saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

Tamaz beraZe

samxedro-sazRvao saqmis

istoriidan

meomris biblioTeka #12

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTormete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi. seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

Sesavali

saqarTvelo Savi zRvis piras mdebareobs. Savi zRva erT-erTi udidesia

msoflioSi. misi saerTo farTobi 411540 kv. km udris. sigrZe dasavleTidan

aRmosavleTisken 1150 km-ia, maqsimaluri sigane CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken

580 km-ia. yvelaze viwro igi yirimis naxevarkunZulsa da anatoliis

Sverils Sorisaa, romelTa Soris manZili 265 km-s ar aRemateba. Sav zRvaSi

sul sami patara kunZulia, romelTagan udidesis farTobi 2,5 kv. km-ia.

Savi zRvis uZvelesi, dReisaTvis cnobili saxeli `calfas zRvaa~. ase

uwodebdnen mas xeTebi* Zv. w XVI-XV saukuneebSi. sami saukunis Semdeg

asirielebma am zRvas `zemo zRva~ da `didi zRva~ uwodes. sxvadasxva

xalxebs Soris, romlebic uZveles xanaSi Savi zRvis piras cxovrobdnen

iyvnen iranuli modgmis tomebi, romlebic Sav zRvas `axSianas~ _ ,,Rrmas~,

,,Savs~ uwodebdnen. Zvelma berZnebma am zRvis saxeli maTgan gadaiRes,

mxolod maTTvis gaugebari `axSiana~ berZnul sityva `avqsinusad~ gaiazres,

rac `arastumarTmoyvares~ niSnavs. ase daerqva Sav zRvas `avqsinus pontos~

_ `arastumarTmoyvare zRva~ (`pontos~ _ Zvel berZnulSi zRvis erT-erTi

saxelwodeba iyo). Zveli berZnebisaTvis Savi zRvis amgvari saxelwodeba

gasagebi iyo, radgan Tavdapirvelad isini cudad icnobdnen am zRvas da masze

naosnoba did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

Zv. w VII-VI ss. berZnebi kargad gaecvnen Savi zRvis napirebs da am zRvaze

naosnoba aiTvises. amis Semdeg Savi zRvis es saxelwodeba maTTvis

damamcireblad JRerda. amitom Zvelma berZnebma Sav zRvas saxeli Seucvales

da `evqsinus pontos~ anu `stumarTmoyvare zRva~ uwodes.

saukuneTa manZilze `ponto~ geografiuli terminidan sakuTar saxelad

iqca. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi igi ewodeboda samxreT-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi Camoyalibebul samefos, xolo misi dacemis Semdeg im

teritorias, romelsac Tavis droze es samefo moicavda. aseT viTarebaSi

`evqsinus ponto~ TandaTanobiT pontos zRvad _ `pontikon Talasad~ iqca

(Talasa Zvel berZnulSi aseve zRvas niSnavda). berZnuli samyarodan es

saxelwodeba aRmosavleTis xalxebma gadaiRes da TavianTi enis Sesabamisad

gaaJReres, ase miviReT `buntus zRva~, romelsac arabebi Sav zRvas

uwodebdnen. VIII-XII ss-is arabul da sparsul geografiul naSromebSi

gvxvdeba Savi zRvis sxva saxelwodebebic, romlebic Cveulebriv, am zRvis

piras ganlagebuli qalaqebis Tu qveynebis an mis sanapiroze mosaxle

xalxebis saxelidan modis. maT Soris, pirvel rigSi `xazarTa zRva~,

`rumis zRva~ (bizantiis zRva) unda movixsenioT.

1892 wels aRmosavleTmcodnem aleqsandre tumanskim buxaraSi erTi

xelnaweri SeiZina, romelSic sxvadasxva TxzulebebTan erTad aRmoCnda XI

saukunis ucnobi avtoris sparsul enaze Sesrulebuli geografiuli naSromi

`qveynierebis sazRvari~, sadac Savi zRva `darie gurzan~ – `qarTvelTa

zRvis~ saxeliTaa moxseniebuli. es nawarmoebi arabuli originalidanaa

3

Targmnili, romelic dReisaTvis dakargulad iTvleba. ueWvelia, rom

arabul originalSi `bahr al-jurzan~, igive ,,qarTvelTa zRva~ iqneboda. es

ar aris pirveli SemTxveva, roca Savi zRvis saxeli saqarTvelosTan aris

dakavSirebuli. jer kidev Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi gamoCenili

berZeni geografi straboni `geografiaSi~, Savi zRvis erT-erT monakveTs

dasavleT saqarTvelos gaswvriv, `kolxidis zRvas~ _ `kolxike Talasas~

uwodebs. strabonis msgavsad XI saukunis erTi sparsi geografi dasavleT

saqarTvelos erT-erTi saxelis, lazikis mixedviT Sav zRvas `darie lazik~

_ `lazikis zRvis~ saxeliT moixseniebs.

Zveli berZnebi am zRvas `melanos pelagos~ anu Sav zRvasac eZaxdnen.

SemdegSi es saxelwodeba `pontos maurus~-ma Secvala, (`maurus~ iseve,

rogorc `melanos~ bizantiur berZnulSi aseve Savs niSnavda). es

saxelwodeba pirvelad bizantiis imperiasa da veneciis qalaq-respublikis

1265 wlis xelSekrulebis teqstSia damowmebuli. berZnulidan es saxeli

laTinurSi Sevida. TandaTanobiT `pontos maurus~ yvela xalxma Tavis enaze

Targmna da sayovelTaod gavrcelda. ase miviReT inglisuri `bleq si~,

germanuli `Svarcen mare~, Turquli `kara deniz~, rusuli ,,Cornoe more.~

qarTvelebi Sav zRvas Tavdapirvelad ubralod `zRuas~ an kidev `speris

zRvas~ eZaxdnen. es meore saxeli adre antikur xanaSi Savi zRvis maxloblad

mosaxle qarTveluri tomis _ sasperebis saxelidan modis. Cveni winaprebi

Savi zRvis im monakveTs, romelic dRevandel baTumsa da axal aTons Sorisaa

moqceuli, `zRvis yures~ eZaxdnen. zRvis es monakveTi Tavisi moyvanilobiT

marTlac didi yuris STabeWdilebas qmnis.

qarTulSi geografiuli saxelwodeba `pontos zRva~adre Sevida. is

qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi pirvelad VIII saukunis qarTveli mwerlis

ioane sabanisZis `martvilobai abo Tbilelisai~-Sia moxseniebuli. `pontos

zRva~ qarTul geografiul terminologiaSi mtkiced damkvidrda da XVI-

XVII ss-mde Savi zRvis erTaderT qarTul saxelad iqca.

,,Savi zRvis~ pirveli moxsenieba jerjerobiT 1651 wlis 14 seqtembers,

imereTis mefis aleqsandre III ruseTis xelmwifisadmi gagzavnil qarTul

werilSi gvxvdeba.

XIX s-is dasawyisamde qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi Sav zRvasTan

erTad, pontos zRvac moixsenieba. XIX s-Si, qarTuli mwerlobis

Zeglebidan es meore saxeli sabolood gaqra.

ASavi zRvis auzs azovis zRva ekuTvnis, romelic faqtobrivad, am zRvis

didi yurea. misi sigrZe 380 km-ia. maqsimaluri sigane ki 220 km-mde aRwevs.

am zRvis saSualo siRrme ki mxolod 8 metria. aseTi zomebis gamo Zveli

berZnebi da romaelebi azovis zRvas tbad miiCnevdnen da mas `meotas

limans~ an kidev `palius meotis~ uwodebdnen, rac meotis tbas niSnavs.

XIII-XV ss-Si azovis zRvis piras italielebi cxovrobdnen. aRmosavleTis

xalxebi italielebs, iseve rogorc yvela evropels, frankebs eZaxdnen,

4

amitom maT azovis zRvas `frankTa zRva~ uwodes. TviTon evropelebi am

saukuneebSi azovis zRvas `zabaxas zRvis~ saxeliT moixseniebdnen.

azovis zRvaze md. donis SesarTavSi uZvelesi droidan qalaqi idga,

romelsac Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi tanaiss, xolo XIII-XV ss-Si

dasavleT evropelebi tanas eZaxdnen. monRolebma, dapyrobis Semdeg am qalaqs

`azavi~ daarqves, rac maT enaze `dabal adgils~ niSnavda. aqedan modis

saxelwodeba azovis zRva, rac dReisaTvis sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli.

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTvelebi am zRvas ubralod `azavs~ eZaxdnen.

azovis zRva Sav zRvas 41 km sigrZis qerCis srutiT ukavSirdeba. Zveli

berZnebi da romaelebi am srutes `kimerielTa* bosfors~ eZaxdnen.

Savi zRva naxevrad daxuruli zRvaa. is bosforis srutiT, marmarilos

zRviTa da dardanelis srutiT xmelTaSua zRvis auzs ukavSirdeba.

bosfori Zveli berZnulidan ,,xaris fonad~ iTargmneba. Zveli berZnebi da

romaelebi dRevandel bosforis srutes mis dasavleTiT mdebare Trakiis

mixedviT `Trakiis bosfors~ eZaxdnen. bosforis srutis sigrZe 28,5 km-ia.

misi saSualo sigane _ 3,7 km-ia. zogan es srute 750 m-de viwrovdeba. am

sruteSi ormxrivi dinebaa. misi zemo dineba Savi zRvidan marmarilos zRvaSi

Caedineba, qvemo dinebas ki sapirispiro mimarTuleba aqvs.

marmarilos zRvas Zveli berZnebi `propontidas~ anu pontos zRvis

winamdebares eZaxdnen, xolo dardanelis srutes `helesponts~, anu heles

zRvas uwodebdnen. Zveli berZnebis rwmeniT, am sruteSi daixrCo hele,

romelic oqros verZze Tavis ZmasTan erTad Soreul kolxeTSi mifrinavda.

dardanelic am srutis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeli unda iyos. is mefe

dandaris saxelidan modis, romelic cnobil qalaq troas* damaarseblad

iTvleboda. amitom homerosis `iliadaSi~ am qalaqs dandaric ewodeboda. ase,

rom uZveles xanaSi, dardanelis srute troas srutis mniSvnelobiT

ixmareboda.

xmelTaSua zRvas qarTvelebi Tavdapirvelad ,,oreTis zRvas~ eZaxdnen.

isini am zRvas XVI-XVIII ss-Si ,,TeTr zRvas~ uwodebdnen, rac xmelTaSua

zRvis Turquli saxelwodebis ,,ak denizis~ qarTuli Targmania. saxelwodeba

,,xmelTaSua zRva~ qarTul enaSi XIX s-Si damkvidrda.

Cven winaprebs umdidresi sazRvao terminiologia gaaCndaT. Zveli sazRvao

terminebis erTi nawili Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebma

Semogvinaxes.

`navi~ dRes mcire zomis, wyalze mimosvlis saSualebas ewodeba. XIX

saukunemde am termins bevrad ufro farTo mniSvneloba hqonda. `navi~

ewodeboda yvela sanaosno saSualebas, romelic zRvaze Tu mdinareebze

dacuravda.

`navi~ indoevropuli warmoSobis sityvaa. misi fuZe `nav~ jer kidev

sanskritul* enebSia gamoyenebuli. es sityva Zvel sparsul Tu Zvel

berZnulSi, agreTve laTinurSi gvxvdeba. qarTulSi es termini Zveli

berZnulidan unda iyos Semosuli. SemdgomSi qarTul enaSi `navma~ Rru

5

WurWlis mniSvnelobac SeiZina. Tavis mxriv `WurWeli~ Zvel qarTulSi navis

sinonimi iyo. is iseve, rogorc navi antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi

`navebi~ erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen daniSnulebis, zomis, Tu

konstruqciis mixedviT. amave dros maTi calkeuli nawilebis saxelebi

saerTo iyo yvela tipis navisaTvis.

navis wina nawils `Tavi~ an kidev `navis wina kerZo~ ewodeboda, ukana

nawils ki _ `bolo~, an kidev `navis bolo kerZo~ ewodeboda. daaxloebiT

ori saukunis win qarTulSi `kiCo~ Semovida. es saxelwodeba Turquli

`kiC~-idan modis, rac am enaSi aseve navis ukana nawils aRniSnavs. navis

mxareebs _ `bortebs~ qarTvelebi `navis kerZos~ uwodebdnen. `kerZo~ Zvel

qarTulSi nawils, mxares aRniSnavda. iyo `marjuena kerZo navisa~ da

`marcxena kerZo navisa~, anu marjvena da marcxena borti.

yovelgvari navis gverdebs qarTvelebi `bage navisas~ eZaxdnen, xolo maT

`napirebs~ _ wveroebs, `qims.~ navis Sida Zirs `fskeri~ ewodeboda, xolo

navis Ziris gareTa mxares `nerCi~.

didi zomis navebs `gembanebi~ da `triumebi~ gaaCniaT. `gembans~ Cveni

winaprebi `Cardaxs~, `qoreTs~, `saCexs~, `bans~ da `erdos~ uwodebdnen.

`triumi~ holandiuri sityvaa, romelic qarTulSi rusuli enis meSveobiT

Semovida. Cven winaprebs am mniSvnelobis sul cota oTxi termini: `ube

navisa~, `navis muceli~, `navis fskeri~ da `ambari~ gaaCndaT.

termini `kaiuta~ Tanamedrove qarTulSi rusuli enidan aris Semosuli.

XIX saukuneSi mas `gemSi oTaxs~ uwodebdnen.

Sua saukuneebis sazRvao navebis umetesoba brtyelZiriani iyo. maTTvis

`xerxemlis~, rusulad kilis~ gakeTeba SedarebiT gvian daiwyo. rogorc

gairkva, Zvel qarTulSi sul cota oTxi termini arsebobda am cnebis

gadmosacemad: `tropari~, `navis saZirkveli~, `navis SeSa~ da `navis RerZi~.

`tropari~ amave mniSvnelobis Zveli berZnuli sityvidan `tropision~-dan

modis. `SeSa~ Zvel qarTulSi `Zels~, `xes~ aRniSnavda.

sazRvao navebis aRWurvilobas `akazmuloba~ ewodeboda. mis

umniSvnelovanes elements Ruza warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebSi qarTul enaSi

am cnebis gadmosacemad sul cota oTxi termini: `ankvira~, `kavi~, igive `kavi

rkinisa~ da `demir~, `Ruza~ arsebobda.

`ankvira~ Zveli berZnuli `ankuradan~ modis, rac am enaze sityva-sityviT

moRunuls niSnavs. `demir~ Turqulad rkinas, agreTve Ruzas niSnavs.

sakuTriv `Ruza~ megruli `Ruzuadan~ modis, rac qarTuli enis am

dialeqtSi moRunuls, moRunvas, gaRunvas niSnavs.

gemis bagirs Cveni winaprebi `saTrevelas~ uwodebdnen.

orTqlis gemebis aSenebamde zRvaze mimosvla mxolod qaris an kidev

adamianis kunTebis Zalis gamoyenebiT SeiZleboda. yvela navs `niCabi~ gaaCnda.

es uZvelesi qarTuli terminia. amave mniSvnelobiT `xofic~ ixmareboda,

romelic qarTulSi Zveli berZnuli enidan Semovida. navebi qaris ZaliT,

afris meSveobiT gadaadgildebodnen, `afra~ uZvelesi qarTuli terminia.

6

Zvel qarTulSi amave mniSvnelobiT `afqioc~ ixmareboda. XVIII saukuneSi

Cven enaSi `ialqani~ Semovida. es sityva Turquli iel-iqenidan modis, rac

sityva-sityviT `qariT mavals~ niSnavs.

cnobilia, rom kompasi naosnobaSi daaxloebiT XIV-XV saukuneebSi

damkvidrda. Cveni winaprebi mas `yiblamas~, `fursulas~ uwodebdnen.

`yiblama~ sparsulidan nasesxebi terminia, xolo `fursula~ italiuri

`busolas~ Turquli gaJRerebaa. Cveni winaprebi wylis siRrmis gasazomad

`sazoms~ iyenebdnen, romelic `lotis~ qarTuli Sesatyvisia.

sazRvao Tu samdinaro navebi erTmaneTisagan daniSnulebiT da zomebis

mixedviT gansxvavdeboda. TiToeuli tipis navs sakuTari saxeli gaaCnda, maT

Soris iyo: `nuSa~ igive `varcli~, `kopana~, `karWapi~, `kanjo~, `xomaldi~,

`oCxomeli~, `katarRa~, `zarbuna~, `sandali~... termini `gemi~ qarTulSi

XVIII saukuneSi Turqulidan Semovida.

