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San Fransisco
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or
sudden shock of the earth’s surface.
They happen along "fault lines" in the
earth’s crust.
Felt over large areas
Usually last less than 1 minute
Cannot be predicted -- scientists are
working on it!
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Tectonic Plate Boundary Types
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Richter ScaleThe intensity of an earthquake can be
measured using the Richter scale
A magnitude 7.0 on a Richter scale is a major
earthquake.
6.0 is considered strong
5.0 can cause damage
Below 4.0 usually does not cause damage
Anything below 2.0 usually can’t be felt
*The Northridge Earthquake, which hit
Southern California in 1994, was
magnitude 6.7
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San Francisco, CA
April 18, 1906
5:12 a.m.
Magnitude: 8.25
Length of time: 40 seconds
Deaths: 700 to 2,500 people
Note: The "Great San Francisco Earthquake" is
one of the strongest ever recorded in North
America. Much of the city was destroyed by the
strong shaking, which toppled buildings, and by
the fires that followed
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1906 San Francisco earthquake
The San Francisco earthquake of 1906
was a major earthquake that struck San
Francisco, California and the coast of
Northern California.
The main shock epicenter* occurred offshore
about 3 km from the city
It ruptured along the San Andreas Fault for a
total length of 477 km
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The earthquake and resulting fire one of
the worst natural disasters in the history
of the U.S.
The death toll estimated to be above
3,000.
The economic impact was great.
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Subsequent fires
The fires that burned out of control afterward the
earthquake were much more destructive.
About 90% of the total destruction was a result from
the subsequent fire.
Most of the structures destroyed that day collapsed
from the movement of the earth before the fires got
to them.
Poor building standards at the time caused buildings
to collapse.
Some fires broke because of ruptured natural gas
pipes broken by the quake.
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One landmark building lost in the fire was the Palace Hotel, subsequently rebuilt, which had many famous visitors, including royalty and celebrated performers.
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Some of the greatest losses from fire were in scientific
laboratories Nearly 1,500 specimens at the
California Academy of Sciences , including
the entire type specimen collection for a
newly discovered and extremely rare species
were saved, before the remainder of the
largest botanical collection in the western
United States was consumed by fire.
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The entire laboratory and all the records of Benjamin R. Jacobs, a biochemist who was researching the nutrition of everyday foods, was lost.
Another treasure lost in the fires was the original California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma, which at the time was being stored in a state building
Benjamin R. Jacobs - March 15 1954 –
75 years old n San Francisco
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Aftermath and reconstruction
Property losses been estimated to be more
than $400 million.
In the rush to rebuild the city, building
standards were in fact lowered instead of
strengthened.
Part of the rush to rebuild was the desire to
be ready for an international exposition set
to be hosted in 1915.
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Bird's-eye view, surrounding Ferry Building. Looking west on Market Street
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The Importance of Building Codes Building codes first came into use to protect
communities from potential earthquake damage (1930s).
It ensured the same standards of health and safety across any nation.
These standards ensure the quality of construction before a disaster.
This makes Emergency Aid/relief Organization's work much easier, both before and after a disaster.
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Building Codes*
A code is a body of laws that must be obeyed by constracters.
A building code requires that a building or facility be located, designed, and constructed so that any threat to life, health, and welfare of its occupants and the public is minimized or prevented
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Consequences of Earthquakes:
Human casualties (death)
Loss of livestock in rural areas
Property damage or homelessness
Medical services are disrupted (no doctor or
medication available)
Jobless if company moves away
Temporary unemployment if company is
destroyed
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No transportation services
Damage to infrastructure (bridges, roads & buildings
are closed due to damage)
Economy suffers due to job losses and extra money
needed to clean up and repair
Home insurance increases (goes up)
Emergency services are disrupted or overwhelmed
with rescue efforts.
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Measures We Must Take to Lessen the consequences:
1. Build earthquake resistant homes, buildings and bridges.
2. Invest in high-technology equipment which can detect earthquakes before they occur.
3. Set in place a warning system to give enough to prepare (if time permits of course!)
4. Set in place of crisis management team with a good action plan.
5. Train emergency services to (police officers, 911 operators, firefighters and paramedics) deal with crisis.
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QUITO, Ecuador
Quito is a city in Ecuador.
Ecuador is a country.
It is found in South America.
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Topographical zones
The city of Quito is divided into three zones
(areas), separated by hills
a)Central part:
This is the historical, colonial part of the city
Tourist zone
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b) Southern part: This area is mainly industrial and
residential, a working-class neighborhood
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NorteDeQuito.jpg/800px-NorteDeQuito.jpg
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c) Northern part: This is modern Quito, with high-rise
buildings, shopping centers, the financial district and upper class (affluent) neighborhoods, and some working-class neighborhoods
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Mariscal Sucre International Airport is in the northern part.
