Samuelson i Pel

download Samuelson i Pel

of 10

Transcript of Samuelson i Pel

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    1/10

    Paul A. Samuelson [ Ideological Profiles of the Economics Laureates ]Daniel B. Klein and Ryan Daza Econ Journal Watch 10(3), September 2013: 561-569

    AbstractPaul A. Samuelson is among the 71 individuals who were awarded the Sveriges

    Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel between 1969 and 2012. This ideological profile is part of the project called The Ideological Migration of the

    Economics Laureates, which fills the September 2013 issue of Econ Journal Watch .

    KeywordsClassical liberalism, economists, Nobel Prize in economics, ideology, ideological

    migration, intellectual biography.

    JEL classification A11, A13, B2, B3

    Link to this documenthttp://econjwatch.org/file_download/763/SamuelsonIPEL.pdf

    http://econjwatch.org/articles/ideological-profiles-of-the-economics-laureateshttp://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-10-issue-3-september-2013http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-10-issue-3-september-2013http://econjwatch.org/file_download/763/SamuelsonIPEL.pdfhttp://econjwatch.org/file_download/763/SamuelsonIPEL.pdfhttp://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-10-issue-3-september-2013http://econjwatch.org/articles/ideological-profiles-of-the-economics-laureates
  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    2/10

    Roth, Alvin E . 2007. %GM>KO >P R F K HK . NER 12. BBC Radio 4 ( HG HG).Link

    Roth, Alvin E . 2010. KD>M >L @G: G >KLM G G@ KD>ML >EE !GHN@ MH" Q >F >G >RiK> BKHD>G. N F LL HG MH SBE 2020: Future Research in the Social, Behavioral, & Economic Sciences . >IM>F >K 8. * M HG E < >G"HNG M HG (AKE G@MHG, .)Link

    Roth, Alvin E . 2012. %GM>KO >P R MM HKK LHG. Los Angeles Times , *HO>F >K 14: A19. Link

    Paul A. SamuelsonR G >E B. 'E> G G R G S

    BHKG G # KR, %G G , NE FN>ELHG (1915d2009) P LH M >@>G>K M HG H > R M > #K> M >IK>LL HG. > K> E> HG M > I>K H : fA M>K1929 M P L M > LMNK R F E> L, G GHM NLM M > ENFI>G IKHE>M K M, P H P>K>HPG G HNM. %M P L GHM EE M M NG L HG E> HK LK>INM E> MH > GDKNIM.BR M > E LM HHO>K R> KL, M > LM M>L G EH< E M >L KNG HNM H FHG>R HK K>E%G F E>- @ HK HH L E D> F G>, RHN G M M > HHK,LD G@ R FHNM HK P M GHM> HK F>, JN KM>K, HK IHM MH: L R G@, G >E >O E> L HG, P> K> LM KO G@g ( FN>ELHG 1985, 6). FN>ELHG ML LI K>GML HK L >M < E HNMEHHD:

    AEM HN@ IHL M O LM < G ERL L H P M M > KR FHO> L G >K> L G>O>KK KHF FR LL >M HNM.G> L L FIE> >HEH@R M M OHKL M > NG >K H@ G (HM >K M G@L

    >JN E) HKL G>JN E MR.% M D> GH M HK M L FHK E LM G. R I K>GML P>K> fE >K ELg

    ( G M > AF>K < G L>GL> H M > PHK , GHM G M > !NKHI> G f G< >LM>K< HHEg L>GL>), G % P L G M M @>G>K E Weltanschauung .%M L G > LR M MH >K> MH. >G FR G < F> MH K L> HO>M > F> G, GH @N EM MM < > MH M M. *HK P L M >K> P R EE FR >QMK >O> LMK G@>KL: FR I K>GML

    PHNE O> M HN@ M F> M MH H LH, G G>NKHM < MH MHLL M G @ M HKGHM O G@ HG> LH. HF> I>KLHG E H E @ M HG HK LMK NM O> NLM E >K EL H >QI>FL>EO>L; NM P M L K FHK> FIHKM GM M G < K MR L MH P> @ M M > K < >G