Sua saukuneebSi Cveni winaprebi navebs ZiriTadad xomalds da katarRas

eZaxdnen. `xomaldi~ savaWro-satransporto gemi iyo da ZiriTadad afrebis

meSveobiT gadaadgildeboda, `katarRa~ ki umTavresad niCbebiT moZraobda. is

sabrZolo gems warmoadgenda, romelsac evropelebi `galeras~ uwodebdnen.

navis ekipaJis wevrebs zogadad `menaves~ eZaxdnen. niCbebTan `niCbis

mcemeli~, igive `meniCbe~ ijda. saWes `saWis mxervali~, `navis mxervali~,

igive `mesaWe~ emsaxureboda. Zvel qarTulSi gemis kapitnis mniSvnelobiT

`menaveTmoZRvari~ ixmareboda. gvian Sua saukuneebSi gemis kapitans `xomaldis

ufrosic~ ewodeboda. samxedro-sazRvao SenaerTis (eskadris) meTaurs Cveni

winaprebi `navTmTavars~ eZaxdnen. `admirali~ qarTul enaSi evropuli

enebidan XVIII saukuneSi Semovida. am enebSi is arabuli `amir-al bahris~ _

`zRvis mbrZanebeli~, `zRvis batoni~ gaxmovanebaa.

zRvis pirats qarTulSi Tavdapirvelad `navis mbrZoli~ ewodeboda.

`mekobre~ am mniSvnelobiT pirvelad `vefxistyaosanSi~ gvxvdeba.

Tavdapirvelad `mekobre~ yvela imas ewodeboda, vinc mgzavrs rogorc

xmeleTze, ise zRvaze Zarcvavda. Zvel qarTulSi amave mniSvnelobiT

`yursalic~ ixmareboda.

dedamiwa wylisa da xmeleTisagan Sedgeba, anu rogorc Zveli qarTvelebi

ityodnen `zRvai da xmelisagan~ Sedgeba. qarTvelebs zRvasTan erTad termini

`okeane~ igive `ukianec~ hqondaT. Zvel qarTulSi es termini msoflio

okeanesTan erTad xmelTaSua zRvis auzsac aRniSnavda. kunZuls Cveni

winaprebi `xerTvissac~ da `Walaksac~ uwodebdnen.

xmeleTis im nawils, romelic mdinares an zRvas emijneba `kide~ an kidev

`piri~ ewodeboda. sityva `napiri~ pirvelad SoTa rusTavelis ukvdav poemaSi

gvxvdeba. zRvis piras aRmarTul maRal kldes, romelic zRvaSi eSveba

`koncxi~ an kidev `akra~ ewodeboda. koncxi uZvelesi qarTuli terminia,

akra ki Zveli berZnulidan aris nasesxebi. Sua saukuneebSi yures, iseve

rogorc dRes, yure ewodeboda amave mniSvnelobiT `ube~ an kide `zRvis ube

7

ixmareboda~. mdinareebis zRvasTan SesarTavs Cveni winaprebi `Tuals,~ igive

`Tvals~ eZaxdnen.

navsadgurs Tavdapirvelad Cveni winaprebi `navTsayudels~ da

`navTsadgurs~ uwodebdnen. terminebi `navsadguri~ da `navsayudeli~ qarTul

enaSi gvian SuasaukuneebSi Semovida. samwuxarod, dRes am terminebis

nacvlad, sruliad gaumarTleblad rusulidan damkvidrebul `ports~

iyeneben.

Zvelma berZnebma, daaxloebiT Zv. w. IV saukuneSi, im mizniT, rom

mezRvaurebs napiri advilad epovaT, navsadgurebTan Suqurebis ageba daiwyes.

Tavdapirvelad Suqurebi maRal koSkurebs warmoadgendnen, romlebic zRvaSi

Soridan Canda. oriode saukunis Semdeg ki maT am koSkurebze cecxlis

danTeba daiwyes, raTa sibneleSic navsadguri advili SesamCnevi yofiliyo.

Cveni winaprebi Suquras bizantiuri berZnulis gavleniT zogjer `fonars,~

igive `fanars~ uwodebdnen es termini Zveli berZnuli terminidan

`fanosidan~ modis, romelic manaTebels, CiraRdans niSnavda. Suquras

qarTvelebi Zvelad `manaTobels~ da `liflifasac~ eZaxdnen.

qarTul zRvaosnobas daaxloebiT 27 saukunis istoria aqvs. saukuneTa

manZilze Cveni winaprebi savaWro-saTevzao da sabrZolo gemebs agebdnen,

zRvis maxlobel Tu Soreul napirebs ukavSirdebodnen, zRvaze Tevzaobdnen

da delfinebze nadirobdnen. saukuneTa manZilze qarTvelebi mtrebisagan

TavianT qveyanas icavdnen, zRvaze mtris gemebs Tavs esxmodnen da drodadro

arc mtruli qveynebis sazRvao napirebis darbevas eridebodnen. es wigni

qarTuli zRvaosnobis istoria ar aris. is miznad isaxavs qarTuli sazRvao-

sabrZolo Zalebis istoriis gadmocemas, romelic jer kidev Sua brinjaos

xanaSi iwyeba.

qarTuli samxedro _ sazRvao Zalebi antikur xanaSi

uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifo Zv. w. XV–XIV ss-Si Camoyalibda. am

saxelmwifos qarTvelebi egriss, xolo Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi

kolxidas igive kolxeTs eZaxdnen. Zv. w. XV–VIII ss-Si legendaruli

oqros sawmisis kolxeTis samefo mTel aRmosavleT da samxreT

SavizRvispireTs moicavda da misi sazRvrebi SavizRvispiras md. halisidan

(dRevandeli yizil-irmaki) Sav zRvaSi md. yubanis SesarTavamde iyo

gadaWimuli. (dRes md. yubani mxolod azovis zRvaSi Caedineba, jer kidev

erTi saukunis win am mdinaris erTi toti Sav zRvasac uerTdeboda) Zv. w.

VII s-idan kolxeTis samefom Savi zRvis sanapiros mniSvnelovani nawili

dakarga da mxolod mdinare Woroxis saTavidan dRevandeli md. mzimTas

SesarTavamde vrceldeboda.

8

rogorc irkveva, kolxeTs igive Zveli egrisis samefos mravalricxovani

sazRvao-samxedro floti gaaCnda. berZeni poetis apolonios rodoselis

`argonavtikis~ mixedviT, rodesac kolxeTis mefe aietma oqros sawmisisa da

medeas gamtacebeli argonavtebis dadevneba brZana `kolxebma dauyonebliv

gamarTes yvela sabrZolo gemi, swrafad aRWurves imave dResa. zRvaSi

CauSves sanapiroze Camwkrivebuli uricxvi gemi. kaci ityoda: gemTa krebuli

ki ar gasula gaSlil zRvaSio, aramed frTamal frTosanTa gundi

gafrenilao Jivil-xiviliT.~

Zv.w. II s-is dasasruls kolxeTis samefo pontos mefe miTridate VI

evpatorma daipyro da egrisis samefo floti uSualod daimorCila. Zveli

berZeni istorikosi straboni sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg, rac

kolxida pontos Zlevamosilma mefem daimorCila, misi samxedro sazRvao

Zalebis Sevseba ZiriTadad am qveynidan xdeboda. samwuxarod, straboni ar

gvamcnobs, Tu rogori tipis sazRvao gemebi igzavneboda kolxididan

miTridate VI-s sazRvao brZolebSi monawileobis misaRebad.

TavianTi samxedro-sazRvao navebi SavizRvispireTis mosaxle im qarTvel

tomebsac gaaCndaT, romlebic Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-dan kolxeTis mefes aRar

emorCilebodnen.

Zv. w. 400 wels samxreT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi moulodnelad

berZenTa didi laSqari gamoCnda, romelic sparseTidan samSobloSi brZoliT

miikvlevda gzas. berZen meomarTa Soris imyofeboda SemdegSi cnobili

istorikosi qsenofonte, romelmac am laSqrobis aRweriloba dagvitova.

berZnebs erTi qarTveli tomis _ mosinikebis miwa-wyalic gauvliaT. isini am

dros uSualod zRvis piras cxovrobdnen. mosinikTa erT nawils

ucxoelebTan brZola gadauwyvetia, meore nawils ki berZnebisTvis daxmareba

aRuTqvams. `meore dRes _ wers qsenofonte _ isini movidnen samasi

monoqsila naviT, ToToeul navSi sam-sami kaci ijda, ori maTgani gadmodioda

napirze da iaraRs isxamda, erTi ki navSi rCeboda. navSi darCenilebi ukan

gaemgzavrnen.~

`monoqsilos~ igive qarTuli erT xeSi amoTlili nuSa//niSa navebia. am

tipis navebisTvis Cveni winaprebi garkveuli jiSis xeebs iyenebdnen.

Cveulebriv am mizniT kopitis an wablis xes xmarobdnen. navisTvis moWril

xes jer garedan gaTlidnen, Semdeg naxSirwyalSi Toks amoavlebdnen da misi

daxmarebiT navis savaraudo zomas aiRebdnen. amis Semdeg satexeliTa da

najaxiT xes jer mcired amoTlidnen, mere ki eCos gamoyenebiT Tlas

bolomde ganagrZobdnen. navis dasamzadeblad zogjer cecxlsac iyenebdnen. am

mizniT amotexis Semdeg xeSi cecxls anTebdnen, romelsac garkveuli xnis

Semdeg aqrobdnen. damwvari nawilis eCoTi damuSaveba ufro advili iyo.

magram ,,nuSas~ dasamzadeblad cecxls mainc iSviaTad mimarTavdnen, radgan

SeiZleboda Tavis droze ver CaeqroT da damzadebuli xe zomaze metad

daewvaT. amoTlasTan erTad xes TandaTanobiT navis formasac aZlevdnen.

9

Semdeg aseT navs wyvil niCabs ukeTebdnen, romelic sagangebod SerCeuli

xisgan mzaddeboda.

,,nuSa~ igive `monoqsilos~ tipis navebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. Cveni winaprebi aseTi navebiT, rogorc zRvaze,

ise mdinareebze dacuravdnen. qsenofontes Tanamedrove medicinis, rogorc

dargis mamamTavrad miCneuli berZeni hipokrate sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom

kolxeTis dablobis mosaxleoba fexiT siaruls navebiT curvas arCevdnen da

isini mdinareebSi da maT mier gaWril arxebSi ZiriTadad `aRma-daRma

dacuravdnen monoqsila navebiT~.

erT xeSi amoTlili navebi saukuneTa manZilze mTel msoflioSi farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli. aseTi tipis navebiT dacuravdnen vikingebi, igive variagebi

VIII-X saukuneebSi, mdinareebis: dasavleT dvinisa da dnepris gavliT

baltiis zRvidan Sav zRvaSi da bosforis sruteSi da maTTvis saocnebo

qalaqis konstantinopolis xelSi Cagdebas da gaZarcvas amaod cdilobdnen.

aseTive tipis iyo kazakTa ,,Caikebi~, romlebic XVI-XVII ss-Si SiSis zars

scemdnen osmaleTis Savi zRvis sanapiros. erT xeSi amoTlili navia

,,pirogac,~ romliTac wynari da indoeTis okeaneebis kunZulebis

mcxovreblebi Soreul naosnobebs awyobdnen.

irkveva, rom Cveni winaprebi zRvaze erT xeSi amoTlili navebiT XIX s-

is dasawyisSic ki dacuravdnen.

Zvel berZen da romael avtorebTan moipoveba cnobebi im Soreuli

sazRvao laSqrobebis Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTuli modgmis tomebi im Soreul

xanaSi awyobdnen. aseT tomebs Soris pirvel rigSi henioxebi unda

davasaxeloT. Zveli berZeni istorikosi diodore sicilieli Tavis

TxzulebaSi sagangebod axsenebs Zv. w. IV-is erT bosforis mefes, romelmac

Sav zRvaze savaWro naosnobis dacvis mizniT omi wamoiwyo am zRvis piras

mosaxle henioxelebTan, aqeelebTan da tavrebTan.

enioxebi antikur xanaSi cxovrobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi, fazisis (foTis) midamoebSi da Crdilo-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi. zRvispireTSi maT aseT farTo gansaxlebas zRvaosnobis

maRali done uwyobda xels.

henioxebis da maTi mezobeli tomebis mekobreobis Sesaxeb vrclad

mogviTxrobs straboni, romelic Zveli da axali eris mijnaze cxovrobda.

`... Sav zRvasTan aris aqeelTa, zixTa da henioxTa sanapiro... _ wers igi

_ isini cxovroben zRvaze mekobreobiT, aqvT patara, wvrili da msubuqi

navebi, romelic daaxloebiT 25 kacs itevs, xolo iSviaTad mTlianad 30

kacs daitevs. elinebi maT `kamarebs~ uwodeben. isini kamarebisagan flots

qmnian da Tavs esxmian xan satvirTo xomaldebs, xan romelime qveyanas, an

qalaqs. ase floben zRvas. bosforis mflobelni zogjer exmarebian xolme

maT, aZleven navTsayudlebs, bazarsa da nadavlis gayofis saSualebas; xolo

rodesac brundebian sakuTar qveyanaSi ver agdeben Ruzas, ideben mxrebze

kamarebs da miaqvT tyeSi... roca dgeba naosnobis sezoni, maT kamarebi ukan

10

moaqvT. aseve iqcevian isini sxva qveyanaSic, sadac aqvT maT daTqmuli tyiani

adgilebi, romlebSic inaxaven kamarebs, xolo TviTon daexetebian fexiT

dRedaRam tyveebis mopovebis mizniT~.

antikur xanaSi bosforis samefo yirimis naxevarkunZulsa da momijnave

teritorias moicavda. bosforis mmarTvelebTan henioxi mekobreebis kavSiri

mowmobs, rom henioxebi Crdilo da dasavleT SavizRvispireTis Zarcvasac ar

eridebodnen. amas adasturebs cnobili romaeli poeti ovidius nazoni,

romelic sicocxlis bolos, 8-18 wlebSi qalaq tomaSi (dRevandeli

konstancas midamoebi) cxovrobda. `pontosidan gamogzavnil werilebSi~

romaeli poeti wers im did zaralze, rasac henioxi mezRvaurebi ayenebdnen

zRvaosnobas dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi. aq maTi gaxsenebac ki SiSis zars

scemda iqaur mosaxleobas.

kamaras tipis navebi SavizRvispireTSi henioxebis garda sxva qarTul

tomebsac gaaCndaT, amitom antikuri xanis zogierTi istorikosi am tomebs

kamaritebsac ki uwodebs. magaliTad: ax. w. II-is saukuneSi geografi dionios

periegeti Tavis `msoflios aRwerilobaSi~ da V saukunis gamoCenili

romaeli istorikosi amiane marcelini fazisis, igive foTis midamoebSi

asaxeleben ,,kamaritebis xalxmraval Temebs~.

pontos mefis miTridate VI evpatoris batonoba dasavleT

saqarTveloSi Zv. w. 65 wels dasrulda, rodesac saqarTveloSi romis

sardali pompeusi SemoiWra. romaelebma Tavdapirvelad egrisis (kolxeTis)

samefo aRadgines, Semdeg ki is xelaxla pontos samefos miuerTes.

axali welTaRricxvis I saukunis 40-ian wlebSi romis imperiam Sav

zRvaze 40 samxedro navisagan Semdgari floti Semoiyvana da aq mosaxle

tomebis damorCileba daiwyo. ax. w. 63 wels romaelebma pontos samefos

sabolood gaauqmes. amis pasuxad sul cota xanSi mZlavrma antiromaulma

ajanyebam ifeTqa, romelsac saTaveSi gauqmebuli pontos samefos samxedro

flotis meTauri aniketi Caudga. ajanyebulebis mTavar Zalas aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi gavrcelebuli kamara navebi warmoadgenda. maT daarbies

trapizoni da dawves aq mdgari romaelTa floti. `barbarosebio~, _ ase

uwodebs am tomebs romaeli istorikosi tacitusi, _ `Tavxedurad

daZrwodnen saxeldaxelod gakeTebuli navebiT. maT kamarebs uwodeben. aqvT

dabali gverdebi ganieri muclebi; Sekruli arian brinjaos an rkinis

samagrebis gareSe da roca zRva Relavs, talRebis simaRlisda mixedviT,

navebsac simaRles umateben ficrebiT, vidre saxlis saxuraviviT ar

gadaixureba. ase dalivliveben talRebSi, aqvT ra orive mxares erTnairi

cxvirebi da erTnairi mosabmeli niCbebi ise, rom orive cxviriT Tanabrad da

uvneblad SeuZliaT miadgnen napirs~.

strabonTan da tacitusTan moxseniebuli kamara navebi erT xeSi

amoTlil navebad ver CaiTvleba. aq navTmSeneblobis momdevno etapTan gvaqvs

saqme, rodesac navis safuZvlad kvlavindeburad erT xeSi amoTlili navi

11

rCeba, magram mas gverdebze damatebiT ficrebs aWedeben moculobis

mosamateblad.

