed species social groups may be beneficial.XEnclosures shall be designed to meet the psychological and social needs of the animal, including measures to allow for the safe expression of species appropriate behaviors including but not limited to: territoriality, dominance or hierarchical behavior.XSanctuaries shall manage dangerous social interactions such as persistent and/or dangerous aggression among animals.XThe Director shall develop a plan for the introduction of any new animal to an existing social group, or for the creation of a new social group.XCompatible animals of different species, housed in the same enclosure shall be monitored for persistent and/or interspecies conflict.XAll animals, especially the very young, old, sick or otherwise compromised, shall be closely monitored and removed from any social group as necessary for health and safety reasons in consultation with the veterinarian.XTemperature and HumidityAnimals shall be provided with opportunities to avoid temperature and/or humidity extremesXLightNatural light shall be provided for all animals whenever possibleXWhere artificial light is used, it shall be appropriate for the species housed in terms of intensity, spectrum and duration.XWater AreasThe Director shall develop a plan for ensuring that water quality parameters are maintained for water features other than the primary source of drinking water.XWaste water retainers or settlement ponds shall be located far enough away from the animal enclosure or other sanctuary facility and maintained to minimize odors and contamination of the enclosures by insects, rodents, birds, or any other potential animal vectors of disease.XSanitationThe Director shall establish a plan for animal waste removal and sanitation of enclosures to minimize health and disease hazards and reduce odors. (see animal group specific standards)XThe animal waste removal and sanitation plan shall include the areas to be cleaned, frequency of cleaning, the methods of cleaning, and types of disinfectants utilized.XIn enclosures that are being washed down, adequate measures shall be taken to protect the animals (including shifting of animals when possible) from being sprayed with water or any contaminated material either directly or aerosolized by the cleaning activity.XAll food and water receptacles shall be cleaned and sanitized daily.XUneaten food shall be removed within a timeframe appropriate for the type of foodstuff.XFeeds & FeedingAll food items shall be of a quality, quantity and composition suitable for each animal's nutritional needs.XThe food shall be wholesome, palatable, and free from contamination.XVeterinarian or nutritionist shall review all aspects of animal diet.XFood shall be prepared and presented with consideration for the age and life stage, species, condition, size, and type of the animal.XWritten diet and feeding plan shall be developed for each animal and made available to animal care staff.XAnimals shall be fed at least once a day except as dictated by hibernation, veterinary treatment, or normal fasts.XFeeding is an important social activity for many animals, and therefore food shall be provided in a manner appropriate for the species and number of animals housed.XFood based enrichment should be considered part of an animal's daily nutritional needs and of nutritional value.XFresh water shall be available at all times in a manner appropriate for the species housed.XPhysical, psychological, behavioral and social well-beingThe welfare of each individual animal shall be the primary consideration in all sanctuary actions.XAll animal enclosures shall be designed to enrich and enhance the animals' quality of life. Additional enrichment programs shall be designed to further maintain appropriate environmental complexity and meet the psychological and social needs of the animal.XDaily visual evaluation of all animals shall be performed to assess physical, psychological, behavioral and social well-being. An assessment of general condition and behavior shall be made and any unusual activities should be recorded in the daily log at each inspection.XSanctuaries shall have veterinary medical program ensuring 24 hour emergency response coverage under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian who has training or experience in non-domestic animal medicine. The veterinarian will assist staff in assessing the physical and psychological well-being of individual animals.XVeterinary ProgramGeneralThe Director shall ensure that the sanctuary has a veterinary medical program under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian who has training or experience in non-domestic animal medicine.XOne or more full-time veterinarians specifically concerned with the animal health care program is highly recommended for facilities whose budget will support the salaries of such trained personnel.XFacilities unable to employ a full-time veterinarian shall have a contractual arrangement for the maximum anticipated time with a part-time veterinarian with training and appropriate experience with the species housed.XFacilities shall employ professional and supporting personnel necessary to implement the veterinary medical program.XStaffVeterinary coverageThe full-time chief veterinarian is responsible for the medical and surgical care of the animals and shall be fully acquainted all animals housed at the