SAMPLE EXAMINATION MODERN HISTORY SAMPLE DOCUMENT...

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SAMPLE EXAMINATION

MODERN HISTORY SAMPLE DOCUMENT BOOKLET

Stage 3 CONTENTS:

Document set Area of study Number of

sources Related

question

1 Australia (1880s–1920s) 7 1

2 Australia (1920s–1950s) 7 1

3 Australia (1950s–1990s) 7 1

4 Ideas that shaped the Russian Revolution 2 5

5 Ideas that shaped the Chinese Revolution 2 5

6 Ideas that shaped the Cold War in Europe 2 5

7 Ideas that shaped conflict in the Middle East 2 5

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MODERN HISTORY STAGE 3 2 DOCUMENT BOOKLET

SECTION ONE: DOCUMENT STUDY—Unit 3A: Australia

DOCUMENT SET 1 Australia 1880s–1920s Source 1 (Extract from the speech by Alfred Deakin, ‘A White Australia’, delivered in Melbourne on 12 September 1901.) The programme of a ‘White Australia’ means not merely its preservation for the future – it means the consideration of those who cannot be classed within the category of whites, but who have found their way into our midst. I should say there are about 80,000 coloured aliens in Australia… It was for this reason that so much stress was laid on this issue, and it is for this reason that since the Government took office, no question has more frequently or more seriously occupied their attention… put in plain and unequivocal* terms, as the House and the country are entitled to have it put, means the prohibition of all alien coloured immigration, and more, it means at the earliest time, by reasonable and just means, the deportation or reduction of the number of aliens in our midst. The two things go hand in hand and are the necessary complement of a single policy – the policy of securing a ‘White Australia’. * unequivocal = clear or having only one possible meaning Source 2 (Cartoon ‘Outside, Sir! Outside’ from the British magazine Punch (or The London Charivari), June 2 1888.)

Wording on the cartoon: “Outside, Sir! Outside!” Mrs Australia (to John Chinaman) “I’ve had quite enough of you/‘No Admittance’,—Not even ‘on business’!”


DOCUMENT SET 1 Australia 1880s–1920s continued Source 3 (‘These statistics have been adapted from Immigration—Federation to Century's End (Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, 2001). They show the birthplaces of the Australian population for selected census.’)

Birthplace of the Australian Population for selected CensusesBirthplace Population at Census Year 1901 % 1911 % 1921 % Australia * 2,908,303 3,667,670 4,581,663 China 29,907 3.5 20,775 2.7 15,224 1.8 Germany 38,352 4.5 32,990 4.4 22,396 2.7 Ireland 184,085 21.5 139,434 18.4 105,033 12.5 New Zealand

25,788 3.0 31,868 4.2 38,611 4.6

United Kingdom

495,074 57.7 451,288 59.6 568,370 67.7

Others Overseas

92,292 10.0 110980 10.7 104,437 10.7

Total Overseas

865,498 100 787,335 100 854,071 100

Total population

3,773,801 4,455,005 5,435,734

* Number born in Australia does not include full-blood Aborigines.


DOCUMENT SET 1 Australia 1880s–1920s continued Source 4 (This collage was the frontispiece of the 1904 annual The Western Mail. The section of poetry in the bottom right corner was written by the 19th century English poet Percy Shelley.)


DOCUMENT SET 1 Australia 1880s–1920s continued Source 5 (Celebration meeting of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales after the State and Commonwealth votes were granted in 1902.)


DOCUMENT SET 1 Australia 1880s–1920s continued Source 6 (Extract from ‘Australia: Economic and Political Studies’, published in Melbourne in 1920.) When we come to test the concrete achievements of Australia in the social sphere, we cannot but consider the total result remarkable…(1) The more equitable distribution of wealth… (2) The extension of political rights through the universal franchise—including the equality of the sexes… (3) A very high level of general elementary education… (5) The power and numbers of the trade unions of Australia, unrivalled anywhere else in the world… (10) Relatively high wages for all occupations, and higher wages for labourers and women than in other countries…(16) The White Australia policy , whose main objective is the preservation of the Australian standard of social welfare. (17) The ‘New Protection,’ whose aim is the same as that of the White Australia policy – the maintenance and elevation of Australian labour… (19) The prevalence of open-air sports and pastimes…

Source 7 (Extract from ‘ Here we are, against the plan and against the odds’, written by David Malouf and published in The Australian 1 January 2001.)

For copyright reasons this text cannot be reproduced in the online version of this document.

* chauvinistic project = devotion to the patriotic cause of Federation


DOCUMENT SET 2 Australia 1920s to 1950s Source 1 (Extract from a speech by Arthur Calwell given in the House of Representatives on 2 August 1945.) If Australians have learned one lesson from the Pacific war… it is surely we cannot continue to hold our island continent for ourselves and our descendents unless we greatly increase our numbers. We are but 7 000 000 people and we hold 3 000 000 square miles of the earth’s surface… Australia wants, and will welcome, new healthy citizens who are determined to become good Australians… Apart from… British migration, the door is always open within the limits of our existing legislation to people from various dominions*, the United States of America and from European continental countries… * dominions = member countries of the British Commonwealth

Source 2 (This poster, Bring out a Briton, was a 1957 Australian Government advertisement.)