,,kamare~ Zveli berZnuli sityvaa da zogadad TaRs niSnavs. rogorc

viciT Zveli berZnebis navebi umetesad brtyelZiriani iyo, amitom henioxebis

navebs maTi yuradReba Tavisi formiT miuqcevia.

`kamaras~ safiqrebelia, rom adgilobrivi Sesatyvisi eqneboda.

marTlac, aseTma saxelwodebam dRemde moaRwia. es aris megruli

,,oleWkanderi~//,,olaWkanderi~. ase uwodebs vaxuSti bagrationi mis dros

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul sabrZolo navs. ,,olaWkanderi, romel

ars momcro katarRa~,_ vkiTxulobT ,,sityvis konaSic~. es termini megruli

,,olaWkaduadan~ modis, rac gadaWedils, SeWedils niSnavs. rogorc Cans,

Cvens winaprebs, SedarebiT axali tipis navisTvis saxelis darqmevis dros,

yuradReba miuqceviaT im teqnikuri siaxlisTvis (gverdebze ficrebis

miWedeba), romelic ,,olaWkanders~ nuSa tipis navisagan ganasxvavebda.

,,olaWkanderis~ tipis samxedro-sazRvao gemebi saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi XIX s-mde SemorCa. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT aseTi gemebiT

esxmodnen afxazebi XVI-XIII s-Si guriisa da samegrelos sanapiroebs. aseTi

tipis sabrZolo gemebs lazebic aSenebdnen. maTi aRweriloba Turqma

mogzaurma evlia Celebim dagvitova, romelmac XVII s-is Sua wlebSi aseTi

gemiT goniodan anapamde icura. ,,samasamde meTofe ieniCari da me mwiri, Cemi

xuTi qarTveli tyve biWiT, aq lazur meneqsilaSi CavsxediT... _ wers Turqi

mogzauri... es gemebi Sendeba sami msxvili alvis xisagan, romelebic md.

Woroxis napirebze xaroben. erTi ficari qvemodanaa gobiviT, TiToc

gverdebze ori kacis simsxo lerwmisa da Wilis wnulia Semokruli.

amitomac aris, rom Savi zRvis qariSxali gemebSi ver atans da korpebiviT

dascuraven. gobis moyvanilobis saucxoo navebia, romelTac Tavi da bolo ar

atyvia. am mxareSi mas meneqsilas uwodeben. 100 kaci ahyavs~.

II s-Si egrisis samefo xelaxla aRdga da gaZlierda. am samefos

romaelebi da bizantielebi lazikas igive lazeTs eZaxdnen. am samefos

Zlierebis xanaSi dRevandeli soWis midamoebidan rizes CaTvliT Savi zRvis

sanapiro ekuTvnoda. V s-is 60-ian wlebSi lazeTis samefom rize da misi

mimdebare zRvispireTi dakarga. amis Semdeg, egrisis samefos samxreT-

dasavleT sazRvari xufaTze, dRevandel xofaze gadioda.

axlad aRdgenili egrisis (lazeTi) samefo zRvaosnobis uZveles

tradiciebs kargad icavda. VI saukunis bizantieli istorikosi agaTia

sqolastikosi sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom lazikis `axlandeli mcxovreblebi

dacuraven kidec, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia da vaWrobaSic naxuloben did

sargebels~.

rogorc irkveva, VI saukuneSi bizantiis winaSe zRvaze samsaxuri _

`sazRvao begara~ egrisis (lazikis) erT-erT ZiriTad valdebulebas

warmoadgenda. bunebrivia, amgvari begara bizantiis xelisuflebas mxolod im

qveynisTvis SeeZlo Seewera, sadac navTmSeneblobis did tradiciebi

12

arsebobda. VI saukuneSi aseT qveyanas lazikac warmoadgenda. amasTanave

angariSi unda gaewios im garemoebas, rom lazikaSi bizantiis

administraciuli sistema ar moqmedebda. Sesabamisad imperiisaTvis sazRvao

navebis Tu aRWurvilobis miwodeba adgilobriv samefo xelisuflebas unda

ganexorcielebina. ueWvelia, rom VI saukuneSi lazikas saxelmwifo floti

gaaCnda. aseTi begaris Sesaxeb cnoba Semogvinaxa bizantiis imperatoris

tiberiusis 575 wlis novelam*, romelic am imperatoris taxtze asvlasTan

dakavSirebiT aris gamocemiuli.

samwuxarod, VII-XIV ss-is qarTuli zRvaosnobis Sesaxeb pirdapiri

cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. amis mizezia is, rom am saukuneebidan ar SemogvrCa

ucxo avtorTa geografiul-eTnografiuli cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos zRvaosnobis Sesaxeb ki, aseT cnobebs mxolod

ucxoenovani wyaroebi gvawvdian.

werilobiT wyaroTa simwire VII-XIV saukuneebis saqarTvelos

zRvaosnobis Sesaxeb, uflebas ar iZleva am saukuneebSi qarTuli

zRvaosnobis da qarTuli samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis Taviseburi `krizisi~

vigulisxmoT. aseT daskvnas ewinaaRmdegeba Zveli qarTuli sazRvaosno

terminologia, romelic ZiriTadad am saukuneebSi Seiqmna.

VIII-IX ss-is mijnaze dasavleT saqarTvelo afxazTa, igive egris-

afxazeTis samefoSi gaerTianda. Tavdapirvelad am dasavlur qarTul samefos

Savi zRvis sanapiro nikofsiidan (dRevandeli novaia mixailovka, tuafsidan

Crdilo-dasavleTiT 47 km-iT daSorebiT) trapizonamde ekuTvnoda, Semdeg ki

sazRvari bizantiasa da egris-afxazeTis samefos Soris, iseve rogorc adre,

xufaTze gavida. Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelos samefos SavizRvispireTSi

yvelaze didi teritoria XIII-XIV ss-Si ekava. am saukuneebSi mis sazRvrebSi

Savi zRvis sanapiro nikofsiidan rkinis palomde (dRevandeli qemer buruni,

igive qemeris koncxi) Sedioda.

XII-XIII ss-is saqarTvelos zRvaonobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva

SoTa rusTavelis ukvdavi poema `vefxistyaosani~. SoTa rusTavelis poemis

gmirebisaTvis zRva iseTive Cveulebrivi garemoa, rogorc xmeleTi.

`vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri fridoni qalaq mulRazanzaros mflobelia, romlis

navsadgurSi Ruzas mravali qveynis xomaldi uSvebda. mulRazanzaroze ufro

mniSvnelovani navsadguri gulanSaros gaaCnda, zRvaTa samefos dedaqalaqs,

romelsac `zRvaTa mefe~ surxavi ganagebda. Ppoemis mTavar gmirs, nestan-

darejans mamida zRvaSi gadakargavs da tarieli naviT mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi zRvaSive eZebs. tarieli fridons exmareba sazRvao brZolaSi,

xolo avTandili Ria zRvaSi mekobreTa sazRvao navs amarcxebs da xelT

igdebs. poemis gmirebi gulanSaroSi zRviT miemgzavrebian da ukanve zRviT

brundebian.

SoTa rusTaveli sazRvao saqmis sakmaod karg codnas amJRavnebs. Ppoeti

erTmaneTisagan ansxvavebs did afrian sazRvao-savaWro navs, xomalds da

niCbian sabrZolo galeras _ katarRas. `vefxistyaosanSi~ sakmaod

13

dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili mekobreTa navi `droSiTa metad grZeliTa~,

romelsac `navTa salewad saxnisi hgia ZeliTa~. aqve sakmaod dawvrilebiTaa

aRwerili mekobreTa Tavdasxma savaWro xomaldze. mekobreebi cdilobdnen

jer savaWro xomaldi taraniT igive `saxnisiT~ daezianebinaT da Semdgom

abordaJiT aeRoT. poemis es adgili mekobreTa Ria zRvaSi Tavdasxmis erT-

erTi saukeTeso aRwerilobaa msoflio literaturaSi.

SoTa rusTaveli poemaSi mxolod da mxolod qarTul sazRvaosno

terminebs iyenebs. Savi zRvis sazRvaosno sinamdvilidan unda hqondes

aRebuli `vefxistyaosnis~ avtors samekobreo navis aRwerilobac. cnobilia,

rom mekobreoba SavizRvispireTSi antikuri xanidan XIX saukunemde

grZeldeboda. aseTi mekobreoba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi rusTavelis

xanaSic iyo gavrcelebuli. XIII-XV ss-Si ucxoenovani werilobiTi

wyaroebis mixedviT, italielebs didi brZola sWirdebodaT aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTis mekobreebTan. eWvs gareSea, `vefxistyaosanSi~ erTgvarad

aisaxa imdroindeli saqarTvelos zRvaosnoba, romelmac sakmaod maRal dones

miRwia.

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mekobreobas antikuri xanidan XIX

saukunemde mudmivi xasiaTi hqonda. aseTi mekobreebis ZiriTad nawils Savi

zRvis napiras mosaxle Cerqezul-adiReuri modgmis tomebi Seadgendnen,

romelTac qarTvelebi jiqebs uwodebdnen.

VII saukunis dasawyisidan Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle

jiqebisa da Cerqezebis didi nawili saqarTvelos mefis uzenaesobas

aRiarebda. XIII-XV ss-Si saqarTvelos siZlieris dacemis paralelurad misi

gavlena jiqebze TandaTan mcirdeboda. sabolood jiqebi mTlianad gamovidnen

morCilebidan da saqarTvelos zRvispireTze mekobruli Tavdasxmebi

ganaaxles.

iseve rogorc adre, jiqebi TavianTi sazRvao navebiT Ria zRvaSi ar

Sediodnen. isini zRvis napirTan axlos mocurave xomaldebs esxmodnen Tavs,

an kidev zRvis sanapiros dauyvebodnen, mosaxleobas arbevdnen, mihqondaT

qoneba, itacebdnen adamianebs, romlebsac Semdeg monebad hyiddnen.

rac dro gadioda, maTi Tavdasxmebi sul ufro sistematur xasiaTs

iRebda, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobas Zalian awuxebda. jiq mekobreebTan

warmatebuli brZola mraval siZnelesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. isini

Cveulebriv moulodnelad gamoCndebodnen, aaoxrebdnen zRvis axlos mdebare

soflebs da umalve ukan brundebodnen. aseT TavdasxmebTan efeqturi

brZolisaTvis aucilebeli iyo sanapiro wylebis mudmivi kreisireba, rac

saqarTvelos imdroindeli samxedro-sazRvao ZalebisTvis SeuZlebeli iyo.

jiqebTan warmatebuli brZolis erTaderT saSualebad sakuTriv jiqeTis

dalaSqvra rCeboda, raTa mekobreTa bazebi moespoT da maTi sazRvao navebi

adgilzeve gaenadgurebinaT. saqarTvelodan jiqeTSi saxmeleTo gziT

laSqroba SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan saxmeleTo gza Ffaqtobrivad viwro

biliks warmoadgenda, romelic an uSualod zRvis napirs miuyveboda an kidev

14

maRal mTaze gadadioda. aseT pirobebSi jiqeTSi xmeleTiT laSqroba

dasamarcxeblad iyo ganwiruli. jiqeTis dalaSqvra mxolod zRviT

SeiZleboda.

1384-1396 wlebSi jiqeTze zRviT odiSis (samegrelos) gamgebelma vamey

II dadianma ilaSqra. amis Sesaxeb cnoba xobis monastris erTma warweram

Semogvinaxa.

odiSis mTavris warmatebulma laSqrobam saqarTvelos sanapiroze

jiqebis Tavdasxmebi TiTqmis erTi saukuniT SeaCera, magram Semdeg es

Tavdasxmebi axali ZaliT ganaxlda. mekobreTa Tavdasxmebis sapasuxod

saqarTvelodan jiqeTSi zRviT laSqroba periodulad ewyoboda. erT-erTi

aseTi damsjeli eqspedicia 1533 wlis ianvarSi moewyo. amis Sesaxeb cnoba

samma qarTulma saistorio Txzulebam Semogvinaxa. qarTvelTa laSqars

odiSis mTavari mamia III dadiani da guriis mTavari mamia I gurieli

xelmZRvanelobdnen. ramdenime aTasi meomris zRviT gadayvanas aseulobiT

sazRvao navi dasWirda. laSqrobis dro kargad iyo SerCeuli. antikur xanasa

da Sua saukuneebSi naosnoba Sav zRvaze oqtombridan maisamde wydeboda.

amitomac jiqebi qarTvelTa Tavdasxmas ar moelodnen, rac mekobreTa navebis

adgilze mospobis saukeTeso saSualebas iZleoda. qarTvelebma laSqari

xmeleTze yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadasxes. es aris Sua

saukuneebSi qarTuli samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis erTaderTi sadesanto

operacia, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi SemogvrCa. brZola 30 ianvars daiwyo. am

dRes qarTvelebma gaimarjves. samwuxarod, 31 ianvars diliT qarTvelTa

flotma moulodnelad xmeleTze gadasuli TanamoZmeebi miatova da kursi

samSoblosaken aiRo. jiqebmac guli moices, qarTvelebs Seuties da

gaimarjves. mamia III dadiani brZolaSi daeca, xolo mamia I gurieli da

laSqris erTi nawili tyved Cavarda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg qarTvelebma

tyved Cavardnili Tanamemamuleebisa da micvalebulTa cxedrebis gamosyidva

SeZles.

XV saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos samefo qarTlis, kaxeTis,

imereTis samefoebad da samcxis samTavroebad daiSala. Tavdapirvelad

imereTis samefoSi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi mdebare afxazeTi, odiSi

(samegrelo) da guria Sedioda. saqarTvelos ukidures samxreT-dasavleT

SavizRvspireTs mdinare Woroxidan _ rkinis palomde, WaneTi (lazeTi)

ewodeboda; am teritorias xan guriis erisTavi flobda, xanac samcxis

mTavari ganagebda.

mamia III dadianis sikvdilis Semdeg odiSis mTavari levan I dadiani

(1533-1572) gaxda. odiSis axalma mTavarma xangrZlivi sazRvao omi wamoiwyo

jiqebis winaaRmdeg, romelic daaxloebiT sami aTeuli weli gagrZelda. man

amisaTvis dasaxmareblad osmaleTis sulTans mimarTa.

odiSis erisTavs osmaleTis daxmareba imereTis mefis winaaRmdegadac

sWirdeboda. mas iseve, rogorc guriis erisTavs Tavisi tituli ukve aRar

akmayofilebda, radganac es imereTis mefis qveSevrdomobas niSnavda, amitom

15

1557 wels levan I dadiani samegrelodan zRviT stambolSi gaemarTa, raTa

sulTnisagan damoukideblobis aRiareba moepovebina da Tanac misTvis

jiqebTan brZolaSi daxmareba eTxova. sulTanma odiSis erisTavis, iseve

rogorc guriis erisTavis, imereTis mefisgan damoukidebloba dauyovnebliv

aRiara. amis Semdeg, odiSi (samegrelo) da guria imereTis mefisagan

damoukidebel samTavroebad iqcnen. sulTans uari arc odiSis, axla ukve

mTavrisaTvis, jiqebTan brZolaSi daxmarebisaTvis uTqvams. am daxmarebis

Sesaxeb cnoba e. w. `ratianTa gujarma~ Semogvinaxa.

e. w. `ratianTa gujari~ levan II dadians ekuTvnis (1611-1657). am wyaros

Sesaval nawilSi levan I dadianis droindeli ambebia gadmocemuli: `papa

Cueni lion (e.i. levan T.b.) dadiani stambols wasula... qristekoCi (gvarad

ratiani T.b.) stanbols wautaniaT, da iq papaCuens gaumarjuebia da imaTi

ZaliT gamarjuebuli mosula, da cxra xomaldi bedniers xuanTqars

wyalobad miucia, da maTs aqeT wamobrZanebula, qristekoCi iq stanbols

daugdia xomaldebis winamZRvrad, da mdivnobac uboZebia, ufrosobai

xomaldis~. es `xomaldebi~ levan I dadians jiqebTan brZolisTvis

Wirdeboda. amas mowmobs amave xanis evropeli avtorebis cnobebic. am dros

stambolSi ungreTis mefis elCi istorikosi anTal veranCiCi iyo stumrad.

man sakmaod dawvrilebiT aRwera levan I dadianis viziti osmaleTis

dedaqalaqSi. 1557 wlis 16 Tebervals man ungreTis mTavrobas acnoba, rom

`aq moelian samegrelos mTavarsac. igi samaskaciani amaliT Camodis imisTvis,

rom urCion raime Tavis mezobel Cerqezebs, romlebic mustafas mokavSireebi

arian da gamudmebiT esxmian Tavs mis qveyanas~.