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    3/10

    >JN MR, P >G>O>K IN E < IHE K>JN MR.( FN>ELHG 1983, 5)

    AM @> 16, FN>ELHG >@ G L NG >K@K N M> LMN >L M M > G O>KL MR H C < @H. FN>ELHG K> E> HG L >QI>K >GL M >K>:

    % >@ G M > LMN R H >>M > PHKE , P L G >>I >IK>LL HG, M HN@ M L GHM JN M> R>M GR H M > HHDL LL @G> MH F> M M > G O>KL MR H C < @H. c + ER, >O>G M HN@ M > HNML > PHKE H M > 1930L P L> G@ PK R G L G@ H E>LLG>LL G >QLL < I < MR, GC < @H M P L > LR E> KG G@ IK>-'>RG>L G > . > G E> M > L MN M HG R > G@ L< SH-I K>G ELHG 1985, 5)

    > :

    A KM M D>L L K>E @ HG L>K HNLER. "KHF @> 16 MH 19 % P L INSSE> .% DG>P M >K> P>K> GH H L. KHN@ HNM FR @> < K>>K % > KG>>Q E O>K G@ ENQNKR KN ML, NM %

    P L GHM < EE> G O>KL MR E F>GM >KO GH E> LHK F> MH INKLN>. >HIE> P H LM EE >E M > K H L P>K> ENP M. HP G F KD>M- K G@ FH >E? EK L- > K>NI K @FL, E D> KL EE-C LL>E I K @FL, O> GH KHHF G M >F HKEN KL E M>K, '>RG>Li IKHIHL EM M FHG>R P @> K M>L > L M >R P>K> fLM K >LM P >>E G MHPG. BNM M M >M F> % PHKD> >LI>K M>ER MH M EE M L GMH FR F. %G>LI K % K < M> M > RIHM >L L M M I>HIE> EK> R HG M > H FNLMO> >O>EHI> LI>< E LD EEL M M F > M >F FHK> O EN E> MH M > K

    >FIEHR>KL M G M > NG>FIEHR> EM>KG M O>L P>K>. ( FN>ELHG 1985,6)

    FN>ELHG K> O> L < >EHKiL >@K>> KHF M > G O>KL MR H C < @HG 1935, G L F LM>KiL >@K>> G 1936 G . . G 1941, HM KHF KO K

    G O>KL MR. > >< F> IKH >LLHK M % R @> 25. FN>ELHG PHG M > *H >EK S> G 1970 HK fM > L< >GM < PHKD M KHN@ P < > L >O>EHI> LM M < GRG F < >E>O>EH G ERL L

    >G.g

    ECON JOURNAL WATCH

    jump to navigation table jump to navigation table + ! 10, * B! 3, ! ! B! 2013 562

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    4/10

    FN>ELHG HNG LHENM HGL G H G RG K '>RG>LiL PHKD G >< F>HG> H M > FHLM LNGML H '>RG>L G >HKR, M KHN@

    HM L IHE ER NL> NG >K@K N M> >ELHG, K>@ K G@ M > FI RG>L G>OHENM HGg NIHG M HL> H NL KHN@ M NI G M > HKM H HQ MK M HG.