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Seven killed in Ecuador military plane crash
An Ecuadorian military plane crashed into an apartment building in northern Quito, killing seven peopleThe crash set the five-storey building ablaze and prompted a major search and rescue operation by firefightersIt crashed near a luxury hotel in Quito as it approached the capital city's airport
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i0zrhDqkpM
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The area has been the scene of at least four plane mishaps in recent yearsA similar accident killed Ecuador's tourism minister, Pedro Zambrano.
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Public Transportation Close to 2 million people commute per day Most commuters* use public transportation
*commuter - A person who regularly travels from one place to another, typically to work
Different types of public transportation: Privately-owned buses Trolley buses or cable cars City transit buses (city-owned, like in Montreal)
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A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram [in early years][1] or trolley[2][3][4]) is an electric bus that draws its electricity from overhead wires (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit.
Electric Trolley Bus
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In Montreal… Public transit is operated by the It’s services include network of buses,
subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island
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Problems in Quito: Large city of about 3 million people
A) Quito’s infrastructure* is in bad shape:*By infrastructure we mean all the services
and facilities provided by a city such as: Roads (need to be repaired) Water (consistency) Sewage system Emergency services (doctors, police etc.) Trash collection Parks, etc.
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The Issue of Having Consistent Water
Supply
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Quito gets all of its water from the rivers draining from high volcanic ridges* of the Andean mountains.
*A ridge is any long raised strip; a long narrow range of hills.
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Water pipes transport this water from the mountains to Quito.
The “threat” to Quito is having a consistent supply of water. This means making sure there is enough water to continue to supply Quito’s needs.
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Quilotoa Quilotoa is beautiful crater lake
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Panorama_quilotoa_crater_lake_ecuador.jpg/800px-Panorama_quilotoa_crater_lake_ecuador.jpg
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B) There is a lot of poverty, particularly among indigenous people like the Andeans.
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Despite the poverty and disrepair of many buildings, the churches and cathedrals are really beautiful.
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Transportation Most people use public transportation
(buses) and taxis to travel around the city.
More and more people are buying private vehicles (cars!) even though the cost is twice the price in the United States.
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Northern Quito'sBusiness District
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Northern Quito as seen from the Aerial tramway Station at Cruz Loma (part of the Pichincha mountain complex at about 4,000 m.
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Old Town UNESCO recognized Quito's historical
centre as a World Heritage site in 1978.
The historic centre is one of the best-preserved, least altered districts in Latin America.
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Strictly controlled development has kept it wonderfully preserved.
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Outside the city Pululahua is a volcano near Quito. Its crater is visible. It is believed to be one of only craters
in the world with human inhabitants.
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A volcanic crater is a circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity.
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The capital of Ecuador, Quito lies at the foot
of the Pichincha volcano, and
has been damaged
several times by the area's
frequent earthquakes
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Quito is the only capital in the world to be directly menaced (threatened) by an active volcano.
Guagua Pichincha, only 21 km west, has continuing activity and is under constant monitoring.
The largest eruption occurred in 1660 when over 25 cm of ash covered the city.
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The latest eruption was recorded on October 5 and 7, 1999, when a large amount of ash was deposited on the city.
The eruption caused significant disruption of activities, including closing of the international airport.
Nearby volcanic eruptions can also affect Quito.
The city was showered with ash for several days after an eruption occurred in the Reventador volcano (2002).
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The region also is vulnerable to earthquakes.
The worst-known earthquake to have hit Quito occurred in 1797 and killed 40,000 people.
The most recent major seismic event, with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale, occurred in 1987 with an epicentre about 80 km from the city.
It killed an estimated 1,000 near the epicenter, but Quito itself suffered only minor damage.
On October 16, 2006, the city felt a quake measuring 4.1 on the Richter scale, but no major damage was reported.
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The Richter scaleThe intensity of an earthquake can be
measured using the Richter scale A magnitude 7.0 on a Richter scale is a
major earthquake. The Northridge Earthquake, which hit
Southern California in 1994, was magnitude 6.7
6.0 is considered strong 5.0 can cause damage Below 4.0 usually does not cause damage Anything below 2.0 usually can’t be felt
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Epicentre: The point of the earth's surface which is
directly above the focus* of an earthquake Focus point of origin of an earthquake.
http://www.answers.com/topic/focal-point#