1557 wlis 1 marts Sedgenil angariSSi anTal veranCiCi wers: `ukve

gvaqvs zusti cnobebi samegrelos mTavris Camosvlaze. igi CamobrZanda

zRviT... TviTon Camovida rogorc elCi, Tumca man es gaakeTa mezobel

Cerqezebze SurisZiebis mizniT, radganac maT mouklavT mamamisi... igi

darwmunebulia, rom sazRvao flotis gareSe verafers gaxdeboda mtris

winaaRmdeg. man sulTans saCuqrad Camoutana Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili Tasi,

raTa sTxovos mas niCbiani katarRebi. Aam Txovnis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi

mefem gadasaxadic ki ikisra, romlisganac is aqamde Tavisufali iyo. aq

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad TurqeTis flotis zRvaSi gasvlis

Sedegad samegrelos mTavari dauyovnebliv jer verc Tavis mier moTxovnil

katarRebs miiRebs. saqme isaa, rom es floti sultans sWirdeba gacilebiT

ufro mniSvnelovani Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. SesaZlebelia, rom

man samegrelos mTavars misces patara katarRebi, romlebic sakmaod kargi

gamosayenebelia samxedro-sazRvao operaciebSi~. levan I dadianma, rodesac

osmaleTis sulTnisagan daxmareba miiRo jiqebis winaaRmdeg, sazRvao omi

ganaaxla. amis Sesaxeb 1560 wels cnobebs gvawvdis venecieli marino kavali:

`megrelebi miuxedavad imisa, rom es marTlmadidebeli qristianebi,

osmaleTTan daaxloebulni da maTi qveSevrdomni arian, cdiloben maT gareSe

gaakeTon yvelaferi. oTxi Tu xuTi wlis win maTi mefe Tu mTavari dadiani,

16

romelsac sisxlismRvreli omebi hqonda CerqezebTan, piradad wavida

konstantinopolSi sulTanTan daxmarebis miRebis saTxovnelad da miiRo

eqvsi katarRa. magram osmalebi ise daexmarnen mas, rom misTvis naTeli

Seiqmna, rom sulTnis monaa da masze ufro damokidebuli xdeboda, vidre

daxmarebas miiRebda. es mterTan brZolaze mZime iyo. amitom, Semdeg wels man

madloba moaxsena sulTans gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis da Cerqezebs SeuTanxmda,

romlebTanac ufro meti samarTlianoba naxa vidre TurqebTan~.

amiT jiqebTan mravalwliani sazRvao omi dasrulda. jiqebTan anu

CerqezebTan am brZolam saqarTvelosTvis garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. Amis

Semdeg Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mekobreebis Tavdasxmebi

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi Zalze Semcirda.

dReisaTvis cnobilia araa ramdeni (cxra Tu eqvsi) katarRa gadasca

osaleTis xelisuflebam samegrelos mTavars. rac mTavaria, am katarRebis

ekipaJi samegrelos mTavris qveSevrdomebisagan Seivso. es ki kargad mowmobs,

rom XVI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi mravali mezRvauri

iyo, romelTaTvisac sabrZolo katarRebze samsaxuri siZneles ar

warmoadgenda. sazRvao saqmeSi ganswavluli iyo `ratianTa gujarSi~

moxsenebuli qristekoCi ratianic, romelsac levan I dadianma Turqebisagan

miRebuli katarRebis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba daavala. eqvsi Tu cxra

katarRa XVI saukuneSi mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgenda da aseTi SenaerTis

gaZRola sazRvao saqmeSi did gamocdilebas moiTxovda. aseTi SenaerTis `wina

mZRoli~ Tanamedrove terminologiiT admirals Seesabameba. ase rom

qristekoCi ratiani Sua saukuneebis erTaderTi qarTveli `admiralia~,

romelic dReisaTvis aris cnobili. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli wesis

mixedviT, admiralebs eskadraSi sakuTari saflagmano gemic gaaCndaT. es wesi

arc qarTvelebs daurRveviaT. `ratianTa gujaris~ mixedviT, qristekoCi

ratianma eskadris winamZRolobasTan erTad erTi katarRis `ufrosobac

miiRo~. es detali XVI saukunis saqarTveloSi samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis

organizaciis maRal doneze migviTiTebs.

jiqebTan sazRvao konfliqti im brZolis SedarebiT umniSvnelo nawili

iyo, romelsac saqarTvelos zRvispireTis samTavroebi eweodnen ucxo

dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg. Ggvian SuasaukuneebSi SavizRvispireTSi

saqarTvelos mTavar mters osmaleTi warmoadgenda. osmaleTis imperiidan

qveynis dacvis saqmeSi, rogorc irkveva didi roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos

samxedro-sazRvao Zalebmac. osmaleTis TviToeuli agresiuli nabiji

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, rogorc wesi, saqarTvelos sazRvao Zalebis

sapasuxo reaqcias iwvevda.

saqarTvelos, osmaleTi, zRvispireTSi 1461 wels trapizonis imperiis

dapyrobis Semdeg gaumezoblda. rogorc irkveva, am wlidan daiwyes

qarTvelebma zRviT samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTze Tavdasxmebi.

amitomac iyo, rom 1461 wels TurqeTis mTavrobam trapizonis navsadgurSi

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sagangebo sazRvao SenaerTi Caayena, romelsac zRvidan, qarTvelebisagan

samxreT-dasavleT SavizRvispireTis dacva daavala.

XVI saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi guria, odiSi

(samegrelo) da afxazeTi mdebareobda. gurias Savi zRvis sanapiro

paliastomis tbidan mdinare Woroxamde eWira. sanapiro zoli samegrelos

sazRvrebSi, paliastomis tbidan anakofiis (dRevandeli axali aTonis)

CaTvliT Sedioda. afxazeTi ki am saukuneSi mxolod anakofiis Crdilo-

dasavleTiT, `anakofiis mdinaredan~ (dRevandeli mdinare fsircxa)

`gagaramde~ (dRevandeli gagra) vrceldeboda. SavizRvispireTis umTavresi

sanavsadguro qalaqebi foTi da cxomi (dRevandeli soxumi) odiSis

gamgebels emorCileboda. baTumi igive baTomi guriels emorCileboda. XVI

saukuneSi afxazeTi faqtobrivad odiSis sazRvrebSi Sedioda.

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis is nawili, romelsac WaneTi

(lazeTi) ewodeboda xan guriels, xan kidev samcxis aTabags emorCileboda.

XVI saukunis I naxevarSi TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebs

Soris zRvispireTSi brZola ZiriTadad WaneTisaTvis (lazeTisTvis) midioda.

didxans es brZola cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda da osmaleTs

ramdenjerme mouxda daetovebina dakavebuli teritoria. am brZolaSi

aqtiurad monawilebdnen saqarTvelos sazRvao Zalebic, amitomac osmaleTis

xelisufleba sagangebo RoniZiebebs mimarTavdnen WaneTSi saqarTvelos

zRvidan Tavdasxmis aRsakveTad. trapizonis davTarSi, romelic daaxloebiT

1516 wels aris Sedgenili, Turqebis mier imJamad droebiT dakavebuli

WaneTis teritoriaze moxsenebulia 23 martolosi, romelTac `megreli da

afxazi urwmunoebisagan~ qveynis dacva evalebodaT.

`martolosebi~ qristiani lazi meomrebi iyvnen, romlebic osmalebis

samxedro samsaxurSi imyofebodnen. maT, rogorc wesi, imperiis sazRvarze

mesazRvreebad da menaveebad samsaxuri evalebodaT.

TurqeTis xelisuflebis mier gatarebul am RonisZiebas efeqturi

Sedegi ar mohyolia. samegrelos (odiSis) samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi,

rogorc wesi, yovel wels esxmodnen Tavs TurqeTis sanapiroebs. aseTi

Tavdasxmebi iseT safrTxes uqmnida osmaleTis sanapiros uSiSroebas, rom

misgan Tavis dasacavad osmaleTis mTavrobam rizes midamoebSi, zRvis

napiras, sagangebo simagreTa sistema aago.

1547 w. osmalebma sabolood daikaves WaneTi da Woroxis marjvena

napirze baTumSi axali cixis ageba daiwyes. Gguriis mTavrma osmalTa

laSqari Woroxis meore napiras gadareka, magram mdinaris gadasalaxad mas

sakmarisi navebi da katarRebi ar aRmoaCnda da daxmarebisTvis imereTis mefes

da odiSis mTavars mimarTa. odiSis mTavarma Tavis sazRvao Zalebs Tavi

mouyara, mdinare rionis SesarTavSi dadga da guriis samTavrosaTvis

daxmarebis gasawevad moemzada. Ddaxmarebis saqme Ralatma CaSala da levan I

dadiani zRviTve ukan gabrunda. aman Turqebs saSualeba misca gonios cixe-

simagreSi TavianTi mecixovneebi CaeyenebinaT.

18

gonios cixeSi Turqebis gabatoneba dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zalze

mtkivneulad ganicades. Aam cixidan Turqebs saSualeba hqondaT qarTveli

zRvaosnebisTvis kontroli gaewiaT. amis Semdeg, sam aTeul welze metxans,

qarTvelebi sistematurad esxmodnen am cixes zRvidan. zogjer saqme

Turqebsa da qarTvelebs Soris namdvil sazRvao omamde midioda.

1557-1559 wlebSi samegrelos samTavros sazRvao kavSirma osmaleTTan

jiqebis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos Tavdasxmebi TurqeTis sanapiroze droebiT

SeaCera. odiSis samTavrosa da jiqeTs Soris zavis dadebis Semdeg es

Tavdasxmebi axali ZaliT ganaxlda. imave wlis zafxulSi samegrelos `15

didi da uxeSi gemi~ gonios cixesTan gamoCnda da iq dabanakebul Turqebs

didi zarali miayena. osmalebma erTi sazRvao SenaerTi saCqarod gamoyves da

gonios midamoebis mudmivi dacva daavales. es dacva efeqturi ver aRmoCnda,

radgan gonios cixis asaRebad ramdenime Tvis Semdeg kidev 5 sazRvao-

sabrZolo gemi misula. qarTvelebs gonios bevri mecixovne dauxocavT da

didi nadavliT ukan gabrunebulan. am ambebma sulTnis karze didi SeSfoTeba

gamoiwvia. erzrumis beglarbegs sagangebod 10 sabrZolo navis ageba ebrZana.

Semdeg am SenaerTs kidev 5 sabrZolo gemi daemata.

sulTnis am brZanebis Sesabamisad gatarebul RonisZiebebs, rogorc

irkveva didi Sedegi ar gamouRia da qarTvelebis Tavdasxmebi TurqeTis

sanapiroze arc amis Semdeg Sewyvetila.

1571 wels qarTvelebi kvlav gamoCndnen gonios cixesTan am Tavdasxmis

Sesaxeb cnobebi gonios yadis* moxsenebiTma baraTma Semogvinaxa: `dadiani da

misi Svilebi 15 gemisagan Semdgari flotiT orjer baTumis sanjayis arxaves*

gonias* da aTinas* napirebs Tavs daesxa, xalxi tyved waiyvana da didZali

sursaT-sanovage nadavlis saxiT waiRo. cota xnis Semdeg afxazebi oTxi

gemiT Tavs daesxnen arxaves midamoebs, mTlianad gaZarcves igi da 47 adamiani

tyved waiyvanes, agreTve msxvilfexa saqonelic waasxes~. AAam Tavdasxmebis

Sedegad, WaneTis araqristianuli mosaxleoba panikam Seipyro da rodesac

cnoba movidoda, rom qarTvelebi zRvaSi arian gasulni, isini TavianTi saxl-

karidan gasaqcevad emzadebodnen. 1571 wlis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos

sazRvao Zalebi mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda: odiSis mTavris brZanebiT

damatebiT 6 sabrZolo gemi aages, romelic artileriiT iyo SeiaraRebuli.

TurqeTis mTavrobam kidev erTxel sagangebo zomebi miiRo qarTvelTa

winaaRmdeg. man saqarTvelos sazRvao blokada gamoucxada da misi

sanapiroebisaken savaWro gemebs sagangebo nebarTvis gareSe gamgzavreba

aukrZala. Aamis garda, gadawyda yoveli wlis zafxulSi qarTvelTa

samxedro-sazRvao bazebis winaaRmdeg laSqroba moewyoT. GamisaTvis goniosa

da trapizonis sanjay-begebs ebrZanaT, rom qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg

erToblivad emoqmedaT. amis miuxedavad, zRvidan qarTvelebis Tavdasxmebi

osmaleTis sanapiroze 1578 wlamde grZeldeboda.

1578-1579 wlebSi osmalo-Turqebma droebiT daikaves baTumi, soxumi,

foTi da garkveuli xniT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi TiTqmis mTlianad

19

TavianT kontrols daumorCiles. Aaman saqarTvelos sazRvao Zalebis

aqtivoba Sav zRvaze mkveTrad dasca, Tumca mTlianad ar Sewyvetila.

qarTvelebis brZolam TurqeTis winaaRmdeg zRvaze erTgvarad partizanuli

omis xasiaTi miiRo. am winaaRmdegobis dasaTrgunad osmaleTis xelisuflebam

jer kidev 1579 wels foTSi sagangebo `sakapitano~ Seqmna, romelsac

TurqeTis flotis erTi SenaerTi dauqvemdebara. Aam sazRvao SenaerTs

saqarTvelos sanapiros regularuli kreisireba daevala. Tavdapirvelad

TurqeTis samxedro gemebi saqarTvelos sanapiroze zafxulobiT modiodnen

da maT ZiriTad bazas foTis navsadguri warmoadgenda. 1581 wels,

saqarTvelos sanapiroze sazRvao kontrolis gaZlierebis mizniT am

SenaerTidan erT did `kaliTes~ tipis samxedro gems foTTan rionis

SesarTavSi gamozamTreba daevala. 1584 wlisaTvis am Turquli sazRvao

eskadris ZiriTad Zalas erTi Turquli `kadirRa~ da sami `kaliTe~

Seadgenda, romelTac aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sanapiro wylebis

patrulireba evalebodaT.

`kaliTe~ didi zomis samxedro gemi iyo, romelic 19-24 wyvili didi

niCbiT dacuravda. meniCbeTa garda aseT gemebze 220 mebrZoli iyo. gvian

SuasaukuneebSi am tipis gemebs TurqeTis flotSi sanapiro wylebis

patrulirebisa da mowinaaRmdegis sazRvao navebis gamosadevneblad iyenebdnen,

amitom aseTi gemebis TavSi didi zarbazani idga. `kadirRa~ XVIII saukunemde

osmaleTis samxedro flotis ZiriTad sabrZolo gems warmoadgenda. igi erTi

ialqniTa da 25 wyvili niCbiT dacuravda, romelTagan TiToeuls 4-5 meniCbe

emsaxureboda. `kadirRas~ ekipaJi daaxloebiT 330 kacisagan Sedgeboda,

romelTagan 100 qveiTad mebrZoli iyo. es gemebi 13 qvemexiT iyo

SeiaraRebuli.

ase, rom XVI saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTis sanapiro wylebis patrulireba da saqarTvelos samxedro

sazRvao Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZola TurqeTis flotis Zlier SenaerTs

hqonda davalebuli. Aam sazRvao SenaerTis mniSvneloba ufro gaizrdeba Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom XVII saukunemde Turqebs Sav zRvaSi mudmivi floti

ar gaaCndaT da sazRvao SenaerTebs am zRvaSi Cveulebriv mxolod sagangebo

viTarebaSi agzavnidnen.

1578-1579 w.w-is warmateba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Turqebma

didxans ver SeinarCunes. DXVI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi osmaleTs mxolod foTis cixe-simagre darCa. 1640 wels

dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianebulma laSqarma foTis

cixec daikava. ase, rom XVIII s-is dasawyisamde, mdinare Woroxis Crdilo-

dasavleTiT, osmaleTis saxelmwifos arcerTi samxedro-sazRvao baza aRar

gaaCnda.

XVII saukuneSi qarTvelebi Sav zRvaze osmaleTis agresiis winaaRmdeg

brZolas agrZelebdnen.Aam mxriv metad sainteresoa XVII s-is Turqi

mogzaurisa da istorikosis evlia Celebis cnoba 1647 wels gonios

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cixesTan kazakebis dasaxmareblad saqarTvelos sabrZolo navebis gamoCenis

Sesaxeb. Turqi mogzauris cnobiT, am wels Ekazakebis mier mcire xniT

dakavebuli gonios cixe osmalebma xelaxla aiRes. am dros cixesTan zRvaSi

`40-50 meneqsila navi gamoCnda, rom modiodnen Sig myofebma dainaxes, rom

cixe muhamedis xalxiTaa (TurqebiTaa) savse, da... erTimeoris miyolebiT

iwyes navebis ukan gabruneba. Eeseni iyvnen urCni aznaurni, romlebic cixeSi

myofi kazakebis dasaxmareblad modiodnen... jari maSinve ori mxridan gaqanda

da tyvia dauSina. saRamomde gagrZelda didi brZola, 47 navi xelT daipyres

da islamis xalxma uxvi nadavli Caigdo xelT. navebSi myofni tyved

Cavardnen~.