    M >@ GG>KL MH R H M>G K>@ K L MK M> G H O HNL P L MH NLINSSE G@, GHO>E, G >K>M < E. c

    > #>G>K E >HKR < N@ M FHLM >K M > @> H

    35 P M M > NG>QI> O KNE>G H L> L> KLM MM < F M G@ G LHE M> MK > H HNM > LE G >KL. !RHG 50 MNKG> HNM MH > JN M> FFNG> MH M > EF>GM. M M F>,FHLM >MP>>G >@ G MH KNG M > >O>K, H M>G P M HNMDGHP G@ HK F MM G@ M > K General Theory P L GHM M EE E D> M M H '> ML HG KLM EHHD G@ GMH C IF GiLHF>K. *H L E>GM P M< >K, %, NIHG I> D G K >G. R K> >EE HG@ GLM ML IK>M>GL HGL PHNE O> >>G M> >QIM HK G NG> LR

    K> E S M HG M M % GHM M EE NG >KLM G P M M P L HNM. AG %M GD % F @ O G@ P R GH L>ML P >G % LHE>FGER O>KeNIHG M >

    L L H O O I>KLHG E K> >EL> G C F K @>,LL < NL>MML, K> EER DG>P P M M P L HNM HK LHF> 12 MH 18FHGM L M>K ML IN E < M HG. %G >> , NGM E M > II> K G H M >F M >F M < E FH >EL H > >, G@>, K> LK> LHGMH >E >O> M M '>RG>L FL>E GHMMKNER NG >KLM G LHPGG ERL L.

    " L HG EP RL IE RL G FIHKM GM KHE> G >G;G>P M > mode G M >G K> pass . A O>G> M>FIM> MH LI> L MH P >M >K < >F < LE >JN E K M G@: P >M >K LL>KM HG, K>IER, G K> H G >K H GHM K>IK>L>GMG HL< EE M G@ O>K@>GM L>K >L, G P < eMH JNHM> "K GD 'G @ MiL< K K S M HG H LH< HEH@Ref M ED K O>L HNM @HH .g

    %G M L < L>, @K N EER G @ GLM > OR K>L LM G, M >K> E S M HG @K>P M M M M M >G>P G ERL L H effective >F G LLH< M>

    P M M > General Theory P L GHM MH IKHO> LN< I LL G@ , M M >K>G >> P L I KM H fM > P O> H M > NMNK>.g L FIK>LL HG P L

    IDEOLOGICAL PROFILES OF THE ECONOMICS LAUREATES

    jump to navigation table jump to navigation table + ! 10, * B! 3, ! ! B! 2013563

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    5/10

    R M > K I MR P M P < !G@E L >K M GM HL> M C F K @>, MHHD NI M > G>P #HLI>E: >.@., KKH , > >,

    G HM >KL M +Q HK ; G LM EE FHK> LNKIK L G@ER, M > RHNG@ E >L MM > London School E D> ' E HK, >KG>K, G P H M > K

    R>D G @ KF>GML G H G> G M > LP F. ( FN>ELHG1946, 187-188)

    FN>ELHG >L FL>E L > G@ f G M > K @ M P G@ H M > >FHP > E > G G >ELHG PKHM> f%H GHM I>K O> M M FR O EN>- N @F>GM >HEH@R L < G@> LRLM>F M < EER L GM > @> H 25g ( FN>ELHG 1983, 6).

    < >E S>G >K@, EE FK MM G, G AKHG #HMM>LF G O> >LFN>ELHGiL >< L HG HG P >K> MH M> < G P R:

    >H HK> < NEMS, M >G < KF G H M > !GM MM > G O>KL MR H C < @H, LHN@ M FN>ELHG L K E G MHM > L< HHEiL E LL>S K> I EHLHI R. < NEMSiL K@NF>GM MH NE P L>GM < G@: f >iEE O> MPH E> G@ F G L H >K>GM I EHLHI < E>GMeRHN G EMHG "K > F Ge G M M P EE > KN M NE.g NE M>EELNL M M > O>K EER M > H >K G M EER, NM < G@> L F GMP>GMR HNK HNKL E M>K, > K G@ M M M > IHL M HG PHNE HK F MHK E G "K > F G R HIM G@ E> M LM HI G HGL M M > GiMNEER @K>> P M . FN>ELHG KER > G> FL>E L GMK LM, K M >KM G G OH< M> H K @ M- HK E> M-P G@ I EHLHI R. AELH, > K>L LM>K>JN>LML R HKF>K K>L >GML H G ". '>GG> R G RG HG B.