sanctuary.XVeterinary care shall be available 7 days per week and 24 hours per day for all sanctuaries.XThe full-time chief veterinarian is responsible for the medical and surgical care of the animals.XThe veterinarian shall also develop and supervise long-term preventive medicine programs.XVeterinarians shall establish disease surveillance and containment procedures.XWhen the assigned veterinarian is unavailable, they shall ensure the availability of other suitably experienced veterinarians on call.XSupport StaffProfessional and supporting personnel shall be available to implement appropriate portions of the veterinary medical program.XA veterinary care program requires support staff to establish and maintain the programs and facilities in the following areas: Husbandry (animal keepers) and Technical (veterinary technicians, or appropriately trained individuals)XA Staff member shall be trained to serve as the medical care program director dealing with the emergencies until the veterinarian arrivesXThey shall be able to direct the restraint of the animals, be responsible for administration of post-surgical care, and be skilled in maintaining appropriate medical records.XIdeally, this individual shall be a licensed veterinary technician or an animal health technician who reports to or is responsible to the veterinarian.XVeterinary CareOverviewVeterinary care shall emphasize disease prevention.XAll animals at the sanctuary shall be observed daily either by the person in charge of animal care and management, or by someone working under the direct supervision of this person.XAll animal care staff shall be trained to recognize abnormal behavior and clinical signs of illness.XAll animal care staff shall be knowledgeable concerning the diets, husbandry, and restraint procedures for the animals under their care.XDiseased, injured, or stressed animals shall be reported promptly so that the animals can be provided with appropriate medical care.XAll procedures and treatments performed on animals shall employ current professionally accepted methods of diagnosis and treatment.XThere shall be a standard operating policy of providing appropriate medical care for sick and injured animals.XMedical & Surgical TreatmentsClinical PathologyDiagnostic laboratory services shall be available to assist with the examination of animals and the diagnosis of disease.XDiagnostic capabilities shall include cytology, microbiology, parasitology, complete blood count, blood chemstry, urinalysis, serology and other appropriate laboratory procedures.XThese services can be performed by outside laboratories.XSurgicalAll Sanctuaries shall have access to surgical facilities (either on-site or at a nearby veterinary hospital) that are clean, free from excessive noise and unnecessary pedestrian traffic, have adequate lighting, ventilation, and temperature controls, and can be easily cleaned and disinfected.XSurgical facilities shall have access to gas anesthesia equipment with a gas scavenging system and oxygen, sterilized surgical packs, surgical preparation solutions, intravenous fluids, fluid administration equipment, pulse oximetry, heart monitoring equipment (e.g. electrocardiogram, stethoscope), and emergency drugs.XSurgical equipment shall be maintained in good working order and be on a program of routine preventive maintenance.XFor off-site aseptic surgical facilities, the availability of an on-site area that can be adapted for occasional or emergency aseptic surgical use is recommended.XOnly a licensed veterinarian can perform surgery.XThe veterinarian shall use aseptic surgical procedures whenever applicable.XSurgical techniques shall be performed using standard operating procedures for domestic animals.XThe number of animals or budgetary constraints may influence the location where such care is provided but shall not prevent the provision of these minimum care standards.XVeterinarians and support personnel shall be compassionate and knowledgeable about the humane aspects of animal treatment, including the proper use of anesthetics, analgesics, and tranquilizers.XA veterinary technician appropriately trained by the staff or consulting veterinarian in states or provinces where such action is permitted by veterinary practice acts can perform surgical first aid.XSurgical incisions shall be observed daily, or as frequently as possible while minimizing stress to the animals, for signs of dehiscence or infection.XAnalgesics shall be administered post-operatively when appropriate.XTreatmentMedications shall be used in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations and shall be administered in accordance with the state veterinary practice act.XAn area shall be set-aside at the Sanctuary which can be used for minor surgical procedures.XDrugs used in Sanctuaries shall be administered In compliance with the Food and Drug Administration.XAll facilities shall have a pharmacy on-site where routinely used drugs, such as emergency tranquilizers, etc. can be maintained according to local, state and federal regulations.XAll medications shall be distributed only by order of the veterinarian.XWhen distributed to keepers, medications shall be properly packaged, medical contents identified with instructions attached for the amount, frequency and duration of administration.XAll medical treatments and drug prescriptions shall be documented in the animal