Ees `urCni aznaurni~, romlebic TavianTi sabrZolo navebiT kazakebis

dasaxmareblad movidnen samegrelos samTavros samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis

nawils warmoadgenda. Ggonios cixesTan 47 navis gamoCena mowmobs, rom am

droisaTvis samegrelos samTavros ramdenime aseuli sazRvao sabrZolo navi

gaaCnda. es faqti kargad esadageba vaxuSti bagrationis cnobas imis Sesaxeb,

rom levan II dadians (1651-1657) mniSvnelovani sazRvao Zalebi gaaCnda,

romliTac igi zRvaze mekobreobas eweoda: `ganmdidrda friad rameTu

Semusrna navni zRvisani~ _ wers igi. Aamitomac iyo, rom Tanamedroveni

samegrelos am mTavars `zRvaTa xelmwifes~ uwodebdnen.

gonios cixesTan kazakebis dasaxmareblad samegrelos sabrZolo navebis

gamoCena SemTxveviTi epizodi ar unda iyos. safiqrebelia, rom samegrelos

samTavros mezRvaurebi regularulad iRebdnen monawileobas kazakebis

TavdasxmebSi TurqeTis sanapiroze, samxreT SavizRvispireTSi.

XVI saukunis da XVII saukunis I naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT ki levan II

dadianis dros (1611-1657), odiSis (samegrelos) samTavro saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi yvelaze Zlieri politikuri erTeuli iyo. Sesabamisad yvelaze

Zlieri samxedro sazRvao Zalebi mas gaaCnda. levan II dadianis sikvdilis

Semdeg es samTavro swrafad dasustda, samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi moiSala da

XVII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan veRar umklavdeba Cerqez da gansakuTrebiT

afxaz mekobreebs, romlebic sistematurad esxmian samegrelos napirebs. ase

magaliTad, Sardenis* cnobiT, 1672 wlis noemberSi afxazma da Cerqezma

mekobreebma gaitaces yvela sazRvao navi, romelic am droisaTvis samegrelos

navsadgurebSi idga.

sazRvao TavdasxmebiT afxazeTis feodalebma sruliad axali elementi

Semoitanes Sina omSi, romelic XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan dasavleT

saqarTveloSi gaCaRda. vaxuSti bagrationi exeba ra amave saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi odiSis samTavroSi Seqmnil viTarebas, sagangebod aRniSnavs: `garna

iyo Wiri didi odiSs... umetes afxazTagan, rameTu movidian navebiTa da

xmeliTa da styuevnidian (aoxrebdnen, T.b.), daipyres vidre egrisis

mdinaremde~. vaxuSti bagrationi afxazTa erT-erT damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad

zRvaze mekobreobas Tvlida.

21

1703 wels daiwyo osmaleTis agresiis axali etapi saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi, romelic TiTqmis erTi saukune gagrZelda. osmalo-Turqebma

daikaves baTumis, foTis, anakliisa da soxumis cixeebi, agreTve ruxis cixe,

romelic mdinare enguriT ukavSirdeboda zRvas. saxmeleTo ZalebTan erTad

osmalebisagan qveynis dacvis saqmeSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen

saqarTvelos sazRvao-sabrZolo Zalebic.

axlad dakavebul cixe-simagreebs osmalebi zRviT amaragebdnen.

zRvispireTis saqarTvelos samTavroebi cdilobdnen es komunikaciebi

gadaeWraT da Turqebisagan mitacebuli cixeebi ukanve daebrunebiaT; Aamitom

TiTqmis sami aTeuli weli namdvili sazRvao omi mimdinareobda TurqeTis

flotis SenaerTebsa da saqarTvelos sazRvao navebs Soris.

1703 wels Turqebma dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc xmeleTiT ise

zRviT ilaSqres da adgilebze gaanadgures sazRvao-sabrZolo navebi.

ganadgurebas navebis mxolod erTi nawili gadaurCa da ukve momaval 1704

wels aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

1704 wlis seqtemberSi quTaisis kazas* yadim osmaleTis mTavrobas

odiSisa da afxazeTis Turqebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlis ambavi sagangebod

Seatyobina: `xmeleTze ajanyebul dadians zRvaze... afxazi SeerTebia,

TurqeTis sanapiroebisaken mimavali saxmeleTo da sazRvao gzebi mTlianad

gadauketiaT, anakliisa da ruxis cixeebi zRvidan da xmeleTiT garemoucvamT

da Turqebis xelidan gamoutaciaT~.

ufro dawvrilebiT cnobebs gvawvdis anakliis garnizonis

warmomadgenelTa erToblivi Txovna, romelic maT aseve 1704 wlis

seqtemberSi osmaleTis sulTnis karze gaugzavniaT: `...dRe da Rame dacvis

samsaxurSi myofi Zlevamosili laSqris sursaT-sanovagis navebs Tavs

esxmodnen, brZoliTa da daxocviT arbevdnen. Bbevri mahmadis jamaaTi

sarwmuneobisaTvis daxoces, maTi qoneba iavarhyves, navebi dawves... Cveni

sursaT-sanovagiT datvirTuli navebi xelT igdes, Sig myofi cxra kaci

sarwmunoebisaTvis awames. zRvidan da xmeleTidan sursaT-sanovagis

misawodebeli gzebi gadaketes... ubedurebas verc patara navebi gadaurCa~.

saqarTvelos sazRvao sabrZolo navebis Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb, osmaleTis

mTavrobam ufro adre Seityo, vidre amis Sesaxeb quTaisis kazas yadis da

anakliis cixis Turqi mecixovneebis saCivrebi miaRwevda. jer kidev 1704

wlis ivnisSi arzrumis valis* halil faSas brZanebiT baTumis navsadguridan

TurqeTis samxedro gemebi gaigzavna. es gemebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. maSin

1705 wlis sanaosno sezonis dawyebisaTvis sulTanma saqarTvelos

napirebisken samxedro flotis damatebiTi SenaerTis gagzavna brZana. am

SenaerTSi sxvadasxva tipis sazRvao navebs Soris 10 `eSkamfua~ unda

yofiliyo. am tipis navebi msubuq ialqnian gemebs warmoadgendnen, romlebsac

napirTan axlos SeeZlo curva. es samxedro gemebi sagangebod saqarTvelos

zRvispireTis mkvidrTa sabrZolo navebis winaaRmdeg iyo gamiznuli.

22

Turqi mecixovneebis dasacavad osmaleTis mTavroba saqarTvelosken

regularulad agzavnida samxedro-sazRvao flotis SenaerTebs. magaliTad,

anakliis cixis, zRvidan dasacavad, 1712 wels sulTanis mTavrobam 4

`eSkamfua~ gaagzavna, romelic am cixis midamoebSi reidze 1714 welsac idga.

aseTi sagangebo zomebis miuxedavad, 1714 wlisaTvis TurqeTis flotma

saqarTvelos sazRvao-sabrZolo Zalebis mospoba ver SeZlo. piriqiT

qarTvelebi did safrTxes uqmnidnen Turqebs. amave wlis TebervalSi

sulTnis karze gagzavnil saCivrebSi gonios kazas gamgebeli, ruxis,

anakliisa da baTumis cixis Turqi mecixovneebi mTavrobas acnobebdnen, rom

`afxazebma da megrelma urwmuno yaCaRebma~ ruxis cixisaken mimavali yvela

gza maT Soris, samdinaroc, gadaketes da am cixis garnizoni sursaT-

sanovagis, saWurvelisa da tyvia-wamlis gareSe datoves. am wlis momdevno

TveebSi sazRvao blokada anakliis cixezec gagrZelda. amis Sesaxeb ukve 1714

wlis mart-aprilSi goniodan acnobes osmaleTis mTavrobas. ramdenime Tvis

Semdeg, 1714 wlis ivnisSi gonias yadi xelmeored agzavnis aseT cnobas

sulTnis karze. Mmsgavs cnobas agzavnis trapizonis valic.

rogorc irkveva,A 1714 wels TurqeTis gemebis mimosvla samegrelosa da

afxazeTis sanapiroze faqtobrivad Sewyda da osmaleTisa da saqarTvelos

sanapiros Soris uxifaTod mxolod Turquli, didi, `firkatis~ tipis

samxedro gemebi dacuravdnen: `urwmuno dadiani urjulo afxazebTan erTad

gaerTianda... xmeleTiT da zRviT Cveni gzebi daikaves, anakliis cixe

garemoculi aRmoCnda da davrCiT im adgilze sadac Tavis movaleobas

asrulebda saxelmwifos mier daniSnuli firkatis navebi~. amitomac iyo, rom

1716 wels goniosa da anakliis Turqi mecixovneebi osmaleTis mTavrobas

atyobinebdnen: `didi siZneleebi Seiqmna. mezoblad myofma afxazma da

megrelma qafirma* yaCaRebma sursaT-sanovagis gadmosazidad gagzavnili

islamis xalxi daxoces~.

1721-1722 wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTis samTavroebi

erToblivi ZalebiT gamovidnen Turqebis winaaRmdeg. afxazeTis, odiSis da

albaT, guriis sazRvao-sabrZolo navebma Turqebis mier dakavebuli anakliis,

goniosa da baTumis cixeebi zRvidan garemoicves da am cixeebis midamoebSi

Turquli ubnebis, agreTve gonios sanjayis rbeva daiwyes. trapizonis valis

mustafa faSas brZanebiT saswrafod Seikriba saxmeleTo laSqari, romelmac

veraferi gaawyo mterTan brZolaSi. saqarTvelos sazRvao sabrZolo navebma

zRvaze srul batonobas miaRwies. isini TurqeTis sanapiroebs esxmodnen da

dausjelad aoxrebdnen maT. maSin osmaleTis mTavrobam qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg

zRvaze sagangebo zomebs kidev erTxel mimarTa. 1722 wlis agvistoSi

sulTanis saxeliT osmaleTis flotis meTaurs kafudan faSas* aRmosavleT

zRvispireTSi samefo flotidan 10 didi firkatis Semadgenlobis sazRvao

SenaerTis gagzavna ubrZanes. Amisive brZanebiT kafudan faSas uSualo

meTvalyureobiT sulTnis navTsaSenSi saswrafod unda aegoT xuTi eSkamfuas

tipis gemi, romelsac artileriiT SeaiaraRebdnen da TiToeulze 29-29

23

jariskacs gaamwesebdnen. sagangebod unda daeniSnaT TiToeuli eSkamfuis

kafudani da flotis am SenaerTis saerTo meTauri. am gemebs uSualod

saqarTvelos sazRvao-sabrZolo navebTan brZola evalebodaT. sulTnis

brZaneba saswrafod Sesrulda da imave wlis dasasruls xuTi eSkamfuasagan

Semdgari sazRvao SenaerTi saqarTvelos napirebisaken gamoemarTa.

1723 wels osmalebma dasavleT saqrTveloSi didi laSqroba moawyves da

sanapiro TiTqmis mTlianad daikaves. aman saqarTvelos zRvaosnobas didi

dartyma miayena. Mmiuxedavad amisa, Sav zRvaze qarTvelebis brZola erT xans

kidev grZeldeboda. amis gamo, osmaleTis xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo 1732-

1734 wlebSi Tavisi samxedro flotis erTi nawili saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi mudmivad hyoloda. 1732-1734 wlebSi eSkamfuas tipis sazRvao

navebi kvlavindeburad idgnen anakliis, foTisa da soxumis navsadgurebSi da

am cixeebis mecixovneebs saqarTvelos sazRvao-sabrZolo navebis

Tavdasxmebisagan icavdnen.

XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, osmalebma zRvaze qarTvelebis

winaaRmdegoba daZlies da samxedro-sazRvao SenaerTebi saqarTvelos

navsadgurebidan gaiyvanes. amis Semdeg, osmaleTis xelisufleba saqarTvelos

sanapiros zRvispira cixesimagreebSi Cayenebuli garnizonebiT akontrolebda.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Turq mecixovneebs baTumis, qajeTis cixis

(dRevandeli cixisZiri), sefes (mdinare rionis marcxena napiras), foTis,

anakliisa da soxumis cixesimagreebi ekavaT.

XVIII saukunis meore meoTxedidan osmaleTis sazRvao warmatebas

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, saqarTvelos zRvaosnobisaTvis katastrofuli

Sedegi mohyva. TiTqmis mTlianad daikarga navTmSeneblobis is tradiciebi,

romelic saqarTveloSi jer kidev antikuri xanidan modioda. amis

miuxedavad, saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi navTmSenebloba mTlianad ar

Sewyvetila. odiSis samTavroSi ruseTTan SeerTebis win e. w. `megruli~

sazRvao navebis mSenebloba grZeldeboda.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan zRvaosnobaSi saqarTvelos zRvispireTis

sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT, dawinaurda WaneTi anu lazeTi. vaxuSti

bagrationi sagangebod aRniSnavs Wanebis navTmSeneblobis tradiciebs: `kacni

arian xelovanni xis muSakobisa da SenebiTa navTaTa, didTa da mcireTa~.

XVIII saukuneSi lazeTis dawinaurebas am mxaris TurqeTis imperiaSi

Sesvlam Seuwyo xeli. Oosmalebi XVII saukunis meore naxevridan imperiis

qveSevrdom, gamahmadianebuli lazebis zRvaosnobas xels ar uSlidnen maSin,

rodesac guriis, odiSisa da afxazeTis zRvaosnebs saukuneebis manZilze

ebrZodnen. XVIII saukunis II meoTxedidan, rodesac Turqebma TiTqmis

mTlianad daikaves saqarTvelos zRvispireTi, lazebma monopoliuri

mdgomareoba daikaves Savi zRvis kabotaJur* zRvaosnobaSi. Aamitomac iyo,

rom XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi da XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos

zRvispireTSi sazRvao navebi ZiriTadad lazebs ekuTvnodaT.

24

antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi sazRvao gemebis ekipaJebis

dakompleqteba `navtobis~, igive `menavtobis~ wesiT xdeboda.

es termini Zveli berZnuli sityvdan `nautosidan~ modis, romelic

mezRvaurs niSnavs. qarTul enaSi es sityva `navtobis, menavteobis, navteobis~

formiT, Zalian adre unda iyos Semosuli, savaraudod araugvianes VI

saukunisa, rodesac egrisis (lazikes) samefos bizantiis imperiisagan

sazRvao begara edo. VI saukuneSi `navtoba~ safiqrebelia, sazRvao begaris

safuZvelze imperiis flotSi samsaxuris valdebulebas aRniSnavda. SemdegSi

am terminma Tavisi mniSvneloba Seicvala. Sua da gvian feodalur xanaSi

`navtoba anu menavtoba~ saqarTveloSi zRvaze samsaxuris valdebulebas

aRniSnavda. Aam valdebulebis safuZvelze xdeboda saqarTvelos sazRvao

Zalebis dakompleqteba.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi 1918-

1921 wlebSi

1801 wels ruseTis imperiam aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daipyro da qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo gaauqma. imperiis Semdgom mizans saqarTvelos

SavizRvispireTis da saerTod mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba

warmoadgenda.

ruseTis saxelmwifo Savi zRvis sanapiroze fexis mokidebas XVII

saukunis 90-iani wlebidan cdilobda, magram pirvel warmatebas, mxolod

daaxloebiT 80 wlis Semdeg, 1774 wels osmaleTTan xelmowerili quCuk-

kainarjis zaviT miaRwia. am zavis pirobebis Sesabamisad, ruseTis imperiis

sazRvrebSi moeqca mdinareebis dneprsa da bugs Soris mdebare Savi zRvis

sanapiro. male, ruseTis imperiam Savi zRvis samxedro-sazRvao floti Seqmna

da 1783 wels yirims daeufla. ase rom, mas dasavleT saqarTveloze, rogorc

zRviT, ise xmeleTiT Seteva SeeZlo.