    H GLHG MH H G M > CHNG< E H ! L , f GM > EHG@-KNG M > > HGER g ( FN>ELHG 1962). AELH, R LM G< G@ FL>E KHF IHE M fL HML L M >R K> EER II> K MH>.g ( S>G >K@ >M E. 2007, 4)

    %G 1960 GM>KO >P, FN>ELHG L : f% G>O>K EHHD NIHG M > #HO>KGF>GML LHF>M G@ G L G@MHG M M H>L LHF>M G@ MH NL HK HK NL. % M GD H IN E HNK KL, G LH % H GHM M GD M L I KM H L< E K>LIHGL E MR G FHG>M KR-IHE LIHGL E MR MH > LGM> P M M

    LHKM H NG>FIEHRF>GM P> G M > IK>P K >< >, G P M M > LHKM H >QN >K GMHHFL E> G@ MH L G I G M KHN@ HNM M > LMHKR H HNK< I M E LM LRLM>Fg ( FN>ELHG 1960, 55). FN>ELHG OH > K> P L L >GML G @HO>KGF>GM @>G< >L. AO G LQ M >LL FN>ELHG L O G@ >>G f G I KM < I GM G IHE M>L,

    I>K IL FHLM FIHKM GMER M KHN@ L

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    6/10

    AEM HN@ FN>ELHG GHM L>> L O >PL L < G@ G@ G NG F>GM E P R, FN>ELHG P L G EN>G R KM G E > >QI>K >GL, G M >K> F @ M >

    LHF> @KHNG L HK L R G@ M M G L E M>K R> KL > ENK< > M G M > K E K>G < >F >EM IK>LLNK> G M > K , FN>ELHGL > E> KG> fM > I>K EL H HG>->FIEHR>K LH< >MR. c H F> M L >< F> G>PER I>K O> K@NF>GM, GHM LH FN< HK E LL>S K> < I M E LF L, HK M > mixed >ELHG 1983, 6, >FI L L G HK @ G E ). L M G @HO>KGF>GM L @ ER GM>KO>GM HG LM >L E> MH I>K HKF P>EEG M > LN L>JN>GM >< >L ( > GLM> G 2009). > PKHM> G 1983: f R >G GLD>IM < LF HNM M > @HO>KGF>GM HPG>KL I H M > F> GL H IKH N> < E>L G >G>OHE>G,NM K M >K L K>LIHGL> MH M > M>LM FHGR H IKHE >K M G@ K> E-PHKE >QI>K >G( FN>ELHG 1983, 6).

    M EE, G 1999, FN>ELHG >E HK M> L FIM HK E >KM K G LF:

    > KL @H < K CKHLLF G > M> The God That Failed , P HL>< IM>KL K>IHKM M > L EENL HGF>GM H HG> MKN> >E >O>K M>K GHM >KG M > IKHF L> H KQ G IKHI >< >L NG >K M > FI E HK M>HG M M @H M M E> . HK> K>E>O GM MH M >IK>L>GM FHF>GMH @EH E >MRI>. % FLI> D G@ HNM M > @H H INK> libertarian < I M E LF. ( FN>ELHG 1999,30)

    > :

    % K M HG E >QI>- HNG FHG LM < FHG>M K LF K>K> E LM < G IHM>GM HL, M >G M > @H H E >KM K G E LL>S- K>K> @GL GM R L R, E>M HG> LMHKF I G < RHN GMH GR F EO>L P EE EE>@> ER FN E> M KHN@ G , >-L >L, F M < EER >KF IK E>O>ELK M >K M G LNLM G E> F FIEHRF>GM I MM>KGL. H ML K@N> .