medical record.XBasic physical capture and restraint equipment to facilitate medical treatment shall be available at the facility.XKey personnel shall be properly trained to competently and humanely use capture and restraint equipment and shall be regularly instructed on such use.XVeterinary personnel shall be aware of the potential risk of human exposure to dangerous drugs during any chemical restraint procedure.XStaff shall be thoroughly versed on emergency treatment procedures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) that may be required in the event of an accidental injection of a human with a hazardous drug.XAppropriate reversal drugs shall be available, labeled, and stored with all immobilization drugs. All staff using dangerous drugs shall be familiar with the location and use of all reversal drugs.XNecropsyThe Sanctuary shall have a refrigerated area for holding dead animals that is physically separate from live animal holding, treatment, and surgery areas and from food supply storage or preparation areas.XThere shall be an isolated area on the grounds for performing animal necropsies. Or, the carcass shall be transported to a facility for a postmortem examination as soon as possible and no longer than 24 hours after death.XIt is important that a postmortem examination be performed on all animals at the facility that die, and also on wild or feral animals found dead on the grounds whenever possible.XHistological examination of tissues from such animals is required to evaluate mortality factors if the cause of death is not evident on gross necropsy examination.XDisposition of dead animals and their parts shall meet all legal restrictions.XDead specimens shall be incinerated or disposed of as deemed suitable by the veterinarian in accordance with local, state and federal regulations.XMedical RecordsComplete medical records shall be maintained on all animals.XThe records shall indicate the nature of all treatments (types of medication, dosage, duration), surgical procedures, anesthetic procedures (type of agent, dosage, effect), results of all laboratory tests (parasitologic, hematologic, bacteriologic, etc.), plus immunization records with all relevant dates.XCopies of these medical records shall accompany any animal that is transferred to another facility.XMedical records shall be maintained under the direction of the veterinarian.XDuplicate record sets shall be stored at another site, or in a fire proof or theft proof safe on site.XStatistics shall be tabulated regularly on the rates and nature of illness and mortality in the facility.XAll animals shall have some form of permanent identification recorded in the medical record. Various methods of identification, such as transponders, ear tags, wing tags, neck chains, toe clipping, leg bands, tattoo, brands, ear notching, horn branding and photography are available.XControlled SubstancesAll controlled substances used at the sanctuary shall be prescribed by the veterinarian.XAll drug logs shall be kept up to date and comply with the requirements of the Drug Enforcement Agency.XPreventive MedicinePreventive medicine programs shall be established at every Sanctuary.XThese programs shall include quarantine, parasite surveillance procedures and control, immunizations, infectious diseases screening (e.g., using serology and tuberculosis testing), dental prophylaxis, and periodic reviews of diets, husbandry techniques and vermin control.XQuarantine & Isolation of AnimalsThe sanctuary shall have a quarantine policy that is developed and enforced by the veterinary staff in consultation with facility personnel.XQuarantine policy shall prevent nose to nose contact between newly received animals and those already in the facility until the health of the new animals can be evaluated, to prevent introduction of new pathogens into the animals at the facility.XQuarantine facilities shall be physically isolated from the rest of the animals at the facility.XWhere separate facilities may not be available, the animal shall be housed so as to minimize contact with other animals.XAll personnel working in quarantine facilities shall observe established protocols to prevent cross-contamination to other animals in the facility, such as personal hygiene and disinfecting of footwear, clothing, and equipment.XAdditional facilities to provide for the isolation of animals that are known to be or suspected of carrying disease may be necessary.XA minimum of 30 days quarantine is recommended for most mammals, birds, and most reptiles.XMinimum quarantine periods of 60 to 90 days are recommended for primates and 90 days for snakes and other species that are potential carriers of diseases along with longer incubation periods for diseases (such as cervids and others for Johne's disease).XAny animal that is severely stressed by quarantine procedures may require an earlier release or modification of the facility to avoid stress.XLocal, state, or federal regulations may also dictate quarantine length and procedures.XDuring quarantine the following procedures shall be considered: physical examination, clinical and laboratory tests for disease (especially those considered communicable); treatment for external and internal parasites; immunization; evaluation of age, sex, and teeth; and marking for permanent identification (tattoo, leg bands, transponders, ear notches, etc.).XParasite