1804 wlis ivlisSi imereTis samefo da samegrelos samTavro ruseTis

imperiaSi avtonomiebis saxiT Sevida. male, ruseTis samxedro floti

saqarTvelos napirebTan gamoCnda. 1804 wlis SemodgomisTvis saqarTvelos

zRvis sanapiroze Turqebisgan Tavisufali mxolod mdinare xobis SesarTavi

iyo. adre aq qarTuli sofeli kemxeli arsebobda, magram mas am droisTvis

saxeli Secvlili hqonda. XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi osmalebma am

sofelSi koSki, Turqulad `yule~ aages da mosaxleobac am adgils ukve

`yules,~ `yulevs~ eZaxda. yirimidan yulevSi ruseTis eskadra gamoemgzavra,

raTa aq desanti gadmoesxa. am droisaTvis rusebi SavizRvispireTs TiTqmis

ar icnobdnen. eskadram xobis SesarTavs ver miagno da ukan dabrunda, maSin

qerCidan sagangebo Sxuna* gamoigzavna. rusma mezRvaurebma verc axla icnes

yulevi da ukan gabrundnen, magram ruseTis warmomadgenelma sanapiroze

rusuli Sxuna icno da naviT daewia. rusma mezRvaurebma yulevi rukaze

daitanes da es ruka sevastopolSi gaagzavnes, TviT Sxuna ki xobis

25

SesarTavSi darCa. 1804 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi mdinare xobis SesarTavSi

ori rusuli gemi `isidori~ da `mixeili~ gamoCnda, romelmac desanti

yulevSi gadmosxa. rusebma mokle xanSi sagangebo reduti moawyves da Zvel

kemxels `redut-kale~ uwodes. ase Caeyara safuZveli axal navsadgurs,

romelic XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi mTavar

navsadgurad iqca. amis Semdeg, ruseTis imperia aRmosavleT Savi zRvis

sanapiros dapyrobas Seudga. 1809 wlis noemberSi ruseTis jaris nawilebma

samegrelos laSqarTan erTad, foTis cixe-simagre daikava. 1810 wels ki

rusebma SturmiT soxumis cixe-simagre aiRes. 1812 wels rusebs buqarestis

zavis Tanaxmad foTis cixe-simagris osmalebisTvis dabruneba mouwiaT. am

cixe-simagres isini xelaxla 1828 wels daeuflnen, rodesac ruseT-TurqeTis

morigi omi mimdinareobda.

1809 wels ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi guriis samTavro Sevida.

guria osmaleTs esazRvreboda, sazRvari mdinare Coloqze gadioda, amitom

ruseTs guriaSi saswrafod samxedro-sazRvao bazis mowyoba dasWirda. 1815

wels aseTi baza mdinareebis: Coloqisa da natanebis SesarTavSi, SekveTilSi

aSenda, romelsac rusebma `wminda nikolozis simagre~ uwodes.

1828-29 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omi adrianopolis zaviT dasrulda. am

zaviT osmaleTma ruseTis batonoba mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

mdinare yubanis SesarTavidan mdinare Coloqis SesarTavamde aRiara; Tumca

ruseTs mdinare bzifis SesarTavidan mdinare yubanis SesarTavamde dapyrobas

35 weli dasWirda. sabolood, ruseT-osmaleTs Soris sazRvari Savi zRvis

sanapiroze 1878 wlis san-stefanos zaviTa da imave wlis berlinis

traqtatiT dadginda, romlis ZaliTac ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi aWara da

lazeTis erTi nawili _ makrialis xeoba Sevida. amis Semdeg, pirvel

msoflio omamde ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebs Soris sazRvari patara

mdinare mazimCaize gadioda.

1914 wlis 1 agvistos germaniam ruseTs omi gamoucxada. ase daiwyo

pirveli msoflio omi.

iseve, rogorc omSi monawile mraval qveyanas, ruseTsac didi gegmebi

hqonda. mas Tavisi aTaswlovani ocnebis asruleba _ bosforisa da

dardanelis sruteebis, aseve osmaleTis dedaqalaqis stambolis, Zveli

konstantinopolis dakaveba undoda.

omis dawyebis dros SavizRvispireTis qveynebma: osmaleTma, bulgareTma

da rumineTma neitraliteti gamoacxades. am qveynebs Soris neitraliteti

pirvelma osmaleTma daarRvia.

jer kidev 1914 wlis 2 agvistos osmaleTma germanias saidumlo

xelSekrulebiT mxardaWera da omSi mis mxareze gamosvla aRuTqva. germaniam

samxedro-sazRvao flotis gasaZliereblad osmaleTs im droisaTvis uaxlesi

kreiserebi _ `gebeni~ da `breslau~ gadasca, romlebmac 13 agvistos Ruza

stambolis navsadgurSi CauSves. Turqebma `breslaus~, `midilis~, `gebens~

26

`iavuz sultan selimi~ uwodes, xolo `gebenis~ kapitani kontradmirali

suSini osmaleTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis mTavarsardlad daniSnes.

1914 wlis 27 oqtombers osmaleTis samxedro floti Sav zRvaSi Sevida

da 29 oqtombers, omis gamoucxadeblad, sevastopoli, odesa, feodosia,

novorosiiski dabomba da ruseTis ramdenime samxedro da savaWro gemi CaZira.

amis sapasauxod, 1914 wlis noembris dasawyisSi ruseTma osmaleTs omi

gamoucxada. amis Semdeg, saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan saomari moqmedebebi

rogorc xmeleTze, aseve zRvaze gaiSala.

1914 wlis 8 noembers kreiserma `breslaum~ Wurvebi dauSina foTs.

dabombva 45 wuTi gagrZelda, magram qalaqs umniSvnelo ziani miadga. 9

dekembers baTumis reidze meore germanuli kreiseri `gebeni~ gamoCda.

qalaqis dabombva daaxloebiT 10 wuTi gagrZelda, ris Sedegadac, baTumSi

ramdenime Senoba dazianda, oTxi adamiani daiWra da erTi gardaicvala.

daaxloebiT erTi Tvis Semdeg, 1914 wlis 16 dekembers Turqebma

zRvispireTSi osmaleT-ruseTis sazRvari gadalaxes da baTumisken daiZrnen.

maT sam dReSi zRvispira soflebi: limani, makriali, sarfi da gonio

daikaves da SesarTavTan, md. Woroxis marcxena napirs miadgnen. baTumsa da

foTs didi safrTxe daemuqra. am qalaqebs ki udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda

ruseTisTvis.

pirveli msoflio omis win baTums mcirericxovani Zalebi icavda.

baTumis navsadgurSi mxolod erTi samxedro gemi idga.

pirveli msoflio omis dros, ruseTis samxedro xelisuflebam baTumis

gamagrebuli raionis samxedro nawilebiT da artileriiT gaZliereba daiwyo.

sevastopolidan baTumis navsadgurSi Tavdapirvelad samxedro gemebi

gadmoiyvanes da baTumis samxedro gemebis razmi Camoayalibes. SemdgomSi es

razmi oTxi naRmosniT gaaZlieres.

1914 wlis dekembris dasawyisSi ruseTis armiis samxedro nawilebi

samxedro gemebis daxmarebiT ruseT-osmaleTis Zvel sazRvarze gavidnen da

baTums uSualo safrTxe moaSores. Semdeg 1915 wlis ianvarSi maT xofa

daikaves da arqabesTan* gamagrdnen.

1916 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi flotis daxmarebiT axal

Setevaze gadavidnen. maT TandaTanobiT: arqabe, viwe*, aTina, rize daikaves da

trapizons miuaxlovdnen. trapizonze ieriSi 1916 wlis 14 aprils daiwyo.

16 aprils TurqeTis jarebma qalaqi miatoves. amis Sesaxeb rusebma mxolod

18 aprils Seityves. 19 aprils ruseTis jaris nawilebi am qalaqSi sazeimod

Sevidnen.

1915 wlis oqtomberSi, bulgareTi msoflio omSi germaniis mxareze

Caeba. samagierod, 1916 wlis agvistoSi antantis mxareze rumineTi

aRmoCnda. male bulgarelebma rumineTis zRvispireTi daikaves da rumineTis

samxedro flots TavisSefareba ruseTis Savi zRvis navsadgurebSi mouxda.

1917 wlis Teberval-martSi, ruseTSi revolucia moxda da imperatori

nikoloz meore taxtidan gadadga. ruseTi respublikad gamocxadda da

27

droebiTi mTavroba Seiqmna, romelmac germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis

winaaRmdeg omi gaagrZela.

droebiTma mTavrobam saxelmwifoSi realuri kontrolis damyareba ver

moaxerxa da movlenebi Zalze swrafad ganviTarda.

1917 wlis Zv. st. 25 oqtombers ruseTSi bolSevikuri gadatrialeba

moxda, romelic Semdeg, `didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis~

saxeliT moinaTla. bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg, yofili ruseTis

imperia ruseTis sabWoTa socialistur-federaciul respublikad gamocxadda.

bolSevikuri gadatrialeba samxreT kavkasiaSi ar cnes. Seiqmna

amierkavkasiis komisariati, romelic am regionis damoukidebel marTva-

gamgeobas Seudga.

1917 w-is 15 dekembers axalma sabWoTa xelisuflebam brest-litovskSi

germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan droebiT dazavebas moawera xeli. TurqeTsa

da amierkavkasiis komisariats Soris droebiT dazavebas sami dRis Semdeg

moewera xeli. Aamis Semdeg, kavkasiaSi zRvaze da xmeleTze saomari

moqmedebebi droebiT Sewyda.

amierkavkasiis komisariats kavkasiis armia ar emorCileboda, mas

sakuTari samxedro Zalebi ar gaaCnda da axladSeqmnil erovnul nawilebs

eyrdnoboda, romlebsac amierkavkasiis calkeuli xalxebi: qarTvelebi,

somxebi daAazerbaijanelebi e. w. `erovnuli sabWoebis~ meSveobiT

akompleqtebdnen. 1917 w-is 19 noembers TbilisSi, operis TeatrSi,

saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba gaixsna, romelmac qarTveli eris sxva

saWirboroto sakiTxebTan erTad samxedro sakiTxebzec imsjela. saqarTvelos

erovnul yrilobaze moxsenebiT gamosulma noe Jordaniam erovnuli jaris

Seqmnis aucileblobaze miuTiTa. Eerovnulma yrilobam samxedro sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, sagangebo rezolucia miiRo. `samxedro seqcia mimarTavs

erovnul yrilobas, raTa man momaval erovnul sabWos daavalos, _

vkiTxulobT am rezoluciaSi _ rom erovnulma sabWom iSuamdgomlos sadac

jer ars, raTa yovel msurvel qarTvel jariskacs neba mieces qarTul

erTeulSi gadmosvlisa. Mmeore, erovnulma sabWom mimarTos qarTvel

meomrebs am did momentSi miiRos monawileoba qarTuli erTeulebis

SevsebaSi, Tavis nebiT Caweron isini, visac samxedro samsaxuri SeuZlia.~

1918 w-is 23 noembers saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilobis erovnulma

sabWom aRmasrulebeli komiteti airCia. am komitetSi samxedro seqcia

Camoyalibda, romelsac noe ramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda.

Aam droisaTvis ruseTis Savi zRvis samxedro floti TandaTanobiT

iSleboda. samxedro gemebis erTma nawilma ukrainis droSa aRmarTa da Tavi

ukrainis flotis Semadgenel nawilad gamoacxada.

1917 w-is Semodgomis dasawyisSi baTumis navsadgurSi samxedro gemebis

Zlieri SenaerTi idga, maT Soris iyo saxazo gemi `rotislavi~. Ddamxmare

kreiserebi: `ruminia~ da `karol karli.~ naRmosnebi: `Jutki~, `zorki,~

`svirepi,~ `strogi~ da `svetli~. Aaqve Ruza hqonda CaSvebuli saxazo gems

28

`veliki kniaz aleqsandr mixailoviCs~. amaT garda, baTumis navsadgurSi

ramdenime satransporto gemi, swrafmavali katarRa idga.

1917 w-is dekemberSi samxedro-sazRvao gemebis erTi nawili ruseTis

navsadgurebisaken gaemarTa, amis miuxedavad baTumis navsadgurebSi darCenili

samxedro gemebi, osmalebisTvis mrisxane Zalas warmoadgenda. movlenebi ise

ganviTarda, rom saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao Zalebi am gemebis bazaze,

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde ori TviT adre Seiqmna.

baTumSi darCenil samxedro gemebze, TandaTanobiT srulma anarqiam

daisadgura. MmezRvaurebi faqtobrivad aravis emorCilebodnen, mekobreobdnen,

saxelmwifo qonebiT spekulacias eweodnen. Aar iyo gamoricxuli, rom

gabolSevikebuli mezRvaurebi TavianTi gemebiT baTumis navsadgurs

miatovebdnen da ruseTis navsadgurisken gaemarTebodnen. saqarTvelos

erovnuli sabWos samxedro seqcia baTumSi sazRvao gemebze Seqmnil viTarebas

didi yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals da movlenebis kursSi imyofeboda; es

seqcia yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom es gemebi amierkavkasiis

xelisuflebisaTvis, ufro zustad, saqarTvelosTvis daeqvemdebarebina da

momavlisaTvis saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis birTvad eqcia.

1918 w-is 5 ianvars saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos samxedro seqciam

sagangebo weriliT mimarTa amierkavkasiis komisariatTan arsebul

erovnebaTSoriso samxedro sabWos, romelmac es werili oficialurad 7

ianvars miiRo. `imis gamo, rom TiTqmis mTeli Savi zRvis floti da

amierkavkasiis sazRvrebSi sanapiro, terorizebulia _ vkiTxulobT am

werilSi _ ris gamoc transporti gauqmebulia da momavalSi saboloo

daSla emuqreba, amitom saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos samxedro seqcia

dabejiTebiT gTxovT, rom Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da am zRvaze

amierkavkasiis navsadgurebis meTaurad daniSnoT leitenanti WavWavaZe, yvela

im gemisa da maTi ekipaJis daqvemdebarebiT, romelebic imyofebian da

dacuraven am raionSi. Aam RonisZiebebs seqcia miiCnevs... aucileblad

transportis regulirebisaTvis da mosaxleobis dasawynareblad, romelic

imeds amyarebs mxolod erovnul nawilebze. safrTxis gavlis Semdeg

ukrainasTan SeTanxmeba SeiZleba am yvela sakiTxis Sesaxeb.~

meore dRes, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos samxedro seqciis

Tavmjdomare n. ramiSvili werils ugzavnis amierkavkasiis komisars:

`damatebiT gacnobebT, rom arsebuli cnobebis mixedviT, bolSevikebi apireben

aRniSnuli sanapiros floti xelSi Caigdon da amiT amierkavkasias mouspon

is erTaderTi gza, romliTac is sursaT-sanovages iRebs, risTvisac baTumSi

agzavnian `novakis~ tipis oTx naRmosans. Aamitom, ukiduresad aucilebelia

saswrafod, baTumSi yvela am gemis dasakaveblad da bolSevikebisgan

gasawmendad gaigzavnos ufrosi leitenanti WavWavaZe da mas daeqvemdebaros

mTeli sanapiro novorosiiskidan trapizonamde da mas aucileblad mieces

saxarjo fuli da pirad gankargulebaSi gadaeces saimedo adamianebi, rogorc

arian afxazavas razmis razmeulebi, raTa dakavebul iqnas yvela is

29

dawesebuleba, romelic flots emsaxureba, maT Soris radiosadguri da

telegrafis pirdapiri xazebi da mieTiTos yvela adgilobriv demokratiul

organizacias, artilerias da qarTul polks, gauwios mas yovelmxrivi

xelSewyoba.~

saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivis imave fondSi inaxeba 1917

wlis 26 ianvris werili, romelic saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom

amierkavkasiis erovnebaTaSoriso sabWosagan miiRo: `erovnebaTaSoriso sabWo

gacnobebT, rom Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi nawilis da amierkavkasiis

navsadgurebis ufrosad daniSnulia leitenanti WavWavaZe.~ werils xels

awers n. ramiSvili.

1918 wlis 15 marts baTumis navsadgurSi brwyinvale samxedro operacia

Catarda, ris Sedegadac navsadgurSi da reidze mdgari yofili ruseTis

imperiis samxedro gemebi saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos daemorCila.

qarTvelebis xelSi aRmoCnda damxmare kreiseri `karol karli~, romelic

1898 w-is ivlisSi aigo. Mmisi wyalwyva 4 200 tona iyo, sigrZe 106, 7

metri, siCqare 18 kvanZi. Kkreiseri SeiaraRebuli iyo 4 152 mm da erTi 75

mm qvemexiT. am operaciis dros, qarTvelebma xelSi Caigdes 4 hidro

TviTmfrinavi da 9 satvirTo gemi, romelic sxva gemebTan erTad 1916 wels

rumineTma ruseTs gadasca. qarTveli samxedroebis xelSi gadavida ## 521,

523, 528 sadarajo katarRebi, romlebsac am dros qarTvelebi

gamanadgureblebs eZaxdnen. Ees katarRebi 1916 w-s amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi iyo agebuli. TiToeulis wyalwyva 14.5 tona iyo, sigrZe _ 18.3 m,

siCqare _ 24 kvanZi. Aam sadarajo katarRebze TiTo 47 da TiTo 27 mm.

qvemexi da or-ori tyviamfrqvevi idga. rodesac es katarRebi qarTvelebma

xelSi Caigdes, maT saxelebi gadaarqves da `aWareli~, `afxazi~, `guruli~

da `kaxeli~ uwodes.

am operaciis dros, qarTvelebma xelSi Caigdes 1892 w-s agebuli

satransporto gemi `saratovi~, romelsac 8975 tona wyalwyva da 18.7

kvanZis siswrafe gaaCnda. aseve qarTvelebis xelSi gadavida 1897 w-s agebuli

satransporto gemi `mixail arxangelski~, romelsac 371 tona wyalwyva da

4.5 kvanZis siCqare gaaCnda. 15 martis operaciis dros qarTvelma

samxedroebma ver moaxerxes baTumis navsadgurSi mdgari yvela gemis xelSi

Cagdeba. baTumis navsadguridan gasvla moaxerxa sanapiro artileriis

cecxliT dazianebulma kreiserma `stremitelni~, satransporto gemma

`luCma~, orma naRmosanma da orma sadarajo katarRam anu gamanadgurebelma.

qarTvelma samxedroebma Cxrekis dros `karol karlze~ aRmoaCines xuTi

aTasi SaSxana, sursaTis didi maragi da sxva samxedro qoneba. Ddidi

raodenobiT sursaTi aRmoCnda satransporto gem `saratovze~. mezRvaurebs

CamoarTves moparuli saqonlis spekulaciis gziT dagrovili 808 000

rusuli rubli.

gabolSevikebuli rusi mezRvaurebis cixeSi Casmis Semdeg, damxmare

kreiser `karol karlze~ mxolod rumineli mezRvaurebi darCnen, romlebmac

30

qarTvelebTan TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades. qarTvelebTan

TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades agreTve, sxva dakavebuli gemebis

ukrainelma mezRvaurebmac.