    +NML > M > L>F G K KHHFL, FHO>KL G L D>KL K> >G G M > K M M M M > @H H E >KM K G E LL>S- K> < GGHM

    E. NE HEK G AE G #K>>GLI GL sic NM NEER I R E I L>KO MH M > G >I>G >GM GMK E GD H E>KIE M>, NMeE D> K. HHE>RiLNIK>F> CHNKM, P < f HEEHPLg M > >E>MNKGLe G 1982, 1987,1998, HEK G #K>>GLI G O> L HPG IKHI>K E HH L >O>G P >G (M) K>F G> I < M M M > KNFHK

    IDEOLOGICAL PROFILES OF THE ECONOMICS LAUREATES

    jump to navigation table jump to navigation table + ! 10, * B! 3, ! ! B! 2013565

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    7/10

    L MKN> M M M > KDL M M > G>P ("K GD NKM) C>GMK E !NKHI> G B GD K> NK HNLER E> G G@ !G@E L M B>KE MS G @ M L< HHE L G E>MM G@

    M > K BNG >L GD #>KF G KNLM.% K HNL GHM>. R O> M > K M HG E >QI>GER MNKG> JN >M? > EE L G M > GM, G HM >K FIHKM GM *>P CE LL < E

    < HHE. AK> HK@ G S> F KD>ML macro-efficient GL > H FH >KG F Q>>L, L M HL> >L actually K>? M F D>L M >F LH?

    M D>>IL M >F LH? AK> L>E - NE EE G@ fK M HG Eg N E>L ( P R KHFf NG F>GM E LMLi O EN>g) FIHLL E>? +K IHLL E>? AG P M P MIE NL E> M >HKR HNM E > M E>L H N E>Li >QI> NK M HG?( FN>ELHG 1999, 32)

    A New York Times H MN KR H FN>ELHG L RL M M, EM HN@ FN>ELHG P KG> @ GLM @HO>KGF>GM @>MM G@ MHH @ MH > < >GMER K>LIHG MH LH< >M> >E >O> M M fGH L>K HNL IHE M < E HK >K PHNE K> >NG F>GM E '>RG>L G > M M >G>OHE>GM >FHKGF>GM FNLM H

    P M M < G MH O>KM > G K> L M > K>> F KD>ML < GGHM. *> M >@HO>KGF>GM EHG> GHK M > F KD>ML EHG>, > L , KO> M > IN E < P>E K>

    P M HNM >EI KHF M > HM >Kg ( > GLM> G 2009). AEHG@ M HL> E G>L, M > Economist H MN KR H FN>ELHG L :

    FN>ELHG IIKHO> H F LL O> @HO>KGF>GM LI>G G@ MH >EI G>L< I> KHF K>LL HG P >G FHG>M KR IHE . >G M > + F F G LMK M HG GMKH N NLM M M LHKM H LM FNENL M L R> K, I KMER HG M > O H K FN>ELHGiL G>I >P,KKR NFF>KL, P H L K + F iL < > >K, > P L

    JN . (!ELHG P L GM>KIK>M>R LHF> L IKHFHM G@ IKHM>ELHG K>MHKM> : f!LM >HKR MH@>M >K I>KLN > F> M M E> O G@ HK > MK > IHE < >L P EE FHLM E D>ER K> N NMNK> @KHPM G P>EE > G@ G HMO G G E>LL IKH N K>@ HGL H M > PHKE . KHM>> L

    FHGHIHER, ELHG 2005, 242).KD DHNL>G L MK < G@>L G M > FHNL M>QM HHD NM HK> R

    FN>ELHG (1LM > ., 1948), G E M>K FN>ELHG G EE F . *HK NL (19M> ., 2010). DHNL>G G L: f >GMER, FN>ELHG G @K N EER L M> KHF GM M K M MH IKHL O G@L IHE < >L, KHF > < M LI>G G@

    ECON JOURNAL WATCH

    jump to navigation table jump to navigation table + ! 10, * B! 3, ! ! B! 2013 566

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    8/10

    MH L< E K>LMK GM, G KHF L< E IHE M KR IHE >KELHG P L GM>KO >P> R ' K>G %EL> HKG G NG> 2007. %G M >GM>KO >P, FN>ELHG L RL:

    BR G E K@>, @EH E S M HG L >EI> HM C G G M > . BNMM > IH GM L M M M > P GG>KL G M > K> O>KR NG E G @KHNI.%G M > HE *>P > E RL, P M K>L >GML "K GDE G . HHL>O>EM,KKR KNF G, H G ". '>GG> R, RG HG H GLHG, M > @HO>KGF>GM

    PHNE O> F > M > P GG>KLeP M M > NL> H M > M Q LRLM>F G M >>QI>G MNK> LRLM>FeL K> LHF>H M > K P GG G@L, LH M MIHM>GM EER,>O>KR H R >MM>K H . HP>O>K, M >K> L @ < G@> G FR NG >KLM G G@: HGER MH E F M> >@K>> < G RHN M D> F KD>M LRLM>F

    G FIKHO> HG M R @HO>KGF>GM NR-HNM. ( FN>ELHG 2009 , 52) >G HKG LDL, fAG P R LGiM LM M> GM>KO>GM HG @HH K>F> R?g FN>ELHGL:

    G> L GHM M > R>D G K@NF>GM M M M PHNE MNKG MHM E M K G. HF>, EE H GM LMHKR NLM L HPL M M RHN H M M, L G P> >G,RHN D EE M > @HHL> M M E RL M >@HE >G >@@L. HN< G K>KR E F M> >@K>>. > K> E MKHN E> P M M > FH >KG PHKEKHF G >M < E O >PIH GM L GHM G HM E D> K>L >GM #>HK@> .BNL HK F> G @NR E D> K>L >GM < K * QHG, MiL M > >E>.

    > FHK> P> @>M P R KHF M > #K> M >IK>LL HG, P >G >O>KR H R >EM P> M > L F> IKH E>FL G G>> H FNMN E K> LLNK G , GKHF M > fG>LL KR P Kg, HKE K %%, M > FHK> M > >E> GHEHG@>K L EMKN LF. BNM RHN < GiM NLM LI>E M > >E>, L M >#>KF G IE RPK @ M B>KMHEM BK>< M GHM> L K< LM < EER. >M, M L>FI L L NIHG M > E F M> FIKHO>F>GML M M RHN < G F D> P M G FH >KG >FH G FR M GD G@. > HM >KM G@ M M L < G@> L M M >< NL> H I G G G@ IHK> GHG@ 'HG@ G P G, M > > G< >GM MK M HG H FR M>QM HHD L >K>GM HG> KHF M > HG> H M > GM > M HG.%G M HL> RL, M > "HKMNG> 500 L F> LNK> H HE @HIHER IHP>K P < M >R P>K> HK MH L K> P M M > MK > NG HGL. >EE, GM > F> GM F>, M > MK > NG HGL K> @HG> G AF>K < , >QIM G >P EH< E S M HGL G G @HO>KGF>GM. > O> K>LNEM L M M P> K> FN< FHK> E D> G RiL E P L MN M HG. AEE M M

    IDEOLOGICAL PROFILES OF THE ECONOMICS LAUREATES

    jump to navigation table jump to navigation table + ! 10, * B! 3, ! ! B! 2013567

  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    9/10

    KL HG MH M > L>JN E K NF LRLM>F, GMH '>RG>L G LF, L>>FL GHEHG@>K NL> NE MH F>. ( FN>ELHG 2009 , 52-53)

    %G JN>LM HGG K> M M HKG F G LM>K> MH FN>ELHG G M > HM >KE NK> M>L M M L > GM>KO >P> , L > LD> , Please name a politician that you admire for his/her good hand in economic policy , MH P < FN>ELHG GLP>K> : "K GDE G >E GHHHL>O>EM. H HKGiL JN>LM HG, In your mind, what has been the most misleading theoretical approach in economics? , FN>ELHG GLP>K> : >KM K G LF ( HKG 2009, 265).