ControlFecal examinations shall be conducted at least annually on all individuals or group of animals with a preference toward being performed 2-4 times annually depending upon the species.XFecal examination shall be repeated following treatment to evaluate efficacy.XRoutinely scheduled anthelmintic treatments may be required to control persistent parasitic infestations.XCare shall be taken in movement of animals or cage furniture from one exhibit to another in order to prevent exposure to aberrant parasites which could cause a fatal infection. Exhibits and cage furniture shall be disinfected prior to any transfer.XImmunizationAll susceptible species shall be immunized as recommended by the veterinarian using currently recommended procedures and products.XSchedules and products will be dictated by the disease status of domestic and wild animals in the area surrounding the facility.XThe type, serial number, and source of product shall be recorded in the individual animal's medical record.XDisease SurveillanceSpecific routine serological screening protocols for diseases will depend on the nature and prevalence of disease.XUpon arrival at the facility, and prior to shipping, tuberculosis testing shall be performed on all animals in which the test produces a valid and interpretable response (e.g., bovid, cervid and primates).XZoonotic Disease ProgramA preventive health program shall be developed for employees working with animals to minimize the possibility of disease transmission between people and animals in each facility.XAll potentially zoonotic diseases shall be identified for the species residing at the facility. All employees will be trained in proper hygiene and other precautions to prevent transmission of disease between staff and animals.XStaff shall have tuberculin tests prior to employment and annually thereafter. All attendants, handlers, and/or trainees who have direct contact with elephants, primates and other susceptible animals, shall be tested for tuberculosis on at least an annual basis and be continually aware of the potential threat.XA physician with expertise in infectious diseases shall be consulted whenever an employee contracts an unusual illness or is exposed to an animal diagnosed with a zoonotic disease.XThe facility's veterinarian shall be knowledgeable about zoonotic diseases that may affect animals and staff at the facility.XAll potential or emerging diseases shall have emergency procedures and a defined process to avoid transmission of diseases through bites, scratches, body fluids, direct contact with species and other means.XWhen a reportable disease is identified, all appropriate local, state, and federal regulatory officials shall be contacted.XAll areas in which the staff has direct contact with animals shall have hand-washing facilities available in the immediate vicinity (or an equivalent; e.g., bactericidal hand-wipes)XHuman food consumption by the staff shall not occur in the immediate area of animal contact, and staff members shall maintain a routine of hand washing prior to eating, drinking, or smoking.XAdditional precautions may be necessary for staff classified as having an increased risk of disease, including those that are immuno-compromised.XAny skin lesions compatible with dermatomycosis ("ringworm") shall be carefully evaluated in order to prevent transmission to those in direct contact with them.XReptiles and Amphibians:Procedures shall include diagnosis with reptiles for the transmission of Salmonella sp. Salmonellosis using a cloacal swab or other sample positive on culture for salmonella. However, due to intermittent fecal shedding of these organisms, false negative cultures frequently occur. Therefore, all reptiles shall be treated as salmonella carriers.XBirds:Shall be free of chlamydiosis and zoonotic parasites (e.g., giardia). Chlamydiosis testing is appropriate for members of the orders Psittaciformes, Galliformes, and Columbiformes. As in reptiles, salmonellosis can be present and difficult to diagnose and so, birds shall be treated as suspects.XMammals:All mammals are considered at risk for infection with rabies. Current rabies vaccines are licensed for use in only six domestic species: dogs, cats, ferrets, sheep, horses, and cows. For wild-caught animals of most species, a three to six month quarantine is necessary to reduce the risk that they are infected with the virus.XPrimates: Unless extensive testing has been performed for a variety of viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases, all staff contact with primates and vice versa shall be avoided.XAll small ruminants; e.g., pygmy goats, sheep, dwarf cattle, llamas, etc., that are greater than six months of age shall be tested for tuberculosis, brucellosis, and leptospirosis. Obviously, any animals with lesions compatible with sarcoptic mange (mange mite = Sarcoptes scabeii) shall be removed from contact. Any animals with lesions compatible with contagious ecythema ("orf" in man) shall be tested and removed from contact until proven negative. Calves shall be checked and found free of Cryptosporidium sp. and other infections with protozoa. Other diseases of a potential zoonotic nature include infection with Coxiella burneti (Q-fever) in endemic areas. Additionally, recent reports indicate that infection with Johnes disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) may