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Tropical Forest Tenure Assessment: Status, Trends and Implications for Central Africa
Samuel NguiffoSecretary General
Centre pour l'Environnement et le Development Cameroun
Yaounde25 May 2009
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Tenure distribution of Tropical Forests, 2008
65%
4%
18%
13%
Public: Administered by government Public: Designated for use by communities & indigenous peoples
Owned by communities & indigenous peoples Owned by individuals & firms
Source: RRI, 2009
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Why this matters today?
• Capacity of the state to effectively manage• Tensions/conflicts over land and resources are rising throughout the world
• Low economic development in rural areas and nationally in many high forest countries
• Environmental degradation and the global climate
• Government ownership of forest contradicts trend to decentralize
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Progress just starting in Africa
Latin America Asia & Pacific
Africa
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Industrial concessions dominate African forests
Comparison of the area of industrial concessions and community forest land in the Central African ITTO Producer countries
0 20 40 60 80
Designated forand Owned byCommunities
and IndigenousPeople
ConcessionAreas
Millions of hectares
Industrial logging
Mining
Other (including oil and gas)
Designated for communities andindigenous peopleOwned by community andindigenous people
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Why it matters for Central Africa
• Enormity of potential (vast forest resources)• There is enough for everyone, little potential for communities causing harm to land and resources
• Rush from foreign countries for forests, mining & plantations that is likely to cause problems in this context: conflict, pollution, rights abuses
• Rural poverty has increased in the last ten years in all Central African countries
• REDD presents potential benefits, but requires clear tenure
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Scaling up reform is possible, and experiences exist to build on
• Amazon Basin versus Congo Basin: It will take 260 years at today’s rate for Congo Basin to reach the Amazon Basin’s level of community forest ownership
• If Congo Basin moves at the speed of the Amazon it will only take 16 years…
• Can learn from Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Mozambique, Tanzania, India, Canada, Sweden, Finland, China, etc.
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Examples of reform
• 20 countries over past 10 years have made legal and policy reforms to strengthen the rights of forest communities; 8 of these countries are in Africa
• Brazil– Once behind now leading the way in recognizing forest community rights
• Mozambique– developed participatory policy making and implementation
• Tanzania– Village land acts and PFM programs
• India– Forest Rights Act makes advances on JFM and gives more authority and land
rights to local groups• Central Africa:
– Over the past 10 years, increased actions to support and implement community forestry in Central Africa: Cameroon, Rep of Congo; Gabon; CAR.
• Challenges still exist, but the first steps have been taken
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Mozambique: Recognizing tenure rights based on historic use and occupation
– Peace Agreement (1992)
– Elections (1994)
– Return process (1993‐1994 onwards)
– Ad hoc Land Commission (1993)
– Research (1992 – 2004)
– Land policy (1995)
– Inter‐Ministerial Land Commission (1996 ‐ 2003)
– Participatory development process ‐ Land Law (1996 ‐ 1997)
– Land Campaign and land law dissemination (1998 ‐1999)
– Regulations to the Land Law (1998)
– Technical Annex for community land registration (1998 ‐1999)
– Community land registration (1999 onwards)
– Provincial support to land policy implementation (Zambézia, Nampula, Sofala)
– Cadastral reform and decentralisation (2000 onwards)
– Training judiciary (2001 onwards)
– Multi‐donor Community Land Use Fund (development from 2003 onwards), MCC support to land administration from 2008
1992
2009
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Some lessons
• Recognized the multiple uses and actors present in rural areas
• Created a multi‐stakeholder negotiation and consensus building process
• Civil society became a partner in policy development• Local communities become rights holders and investment partners
• A long process with complications, stumbles and advances that is still being implemented today with the support of national NGOs and civil society
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Challenges
• Acknowledge that it is difficult but possible now
• And it will be more difficult tomorrow – more interests to accommodate in a clear legal and practical environment
• Tenure reform is often understood as only for communities – but it is a question of benefits for the state, private investors