    %G HK>PHK MH L HKM 2009 > M> OHENF> HG "K GELHGe G L F KD> HG R>D G "K > F G:

    NE@ K > M>KL NL> MH K@N> HNM P H P L M > @K> M>LM MP>GM >MGMNKR >O M ER '>RG>L < F> NI. "HK K > I>K HM >K> P LM >K >G R>D G '>RG>L. M

    P L NLM > HK> R>D P>GM GMH P M F PHKE > 1970iL, P >G MK NFI GM '>RG>L-G LF P L EHL G@ >LM>>F, FHG>M K LM EMHG "K > F G P L IK L> G

    M > NG R G>PLI I>KL L '>RG>LiL LNI>K HK. AE L, 1960 "K > F GiL O>KL HG H 1911 " L >K G> = G M > >G O G GH G>P NG >KLM G G@ H > M >K LM @ E M HG HK F ELHG 2009 , )

    > K> P K> H MPH MPH IN E M M HGLL @G> R FN>ELHG,HG> HIIHL G@ M > #>HK@> . BNL M Q K >G HKL G@ H G'>KKR HK IK>L >GM GM >>E> >G@K>G >M E. 2010).

    References

    Crossman, Richard , > . 1949. TheGod That Failed: A Confession . *>P HKD: KI>K& BKHM >KL.

    Dixit, Avinash . 2012. NE FN>ELHGiL >@ ELHG: > LM H M > #K> M #>G>K E ! HG >F >K 13M , A@> 94. The Economist , >F >K 17. Link

    Hedengren, David, Daniel B. Klein, and Carrie Milton . 2010. !M M HGL: % >HEH@R >O> E> . Econ Journal Watch 7(3): 288-319.Link

    Horn, Karen Ilse . 2009. Roads to Wisdom: Conversations with Ten Nobel Laureates in Economics . C >EM>G F, ': ! P K !E@ K.

    ECON JOURNAL WATCH

    jump to navigation table jump to navigation table + ! 10, * B! 3, ! ! B! 2013 568

    http://www.princeton.edu/~dixitak/home/PASLegacy2_WP.pdfhttp://www.economist.com/node/15127616http://econjwatch.org/articles/economist-petitions-who-is-signing-whathttp://econjwatch.org/articles/economist-petitions-who-is-signing-whathttp://www.economist.com/node/15127616http://www.princeton.edu/~dixitak/home/PASLegacy2_WP.pdf
  • 8/12/2019 Samuelson i Pel

    10/10

    Keynes, John Maynard . 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money .HG HG: . 1992. B H@K I R H NE A. FN>ELHG. %G Nobel Lectures: Economic Sciences 19691980, 57-61. G@ IHK>: HKE < >GM < N E L G@ CHFI GR. Link

    Samuelson, Paul A . 1946. HK '>RG>L G M > #>G>K E >HKR. Econometrica 14(3): 187-200.

    Samuelson, Paul A . 1948. Economics: An Introductory Analysis . *>P HKD: LL >LL HGL. U.S. News & World Report 49(26): 52-58.

    Samuelson, Paul A . 1962. ! LMHKR H % > L. American Economic Review 52(1): 1-18.

    Samuelson, Paul A . 1983. R > EHLHI R. American Economist 27(2): 5-12.Samuelson, Paul A . 1985. NG %EL> HKG. %G Roads to Wisdom: Conversations with Ten Nobel Laureates in Economics R HKG, 43-57.C >EM>G F, ': ! P K !E@ K.

    Samuelson, Paul A . 2009 . "HK>PHK MHFranco Modigliani: Peerless Twentieth Century Macroeconomist , > . '. NMM LP F . !G >E , *. .: %LE> N E L G@ CHFI GR.

    Samuelson, Paul A., and William D. Nordhaus . 2010. Economics , 19M > .BHLMHG: >KL>O>K G H NE FN>ELHGiL !