present zoonotic concerns, primarily in goats.XSwine and other mammals shall be checked for gastrointestinal infection with Balantidium sp. efforts made to control this infection. Additionally, consideration shall be given to regular vaccination for the bacterial disease, Erysipelothrix rhusipathae ("diamond skin disease").XAll carnivores shall be tested for and be free of zoonotic species of roundworms such as BaylascarisXWhen there is contact with rodents and lagomorphs consideration shall be given to the risk of bites, past history, and exposure to hantavirus, salmonella, and tularemia.XDue to the potential for infection with atypical mycobacteria, Vibrio sp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathae, and a variety of gram-negative bacteria, contact with fish shall also be followed by hand washing.XContraceptionAnimals at the sanctuary shall not be allowed to reproduce. All facilities shall adopt reproductive control programs appropriate to the species.XReproduction shall be prevented using any reliable means including complete and fulltime separation of sexes, surgical sterilization, chemical sterilization, contraceptive implants or injections as prescribed by the veterinarian.XFor animals pregnant upon arrival, the center shall utilize reproductive control methods immediately after weaning.XDental ProphylaxisDental examinations shall be conducted routinely on all individuals with known dental problems and during physical examinations of all animals.XManagement IssuesAnimal TransportThe veterinarian is responsible for preparing and signing the health certificate.XThe consignor and consignee shall share in the responsibility for health care prior to, during, and after shipment of animals.XThe crates shall be in good condition and meet federal and/or international standards.XPrior any transportation of animals, The Director shall ensure that adequate facilities are available at the receiving end and that food items that are familiar for the animal are available.XPre-shipment health examinations shall ideally include a complete physical exam with attention to parasite checks, necessary vaccinations, and completion of any tests required by regulations of the receiving state or country.XHealth papers shall accompany the animal being transported and shall include the health certificate, complete medical records, diet and husbandry information.XDiet / NutritionThe veterinarian in consultation with a nutritionist shall conduct periodic reviews of the diets and husbandry procedures.XThe review shall include an analysis of the relationship of diets to the frequency of disease problems and morbidity and mortality rates.XDiets of individual animals shall be modified to match the physiological state of the animal as it changes over time.XSanitationThe Director shall establish a plan for animal waste removal and sanitation of enclosures to minimize health and disease hazards and reduce odors.XAll cleaning chemicals used shall be first approved by the veterinarian for safety.XInsect, Rodent & Other Unwanted Scavenger ControlA formal insect and rodent control program shall be supervised by the veterinarian.XUnwanted scavenger control shall be implemented in all areas of the facility including storage areas for food items.XThe program shall humanely prevent, control, or eliminate unwanted scavengers with documentation of monitoring and control techniques.XPesticides shall be used in accordance with government regulations.XWhenever possible, less toxic or non-toxic agents such as silica gel or insect growth regulator products shall be given preference.XThe veterinarian shall determine the degree of toxicity that products in use may pose to animals, native wildlife and staff.XEuthanasiaThe Director shall establish a policy on appropriate humane euthanasia procedures.XLive animals shall be euthanized in accordance with the "1993 Report of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Panel on Euthanasia"XThe veterinarian or qualified personnel, under the guidance of the veterinarian, that are knowledgeable and skilled in performing the procedure in a compassionate and professional manner shall perform euthanasia. It shall be performed to minimize distress to the animal.XSpecific methods for mammals and birds shall conform to the AVMA Report on Euthanasia.XRestraint ProtocolPhysical RestraintBasic physical capture and restraint equipment to facilitate medical treatment shall be available at the facility.XKey personnel shall be able to competently use capture and restraint equipment and shall be regularly instructed on such use.XAll physical restraint shall be performed in such a manner to ensure the health, safety and well-being of the animals and all personnel.XChemical RestraintVeterinary personnel shall be aware of the potential risk of human exposure to dangerous drugs during any chemical restraint procedure.XStaff shall be thoroughly versed on emergency treatment procedures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) that may be required in the event of an accidental injection of a human with a hazardous drug.XAppropriate reversal drugs shall be available, labeled, and stored with all immobilization drugs. All staff using dangerous drugs shall be familiar with the location and use of all reversal drugs.XVeterinary FacilitiesSanctuary Veterinary hospitals on-site or off-site shall