15 martis operaciis Semdeg, amierkavkasiis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, noe

ramiSvilma amierkavkasiis premierministrsa da samxedro ministrs, evgeni

gegeWkors moaxsena: `dRes dilis 6 saaTze samxedro flots Cveni

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Semoertya. Cven davikaveT samxedro floti.

demobilizaciis dekretis Semdeg da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos

gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna daqiravebulTa floti, Cveni mxridan moklulia

praporCiki cagareiSvili, 9 mezRvauri daiWra, yvela mezRvauri daWerilia,

gaparva moaswro erTma naRmosanma, romelic sanapiro cecxliT dazianda, Cven

dagvrCa damxmare kreiseri `karol karli~, erTi naRmosani, ramdenime

gamanadgurebeli da SedarebiT didi raodenobis transporti. zogierTi

amaTgani SeiaraRdeba. damxmare samsaxurisaTvis gankarguleba gaeciT, rom

gamogzavnon matrosebi, oficrebi, pirvel rigSi artileristi oficrebi

aranakleb ocdaaTisa, SeiZleba saxmeleToc. Zalebi sul ufro matulobs.~

male Tavi iCina sazRvao saqmis mcodne qarTveli specialistebis

naklebobam, faqtobrivad ar iyo qarTveli erovnuli kadrebi, romlebic rus

sazRvao oficrebs, Sturmanebs, meqanikosebs Secvlidnen. Aamis gamo, xelSi

Cagdebuli gemebis gamoyeneba gaZnelda, xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda

sagangebo pirobis dadebis Semdeg, cixeSi dakavebuli mezRvaurebi

gaeTavisuflebina da gemebze daebrunebina.

1917 wlis 28 dekembers brest-litovskSi igive brestSi ruseTis

sabWoTa federaciam germaniis imperiasTan da mis mokavSireebTan sazavo

molaparakeba daiwyo, romelic 1918 wlis 3 marts brestis zavis

xelmoweriT dasrulda. am zaviT sabWoTa ruseTma osmaleTis sasargeblod

1878 wlis berlinis traqtatiT miRebul qarTul da somxur miwebze uari

ganacxada. amierkavkasiis xelisuflebam brestis zavi ar cno da osmaleTis

imperiasTan trapizonSi damoukidebeli molaparakeba gamarTa. osmalebma

brestis zavis pirobebis cnoba iTxoves da rodesac uari miiRes, droebiTi

dazaveba daarRvies da am zaviT maTTvis daTmobil teritoriaze SemoiWrnen.

1918 w-is 19 marts baTumSi amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare

evgeni gegeWkori da samxedro sazRvao Zalebis ministri v. gobeCia Cavidnen.

amis Sesaxeb, informacia moTavsebulia gazeT `saqarTvelos~ 24 martis #

65-Si saTauriT `evgeni gegeWkori da v. gobeCia baTumSi~: M`martis 19-s

baTumSi sagangebo matarebliT Cavidnen mTavrobis Tavmjdomare, samxedro

ministri evgeni gegeWkori, sazRvao ministri v. gobeCia da qarTuli jaris

mTavarsardali v. gabaSvili Tavisi StabiT. `aziis~ moedanze ministrs Sexvda

samxedro olqis ufrosi mdivani da flotis ufrosi WavWavaZe, iqve mwkrivad

idgnen qarTuli polkis jariskacebi. gobeCia flotis dasaTvaliereblad

wavida. adre zRvis mekobre mezRvaurTa xelSi myof `karol karls~ zed ar

Seexedeboda ise iyo gamWvartluli da gatalaxianebuli. axla `karol

31

karli~ karg STabeWdilebas tovebs, igi mzad aris sabrZolvelad da kamanda

mxned, movaleobis SegnebiT Sromobs. disciplina samagaliToa~ _ v. gobeCia

mezRvaurebis winaSe sityviT gamovida, ramac maTze didi STabeWdileba

moaxdina.

Ggemebis daTvalierebis Semdeg flotis ufrosad aleqsandre WavWavaZe

dainiSna, romelsac meore rigis kapitnis wodeba mieniWa. Aamis Sesaxeb

brZanebaSi aRniSnulia: `Tavis gamoCenisaTvis TvalsaCino gankargulebisaTvis

da gambedaobisa da mamacobisaTvis ufr. Lleitenant aleqsandre WavWavaZes

meore rigis kapitnoba da Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros gemebis

mTavarsardloba mieniWa~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gemebze dabrunebuli dapatimrebuli mezRvaurebi

pirvel dReebSi met-naklebad emorCilebodnen TavianT meTaurebs da sazRvao

operaciebSic iRebdnen monawileobas. gazeT `saqarTvelos~ 67-e nomerSi aris

rubrika Sav zRvaze, am rubrikis qveS ori werilia moTavsebuli. pirvelSi

`zRvad gasvla~ vkiTxulobT: `sazRvao ministrs v. gobeCias baTumidan 23-s

TariRiT atyobinebdnen: SuadRisas gavel zRvad karlosiT, Tan maxldnen

gamanadgurebeli `afxazi~, `kaxeli~, `guruli~ da `aWareli~. sofel

arxavemdis, xofasTan da arxavesTan SevniSne ramdenime feluga. Aaxalma

kamandam srola ukve icis, karlosi da gamanadgurebelni saRamos cxra

saaTze dabrundnen.~

Aamave rubrikis meore patara werilSi saTauriT `sazvervad gasvla~

vkiTxulobT: `martis 22-Si naSuadRevis 3 saaTze sazvervad gaemgzavrnen

swrafmavalni katenri `guruli~ da `kaxeli~. Mmividnen limanis postamde.

zRvis piras gzaze da napirze mteri ar Segvxvedria, limanisa da makrialis

simaRleebs Sua katerebs TofebiT da tyviamfrqvevebiT srola autexes, Cven

saartilerio cecxliT gavfanteT simaRleze Casafrebulni, srola avutexeT

mtrisgan daWeril limanis posts. zarali ar gvinaxavs. Fflotis ufrosi

WavWavaZe.~

qarTvelebis am da sxva sazRvao operaciebTan dakavSirebiT, germaniis

imperiis divizionis meTaurma fon reber paSvicma imperiis saadmiralo Stabs

acnoba, rom Setevaze gadmosul Turqul SenaerTebs, foTisa da baTumis

mezRvaurebma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies; satorpedo katarRiTa da rusul-

ruminuli warmoSobis kreiseriT maTi poziciebi dabombes. Ees garemoeba

gaxda imis mizezi, rom vexib-faSam* iTxova germanuli javSnosani kreiseris

`gebenis~ miSveleba, magram germaniis mxarem amaze uari ganacxada.

samwuxarod, qarTvelebma ver moaxerxes 15 marts xelSi Cagdebuli

flotis mTlianad SenarCuneba. Ddamxmare kreiseris `karol karlis~ ekipaJze

Zalze cudad moqmedebda is qaosi, romelic 1918 wlis martSi baTumSi

gamefda. maT Zalze aSinebdaT baTumSi gavrcelebuli xmebi sevastopolidan

mosuli bolSevikebis samxedro gemis SurisZiebis Sesaxeb, amitom damxmare

kreiseris ekipaJma 23 marts isargebla flotis sardlis aleqsandre

WavWavaZisa da qarTvel mezRvaurTa ZiriTadi nawilis kreiseridan napirze

32

gasvliT, baTumi datova da rumineTisaken gaemarTa. oTxi dRis Semdeg

damxmare kreiserma rumineTis sanapiroze CauSva Ruza. `karol karlze~

myofi aTamde qarTveli mezRvauri or kviraSi gaaTavisufles da isini

odesis gavliT samSobloSi dabrundnen. imJamad, baTumis bedi mainc xmeleTze

wydeboda. 1918 wlis 15 aprils baTumi daeca. Oosmalebma ver moaxerxes

baTumis navsadgurSi mdgomi gemebis xelSi Cagdeba, radgan xelisuflebam

moaswro am gemebis foTSi gadayvana. amis Semdeg, movlenebi Zalze swrafad

ganviTarda. 1918 wlis 23 aprils amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli respublika

gamocxadda, romelmac erT Tveze cota met xans iarseba da 1918 wlis 26

maiss arseboba Sewyvita. imave dRes, dRis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelom

damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis saqmeSi didi roli germaniam

iTamaSa, romelic osmaleTis agresiis erTaderT Semakavebel Zalas

warmoadgenda. 1918 wlis 28 maiss saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam

germaniis saimperatoro mTavrobasTan ramdenime xelSekrulebas xeli

moawera. maT Soris iyo `SeTanxmeba germaniisTvis yvela gemis gadacemis

Sesaxeb, romlebic saqarTvelos gankargulebaSi imyofeboda~. Aam SeTanxmebis

pirvel muxlSi vkiTxulobT: `saqarTvelos mTavroba saomari periodis

ganmavlobaSi germaniis saimperatoro mTavrobas Tavisufali sargeblobis

uflebiT gadascems saqarTvelos navsadgurebSi myof yvela gems (samgzavro

orTqlmavlebs, sabuqsiro gemebs, katerebs, motorian navebs, da a.S.)~

xelSekrulebis meore muxlis ZaliT iqmneboda faruli adminstraciul-

teqnikuri komisia. SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sedioda xelmoweris droidan. im

gemebis kapitnebs, romelTa gemebic germanelebs gadaecemodaT, eZleodaT

sagegmo droebiTi mowmoba. maTi germaniis samsaxurSi droebiTi gadasvlis

Sesaxeb. am SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos mTavrobas sami

gamanadgurebeli da ori naRmosani darCa, romlebic saqarTvelos samxedro-

sazRvao flotiliis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.

1918 wlis 26 maiss damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos

samxedro da samxedro-sazRvao koncefcia SedarebiT swrafad Seiqmna. 1918

wlis 20 agvistos parlamentma ganixila da daamtkica debuleba

`saqarTvelos samxedro mmarTvelobisa~. debulebis Tanaxmad, qveynis

Tavdacvis saqmis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba samxedro saministros daevala,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi eqvsi ganyofileba Sevida. generalur Stabs eqvsi

seqcia gaaCda, maT Soris, samxedro sazRvao seqciac, romelic samxedro-

sazRvao Zalebs xelmZRvanelobda.

1918 wlis seqtemberSi samxedro-sazRvao seqciis ufrosad pirveli

rangis kapitani verxovski dainiSna, romelic mokle xanSi misma TanaSemwem

podpolkovnikma asaTianma Secvala. 1919 wlis ianvarSi foTis sazRvao

navsadgurisa da gemebis razmis ufrosad aseve flotis yofili sardali

aleqsandre WavWavaZe dainiSna, romelsac am droisaTvis pirveli rangis

33

kapitnis wodeba hqonda. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1919 wlis 15 marts aleqsandre

WavWavaZe samxedro-sazRvao seqciis ufrosad daawinaures.

qarTuli samxedro sazRvao Zalebis pirveli gamocda afxazeTisTvis

brZolaSi moxda. 1918 wlis 8 aprils soxumi bolSevikebma daikaves da

saqarTvelos afxazeTis CamoSorebis safrTxe daemuqra. amis Semdeg, brZola

afxazeTis dasabruneblad ramdenime Tve gagrZelda. samxedro operaciebSi

aqtiur monawileobas sazRvao Zalebic iRebdnen. afxazeTis sanapiroze

jarebis gadayvana ZiriTadad zRvis meSveobiT xdeboda. saomar operaciebSi

aqtiur monawileobas iRebda SeiaraRebuli satransporto gemi `mixeili~ da

ramdenime gamanadgurebeli anu katarRa. am samxedro sazRvao Zalebma

mniSvnelovani daxmareba gauwies general giorgi mazniaSvils, rodesac is

soxumidan salaSqrod Crdilo-dasavleTiT tuafsesken gaemarTa. qarTvelebma

samxedro gemebis daxmarebiT moaxerxes gudauTasTan, gagrasTan gamarjveba da

bolos tuafses dakaveba, sadac navsadgurSi 18 gemi daxvdaT. maTi didi

nawili saqarTvelos gadaeca.

1918 wlis noemberSi germania da misi mokavSireebi pirvel msoflio

omSi damarcxdnen. saqarTveloSi, germaniis jaris nawilebi inglisis Zalis

nawilebiT Seicvala. ingliselebma baTumi da baTumis olqi daikaves da

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sami gamanadgurebeli CamoarTves. darCenili ori

naRmosani qariSxalma gaanadgura, amitom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas

samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis mSeneblobis xelaxla dawyeba mouwia.

1919 wlis 16 marts saqarTvelos samxedro zRvaosnobis istoriaSi

umniSvnelovanesi ambavi moxda. zRvaSi CauSves pirveli qarTuli samxedro

gemi `patara kaxi~. am movlenis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos centralur saistorio

arqivSi ramdenime dokumentia daculi, romelic Tavis droze 1919 wlis 16

marts gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze rubrikiT `saqarTvelos respublikis

pirveli samxedro gemi CauSves~ gamoqveynda. es rubrika ramdenime depeSisagan

Sedgeba. pirvel depeSaSi vkiTxulobT: `samxedro-sazRvao seqciis ufross

pirveli rangis kapitan WavWavaZes. kviras Sedgeba saqarTvelos pirveli

samxedro gemis `patara kaxis~ CaSveba, romelic moiTxovs Tavisi `mama

mezRvauris~ dalocvas. kapitani gogava.~ `mama mezRvaurSi~ aleqsandre

WavWavaZe igulisxmeba, romelic Soreuli naosnobis pirveli qarTveli

kapitani iyo da romelmac, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, qarTuli samxedro

flotiliis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa. meore telegramaSi

vkiTxulobT: `samxedro navsadguris TanaSemwes kapitan gogavas foTSi _

gulwrfelad gilocavT samSoblos gemis CaSvebis pirvel dRes. Rrmad var

darwmunebuli, rom Cveni patara floti SeZlebs Tavisi movaleobis

aRsrulebas samSoblo qveynis winaSe. vimedovnebT, rom `patara kaxze~

aRmarTuli droSa Tavis dReSi arasodes ar daixreba, rogorc misi sexniis

Zlevamosili irakli meoris droSa. kapitani aleqsandre WavWavaZe.~ mesame

telegrama: `samxedro ministrs, asli samxedro-sazRvao seqciis ufross

pirveli rangis kapitans WavWavaZes. soWis asparezis sardals, axalcixis

34

asparezis sardals. dRes am prwyinvale revoluciis wlisTavze moxda

gamanadgureblis `patara kaxis~ CaSveba. M me droebiT miviRe misi sardloba

da misi Semadgenloba saomrad Sevamzade, me da Cem TanaSemweebs da yvela

samxedro mezRvaurs Tuki mogvixdeba Cveni Zvirfasi respublikis dasacavad

wasvla Rrmad gvwams da gvaqvs amayi ufleba, rom Cveni `mama mezRvauris~

`patara kaxis~ pirveli kapitan WavWavaZis beladobiT, rogorc qaraSoti

davesxaT Tavs, viT uragani davamsxvrevT Cvens mters da Cveni `mama

mezRvauris~ sityviT, Cveni droSa `patara kaxze~ arasdros ar daixreba

mowinaaRmdegis winaSe, rogorc ar daixara misi sexniis irakli meoris dros.