DOCUMENT SET 2 Australia 1920s–1950s continued Source 3 (‘These statistics have been adapted from Immigration—Federation to Century's End (Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, 2001). They show the birthplaces of the Australian population for selected census.’)

Birthplace of the Australian Population for selected CensusesBirthplace Population at Census Year

1933 % 1947 % 1954 % Australia * 5,726,566 6,835,171 7,700,064 Germany 16,842 1.9 14,567 2.0 65,522 5.1

Italy 26,756 3.0 33,632 4.5 119,897 9.3 Netherlands 1,274 0.1 2,174 0.3 52,035 4.0

Poland 3,239 0.4 6,573 0.9 56,594 4.4 United

Kingdom 633,806 70.2 496,454 66.7 626,035 48.7

Others Overseas

221,356 24.3 190,787 25.6 366,483 28.5

Total Overseas

903,273 100 744,187 100 1,286,566 100

Total population

6,629,839 7,579,358 8,986,630

* Number born in Australia does not include full-blood Aborigines.


DOCUMENT SET 2 Australia 1920s–1950s continued Source 4 (This cartoon, Getting Near, was published in the Bulletin, March 1927.)

GETTING NEAR ‘There are now only 55 full-blooded abos, left in Victoria.’

King Billy the Last: ‘Mine tinkit we soon be there now, Mary.’

Source 5 (Dorothy Tangney, Australia’s first female Senator, photographed at her desk in 1943.)


DOCUMENT SET 2 Australia 1920s to 1950s continued Source 6 (Extract from The Way We Were–and the Way We Are published in The Bulletin 8 January 1991.)

In 1945 the population comprised 7 434 00 whites, overwhelmingly of British or Irish descent, and an estimated 70 000 Aborigines… Our traditional culture and its imagery was overwhelmingly rural and yet our lifestyle was essentially suburban. We were British subjects – there was no Australian nationality at that time. We heard no other language than English except at the fruiterers and fish and chip shop… ‘White Australia’ was the central tenet* of our social policy and ‘protection’ of our economic policy. The two went together. Australia was not only racist but also sexist. Although women had had the vote at Federal elections since 1904, in 1945 there was only one woman in the Senate, and one in the House of Representatives… Masculine values dominated public and private life. * tenet = principal, something held as true Source 7

(Extract from ‘ Here we are, against the plan and against the odds’, written by David Malouf and published in The Australian 1 January 2001.)




DOCUMENT SET 3 Australia 1950s–1990s Source 1 (Extract from a speech by Paul Keating given at Redfern Park December 10 1992 to launch The International Year of the World’s Indigenous People.) We non-Aboriginal Australians should perhaps remind ourselves that Australia once reached out for us. Didn’t Australia provide opportunity and care for the dispossessed Irish? The poor of Britain? The refugees from war and famine and persecution in countries of Europe and Asia? Isn’t it reasonable to say that if we can build a prosperous and remarkably harmonious multicultural society in Australia, surely we can find just solutions to the problems which beset the first Australians – the people to whom the most injustice has been done?... It begins, I think, with that act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing...We practised discrimination and exclusion. It was our ignorance and our prejudice. And our failure to imagine these things happening to us… Where Aboriginal Australians have been included in the life of Australia they have made remarkable contributions…They have shaped our identity. They are there in the Australian legend. We should never forget – they have helped build this nation.

Source 2 (Cartoon for Australia Day 1990 published in the Weekend Australian 27-28 January 1990.)


DOCUMENT SET 3: DOCUMENT SET 3 Australia 1950s–1990s continued Source 3 (‘These statistics have been adapted from Immigration—Federation to Century's End (Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, 2001). They show the birthplaces of the Australian population for selected census.’)

Birthplace of the Australian Population for selected CensusesBirthplace Population at Census Year 1961 % 1981 % 1996 % Australia * 8,729,406 11,393,861 13,227,775 China 14,488 0.8 26,760 0.9 110,987 2.8 Italy 228,296 12.8 275,883 9.2 138,216 6.1 Philippines 430 - 15,431 0.5 92,933 2.4 United Kingdom

718,345 40.4 1,086,625 36.2 1,072,514 27.4

Vietnam # - 41,096 1.4 151,085 3.9 Others Overseas

817,221 46.0 1,558,039 51.8 2,242,532 57.4

Total Overseas

1,778,780 100 3,003,834 100 3,908,267 100

Total population

10,508,186 14,576,330 17,752,882

* Number born in Australia does not include full-blood Aborigines before 1971. # Included in Other overseas


DOCUMENT SET 3: Australia 1950s–1990s continued Source 4 (Cartoon first published in the 1960s and reproduced in Economics Down Under in 1990.)