have:On-SiteAll Sanctuaries shall have an on-site veterinary hospital whenever possible.XThe size of the facility and its components will depend upon the size and type of animals housed.XThe veterinary hospital shall meet all local and state building regulations and shall be constructed of durable, moisture-proof and fire resistant materials.XSurfaces that animals can come in contact with shall be nontoxic and be readily disinfected.XThe hospital shall be located away from areas of heavy public use to minimize the noise levels for the hospitalized animals.XThe hospital shall have separate areas for examination and treatment for: sterile surgery, necropsy, quarantine, laboratory, radiology, pharmaceuticals storage including, when necessary, a safe for narcotics that meets the standards set by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), food preparation areas, storage areas, a staff locker room with showers, and animal holding areas. The hospital shall also have capture and restraint equipment, utilize nonabsorbent & non-impact resistant surfaces, have floors that slope downward toward drains, air handling systems, holding cages, hospital cage furniture, wood perches, and storage areas.XOff-SiteIf the Sanctuary does not have an on-site hospital, the Director shall ensure that the Sanctuary has a contract with a nearby veterinary hospital.XThe off-site veterinary hospital shall be located close to the Sanctuary to minimize transit time for the animal.XThe hospital shall have a sterile surgical facility with anesthetic equipment to include radiology equipment, a laboratory, and pharmaceutical storage.XIf necropsies are performed at the facility, there shall be a separate area for necropsies and a separate storage refrigerator for storage of carcasses.XEducationGeneralThe Director shall establish an Education Plan which highlights the importance of education in the mission of the sanctuary.XMessages of the educational program shall be consistent with the mission and purpose of the organization.XAll actions of the organization and all staff shall be considered as part of the educational messages of the organization.XThe organization shall not engage in any activities in clear contradiction to, or that may be misconstrued as conflicting with the educational messages of the organization.XPolicySanctuaries that engage in educational programs shall have a written education policy which outlines the goals of the program and measures of program effectiveness.XAll employees and volunteers shall be familiar with the educational policy and shall be informed of any changes to the education program or educational messages.XToursWhenever possible, organizations shall strive to incorporate noninvasive educational techniques into their educational program, including but not limited to live feed video, web-based learning, and other forms of media.XGuided tours for educational purposes shall only be conducted if they are part of the overall education program and are augmented by other educational materials such as brochures, fact sheets, etc.XIf tours are part of the educational program they shall conducted with the welfare of the animals in residence as the top priority.XEasily stressed animals shall not be part of any guided tour.XAll animals shall have appropriate hide boxes or other means of avoiding the tour shall they become stressed.XTours shall be limited in duration and group size to prevent stress to the animals.XStrict rules of conduct shall be in place and reviewed with all tour participants prior to commencing any tour.XTour participants shall only be allowed into areas that clearly separate the public from the animals and shall keep behind recommended safety barriers of at least 3 feet from the animal enclosures and stand a minimum of 3 feet in height.XInteractionTaking animal to schoolsXUsing animals for commercialsXFor personal reasons (ie pets)XFor performances or display to publicXDiplaying photos of staff/volunteers in contact with animalsFor care purposes (medical etc.)XIn poses implying play or petXTouching animals by guestsClass IXClass IIXClass IIIXFeeding animals by guestsSelf feedingXGuided feedingXTaking photos of animalsBy guestsXBy staff and volunteersXBy professionalsXFor a feeXFor publicity such as mediaXTaking photos of people in contact with animalsXFor a feeXAs personal photos of guests, by guests; no feeUsing baby animals for photo oppsXEducation of visitors against pet trade and ownershipXRespectful and illustrative that wild animals aren't petsXMeasures of Program EffectivenessThe educational program shall be evaluated on an annual basis for effectiveness. The program shall be revised as necessary to ensure consistency of message and effectiveness of message delivery.XOther Program ActitiesAdvocacySanctuaries shall work within the sanctuary community to be advocates for animal protection and animal welfare.XSanctuaries shall treat other sanctuaries with professionalism and respect.XSanctuaries shall collaborate with other organizations whenever possible, keeping the animals' welfare as the first priority.XCommunity RelationsSanctuaries shall develop guidelines on appropriate cultural and political behavior when interacting with the community and ensure employees, volunteers, and visitors follow these guidelines.XSanctuaries shall be actively involved in community affairs.XRevised 8/8/07