mTavari samxedro navsadguris komandiris TanaSemwe da Sturmani kapitani

gogava.~

saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao flotis pirveli nabijebis Sesaxeb

uZvirfases masalas iZleva saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivSi

daculi ori dokumenti.

pirveli dokumenti rusulad Sedgenili angariSia, romlis teqsti

qarTulad mogvyavs: `generaluri Stabis ganyofilebis sazRvao seqcias

emorCileba foTis samxedro navsadguri da saqarTvelos floti.

specialistebis ar arseboba da xan foTis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis da xan

vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministros mier saqmeebSi Careva Zalze

amuxruWebda saqmes. miuxedavad amisa, gasuli wlis bolos moxerxda xuTi

gamanadgureblisa da ori naRmosanisagan patara flotis Seqmna. samwuxarod,

sami sruliad vargisi gamanadgureblis ingliselebisTvis gadacemam Cveni

sazRvao Zalebi dacemamde miiyvana. Aam wlis dasaawyisSi Sav zRvaSi CaSvebul

iqna pirveli qarTuli `patara kaxi~ uaxloes momavalSic CaSvebul iqneba

kidev erTi qarTuli gemi da Tu inglisis sardali dagvibrunebs sam

gamanadgurebels, saxelmwifos eqneba samxedro flotilia, romelic sruliad

sakmarisi iqneba sazRvao sazRvrebis dasacavad~.

ufro srul cnobebs Seicavs aseve rusulad Sedgenili meore sabuTi:

`baTumis dacemis Semdeg, sazRvao saministro gauqmda da am ukanasknelis

funqciebi samxedro saministros sazRvao ganyofilebas gadaeca. sazRvao

ganyofileba pirvel TveebSi amierkavkasiis flotis likvidaciiT iyo

dakavebuli, xolo Semdeg Seudga saqarTvelos flotisa da foTis samxedro

navsadguris Seqmnas. Tavdapirvelad samxedro mezRvaurTa specialistebis

ararsebobam, xolo Semdeg ki samxedro-sazRvao saqmeebSi, xan foTis saqalaqo

TviTmmarTvelobis, xan vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministros Careva

dawyebul saqmes amuxruWebda. mxolod 1918 wlis bolosTvis xuTi

gamanadgureblisa da ori naRmosnisagan SesaZlebeli gaxda patara

flotiliis Seqmna, romelsac Savi zRvis sanapiroze operaciebis dros didi

sargebloba mohqonda, magram 1918 wlis dekemberSi, ingliseli sardlebis

moTxovniT, maTTvis mTavrobis mier sami sruliad karg mdgomareobaSi myofi

gamanadgureblis gadacemis Semdeg, daiwyo Cveni isedac patara flotis

daSla, romelic Zlieri Stormis dros ori naRmosnis daRupvam daasrula.

35

ama wlis ianvridan saministrom foTSi samxedro flotis aRdgena

daiwyo ori-sami sazRvao erTeulis Sesaqmnelad. D male zRvaSi CaSvebul

iqna pirveli qarTuli samxedro gemi `patara kaxi~ da SeiaraRebuli

orTqlmavali `Woroxi~, romlebic, rom ar vilaparakoT maT sargeblobaze

sazRvao mekobreobis winaaRmdeg dazvervisa da jarebis gadayvanis samsaxurs

ewevian. uaxloes momavalSi CaSvebul iqneba kidev erTi gamanadgurebeli

`odiSi~ da Tu ingliselTa sardloba Cven gamanadgurebels dagvibrunebs,

saxelmwifos eyoleba saxelwifo sazRvrebis dasacavad sruliad sakmarisi

samxedro flotilia.

aucilebelia SevniSnoT, rom foTis navsadguris meTauris xSiri cvla

aferxebs samxedro sazRvao saqmis ganviTarebas.~ mimoxilvas xels awers

samxedro-sazRvao seqciis ufrosis movaleobis droebiTi Semsrulebeli

podpolkovniki asaTiani.

saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao Zalebma didi daxmareba gauwies

saqarTvelos saxmeleTo Zalebs denikinis moxaliseTa armiasTan Crdilo-

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi brZolis dros. kerZod, 1919 wlis zafxulSi,

soWis midamoebSi mdgari qarTveli jaris gankargulebaSi gadavida

orTqlmavali gemi `Woroxi.~

1920 wlis ivlisSi ingliselebma saqarTvelo datoves da baTumSi

qarTuli jaris nawilebi Sevidnen. male aq gadmovida qarTuli samxedro

flotiliac. am flotiliis Semadgenolobis Sesaxeb srul warmodgenas

iZleva saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivSi daculi erTi dokumenti.

aq mocemulia saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis oficerTa sia da maTi

daxasiaTeba.Mam droisaTvis flotis sardali iyo pirveli rangis kapitani

TayaiSvili. Mmisi daxasiaTeba aseTia: daasrula petrogradis universitetis

iuridiuli fakulteti. A`flotis iunkerobis dros aicila samxedro

aRricxva. iqmna ayvanili miCmanis xarisxze da gagzavnili baltiis flotSi.

curaobda saomar gemebze am flotSi da Semdeg iqna gadayvanili kaspiis

flotSi, sadac sardlobda samxedro gemebs. revoluciis Semdeg iqna

arCeuli kaspiis flotis sardlad. bolSevikebis (gamarjvebis, T.b.) Semdeg,

miatova samsaxuri da Camovida saqarTveloSi. iyo Tanamdebobebze sazRvao

seqciis ufrosad generaluri Stabis ganyofilebis saqarTvelos respublikis

jarebisa da Semdeg iqna daniSnuli samxedro flotis sardlad.

monawileobas iRebda sxvadasxva omebSi da aqvs oficris giorgis jvari.

1920 wlisaTvis qarTul samxedro-sazRvao flotiliaSi

gamanadgurebeli `fridoni~ Sedioda. mas ufrosi leitenanti CikvaiZe

meTaurobda. CikvaiZem daamTavra quTaisis realuri saswavlebeli da calke

gardemarinis* klasi petrogradSi. msaxurobda gemebze baltiis zRvaSi.

bolSevikebis (gamarjvebis, T.b.) Semdeg, Camovida saqarTveloSi. msaxurobda

sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze samxedro seqciaSi generaluri Stabisa. droebiT

sardlobda samxedro flotiliaSi.~

36

gamanadgureblis `avTandilis~ ufrosi leitenanti iyo WiTanava. igi

msaxurobda matrosad sxvadasxva gemebze Savi, xmelTaSua da baltiis

zRvebze. omis dros muSaobda sxvadasxva samxedro transportebze da `orjer

gadaurCa samxedro avarias~. saqarTveloSi jer kater `muSis~ kapitani iyo,

Semdeg `patara kaxis~ da bolos ki _ `avTandilis~.

gamanadgurebel `tariels~ ufrosi leitenanti lomberiZe meTaurobda.

man xonis eqvsklasiani samoqalaqo saswavlebeli da baqos sazRvao

saswavlebeli daamTavra. mas samgzavro gemebze sxvadasxva Tanamdeboba, mesame

TanaSemwidan pirvel TanaSemwemde, ekava. garkveul periodSi Sav zRvaze

sanapiro razms meTaurobda da Semdeg gamanadgurebel `tarielis~ ufrosad

dainiSna.

gamanadgurebel `patara kaxis~ ufrosis Tanamdebobis movaleobas

leitenanti RoRoberiZe asrulebda. man odesis kadetTa korpusis oTxi

klasi daamTavra. saqarTvelos flotiliaSi sxvadasxva gamanadgureblebze

mezRvaurad msaxurobda da mxolod amis Semdeg gamanadgurebel `patara

kaxze~ ufrosis movaleobis Semsruleblad dainiSna. RoRoberiZe jariskacis

giorgis jvriT iyo dajildoebuli.

`sazRvao gunds~ ufrosi maiori kandelaki meTaurobda. man quTaisis

klasikuri gimnazia da odesis samxedro saswavlebeli daamTavra.

`monawileobas iRebda yvela omebSi dasavleTis frontebze. aqvs yvela

oficris jildo sami vladimiri `meCiT~ da bantiT~. pirveli msoflio omis

damTavrebis Semdeg Cavida azerbaijanSi, sadac sardlobda `javSnosan

matarebels~. Semdeg Camovida saqarTveloSi da `sazRvao gundis~ ufrosad

iqna daniSnuli~.

`sazRvao gundis~ ufrosi oficeri, ufrosi leitenanti grizo iyo. man

`daamTavra Tbilisis klasikuri gimnazia da ori klasi odesis sazRvao

saswavlebelSi. Semdeg is msaxurobda tveris polkSi da monawileobda

dasavleTis frontis brZilebSi. grizom nikolaevSi kavaleriis saswavlebeli

daamTavra da oficris wodeba miiRo. bolSevikebis gadatrialebis Semdeg,

Camovida saqarTveloSi da msaxurobda mcvelTa aTaseulSi, Semdeg ki dainiSna

`sazRvao gundSi~.

samxedro transports _ `merans~ ufrosi leitenanti sixaruliZe

meTaurobda. man `daamTavra sazRvao klasi q. foTSi.Apirveli xarisxis

Sturmanad da irkutskis samxedro saswavlebeli. msaxurobda samxedro gemze

#5003 Sturmanis TanaSemwis Tanamdebobaze. Semdeg daniSnul iqna samxedro

transport `meranis~ ufrosad~.

sazRvao skolis inspeqtorad daniSnuli iyo maiori TayaiSvili. saarqivo

saqmeSi, mis Sesaxeb sabuTebi ar aris.

saqmis mwarmoeblad leitenanti Jvania iqna gamwesebuli. man daamTavra

quTaisis qarTuli gimnazia. swavlobda varSavis universitetSi. daamTavra

Tbilisis samxedro saswavlebeli. amave dokumentSi mocemulia

flotiliisTvis aucilebel mowyobilobaTa sia.

37

rogorc vxedavT, 1920 wlis dasasrulisaTvis saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikas gaaCnda oTxi gamanadgurebeli. sabWoTa ruseTis

dazvervis cnobiT, maT Soris erTi, `patara kaxi~ javSniT SeWedil kreisers

warmoadgenda. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos pirvel respublikas Tavis samxedro-

sazRvao Zalebis ganmtkiceba aRar dascalda, radgan male saqarTvelos

sabWoTa ruseTi daesxa Tavs. saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis

ukanaskneli dReebis Sesaxeb, cnobebi moipoveba giorgi kvinitaZis

mogonebebSi. am mogonebebis mixedviT, 1921 wlis martis dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis saTaveSi kvlav TayaiSvili idga,

xolo Stabis ufrosis movaleobas miqelaZe asrulebda.

baTumSi aleqsandre WavWavaZe TurqeTis agentobis sababiT saqarTvelos

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma noe ramiSvilma daapatimra da mxolod saqarTvelos

mTavasardlis kvinitaZis moTxovniT iqna gaTavisuflebuli. misi `danaSauli,~

albaT, is iyo, rom igi `arasodes eTanxmeboda mmarTvel wreebs sazRvao

uwyebis warmarTvisas~.

giorgi kvinitaZis mogonebebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos flotiliis

gamanadgureblebi 1920 wlis 18 marts satransporto gemebze miabes da

`mariasa~ da `vestasTan~ erTad, saqarTvelodan konstantinopolSi

(stambulSi) gaiyvanes. ase tragikulad daasrula saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis flotiliam Tavisi arseboba.

zemoT moyvanil siaSi sazRvao skolis inspeqtori TayaiSvili im

samxedro-sazRvao skolis ufrosi iyo, romelic foTSi 1918 wels daarsda.

foTSi pirveli sazRvao saswavlebeli 1881 wels gaixsna. man 1918

wlamde iarseba da am wlis pirvel agvistos daixura. saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, samxedro-sazRvao flotis gemebis

araqarTveli specialistebis nawilma, foTi miatova da TavianT samSoblos

miaSura. dRis wesrigSi dadga aseTi specialistebis mosamzadeblad

specialuri saswavleblis gaxsnis sakiTxi. quTaisis saxelmwifo arqivSi

SemorCenilia erTi saqme, romelic aseTi skolis gaxsnas exeba. am saqmis

mixedviT irkveva, rom 1918 wlis 28 agvistos foTis navsadguris ufrosma

javaxovma (javaxiSvili) telegrafiT mimarTa saqarTvelos vaWrobisa da

mrewvelobis ministrs Juruls da foTSi zRvis saWiroebisaTvis sazRvao

kursebis gaxsna SesTavaza, romelic gemis `wamyvanebs~ moamzadebda. im drois

pirobebis Sesabamisad, saqme Zalze swrafad warimarTa. skolis moswavleTa

ricxvi 30-iT ganisazRvra. mas foTis Suquris Senoba gamoeyo, xolo

Suquris meTvalyure kostiukovi imavdroulad saswavleblis ufrosadac

dainiSna. maswavleblebi iyvnen eqimi miqaberiZe, II klasis meqanikosi

govorovski da fizika-maTematikuri fakultetis kursdamTavrebulebi:

marinovski da mixalevski. moswavleebs swavlis qira 200 rubli unda

SeetanaT. moswavleTa erTi nawili samxedro samsaxuris oficrebi iyvnen,

romlebic saswavlebelSi samxedro saministrom gaagzavna. male aucilebeli

gaxda, rom foTis samxedro-sazRvao saswavlebels Tavisi gemi hyoloda.

38

saTanado komisiam am mizniT, foTis portSi mdgari erTialqniani gemi

SearCia, romelic Sesabamisad SekeTda. rogorc irkveva, skolam mokle xanSi

did warmatebas miaRwia. gazeT `saqarTvelos~ 1920 wlis 14 oqtombers

gamoqveynebuli werilis mixedviT, am skolam 1920 wlis zafxulSi `gagzavna

Tavisi Segirdebi sazRvargareT gemebze praqtikis misaRebad Sturmanebis,

bocmanebis, matrosebis da sxva movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad da am skolis

Segirdebi dRes dacuraven gemiT farTo okeanis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.~

samwuxarod, 1921 wlis Teberval-martis ambebma am saswavleblis bedi

mTlianad Secvala. saqarTveloSi bolSevikebis Semosvlis Semdeg, foTis

samxedro saswavlebeli baTumSi gadaiyvanes. mis meTaurad aleqsandre

WavWavaZe dainiSna. baTumidan es saswavlebeli mokle xanSi petrogradSi

gadavida. amis Semdeg, Soreuli naosnobis pirveli qarTveli kapitnis da

saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao flotiliis pirveli sardlis aleqsandre

WavWavaZis kvali qreba. is bolSevikuri teroris dros ugzo-ukvlod

daikarga.

39

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *

aTina _ sazRvao punqti samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.

arqabe _ zRvispira punqti samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.

arxave _ sazRvao punqti samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.

gardemarini _ mefis ruseTSi ewodeboda sazRvao akademiis ufros

kursels, romelic samxedro-sazRvao flotSi praqtikas gadioda.

gonia _ dRevandeli gonios Zveli saxelwodeba.

vali _ didi provinciis, vilaeTis mmarTveli TurqeTis igive osmaleTis

imperiaSi.

vexib-faSa _ osmaleTis (TurqeTis) imperiis didi veziri XVIII s-is

pirvel meoTxedSi.

viwe _ zRvispira punqti samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi.

kabotaJi _ komerciuli naosnoba erTi da igive qveynis portebs Soris.

kafudan faSa _ TurqeTis samxedro-sazRvao flotis meTauris tituli.

kimerielebi _ momTabare tomebi, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi

Crdilo zRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen. Zv.w. VII saukuneSi kimerielebma

warmatebiT ilaSqres samxreT kavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi.

novela _ am SemTxvevaSi bizantiis imperatoris mier gamocemul kanons

ewodeba.

sanskriti _ uZvelesi induri ena.

troa _ igive ilioni; uZvelesi qalaq-saxelmwifo mcire aziaSi,

dardanelis srutis aRmosavleT sanapiroze; amis Sesaxeb cnobebi

homerosis poema `iliadam~ Semogvinaxa.

qafiri _ am SemTxvevaSi qristians aRniSnavs.

quTaisis kaza _ kaza TurqulSi mcire teritoriuli administraciuli

erTeulis saxelwodebaa. quTaisis kaza im administraciul erTeuls

ewodeboda, romelSic XVIII s-is dasawyisSi osmaleTis xelisuflebam

quTaisi da misi mimdebare teritoria gaaerTiana.

yadi _ mosamarTle muslimanur qveynebSi.

Sardeni _ XVII saukunis frangi mogzauri da vaWari.

Sxuna _ mcire zomis gemis saxelwodeba.

xeTebi _ uZvelesi xalxebi.

40

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• T. beraZe _ zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1981.

• n. gelovani _ saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao flotis istoriidan

(1918-1920); ,,mxedari’~, 1992, #2.

• saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivis masalebi.

41