Source 5 (Save our Sons banner on float during May Day procession in Brisbane, Australia May 1967. Save our Sons was an anti-conscription organisation founded by a group of concerned women in 1965.)


DOCUMENT SET 3: Australia 1950s–1990s continued Source 6 (The following extract is from Sense and Nonsense in Australian History written by the historian John Hirst in 2006. It was originally from a lecture given as part of the Federation celebrations in 2001 and based on an experience of John Hirst’s from several years earlier.) As I was walking up Martin Place, I saw a Vietnamese busker playing a didgeridoo. My theme is Diversity and Unity in Modern Australia. Should the busker be set down under Diversity? Previously buskers in Martin Place were Anglo-Celts; now buskers can come from any nation on earth. Or does the busker better belong under Unity? Previously Aborigines played the didgeridoo; now Australians of all sorts play the didgeridoo. The standard story of what is happening to our society is that it is becoming more diverse. But the marrying and partnering of people of all sorts across all boundaries is the greatest unifying force in Australia… In fifty years there may still be buskers in Martin Place and they may play didgeridoos, but the observer will no longer label them Anglo-Celt or Vietnamese; they will have no other name than Australian. I am sorry I will not live to see that day, for the Australians are going to be a beautiful people. Source 7 (Extract from ‘ Here we are, against the plan and against the odds’, written by David Malouf and published in The Australian 1 January 2001.)




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SECTION THREE: DOCUMENT STUDY—Unit 3B: Ideas that shaped history

DOCUMENT SET 4 Ideas that shaped the Russian Revolution 1900s–1940s Source 1 (Statistics showing the agricultural output and state procurement of grain, 1928–35, adapted from Nove, A. (1992) An Economic History of the USSR, 1917–1991 pp 180, 186. Note: these figures come from Soviet sources.)

1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

Grain harvest (million tons)

73.3 71.7 83.5 69.5 69.6 68.4 67.6 75.0

State procurement of grain (million tons)

10.8 16.1 22.1 22.8 18.5 22.6 N/A N/A

Grain exports (million tons)

0.03 0.18 4.76 5.06 1.73 1.69 N/A N/A

Cattle (million head) 70.5 67.1 52.3 47.9 40.1 38.4 42.4 49.3

Pigs (million head) 26.0 20.4 13.6 14.4 11.6 12.1 17.4 22.6

Sheep and goats (million head)

146.7 147.0 108.8 77.7 52.1 50.2 51.9 61.1


DOCUMENT SET 4 Ideas that shaped the Russian Revolution 1900s–1940s continued Source 2 (Extract from Stalin’s ‘Dizzy with success’ speech, first published in Pravda No. 60, March 2 1930.)

The Soviet government’s successes in the sphere of the collective-farm movement are now being spoken of by everyone. Even our enemies are forced to admit that the successes are substantial. And they really are very great.

It is a fact that by February 20 of this year 50 per cent of the peasant farms throughout the U.S.S.R. had been collectivised. That means that by February 20, 1930, we had over fulfilled the five-year plan of collectivisation by more than 100 per cent…

What does all this show?

That a radical turn of the countryside towards socialism may be considered as already achieved.

There is no need to prove that these successes are of supreme importance for the fate of our country, for the whole of the working class, which is the directing force of our country, and, lastly for the Party itself. To say nothing of the direct practical results, these successes are of immense value for the internal life of the Party itself, for the education of our Party. They imbue our Party with a spirit of cheerfulness and confidence in its strength. They arm the working class with confidence in the victory of our cause. They bring forward additional millions of reserves for our Party.


DOCUMENT SET 5 Ideas that shaped the Chinese revolution 1930s–1990s Source 1 (Population and economic statistics for China, 1957–1961. Note: these figures come from Chinese sources.)

Year Population Growth

(millions)*

Grain Output (million metric

tons)

Agricultural Production

Index

Industrial Production

Index

GNP*

($billion)

1957 662 na 100 100 na 1958 670 200 108 131 95 1959 664 165 86 166 92 1960 660 160 83 161-163 89 1961 669 na na 107-110 72

* GNP = Gross National Product


DOCUMENT SET 5 Ideas that shaped the Chinese revolution 1930s to 1990s continued Source 2 (Extract from “Speech At Cheng-chow” February 27, 1959 from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung.) In 1958 we achieved great successes on every front. On the ideological and political front, the industrial front, the agricultural front, the communications and transport front, the commercial front, the cultural and educational front, the national defence front, as well as in other areas, no matter where, it was the same in all. Especially remarkable was the fact that there was a magnificent leap forward in the area of industrial and agricultural production. In 1958 people’s communes were established everywhere throughout the rural areas of the entire nation. The establishment of the people’s communes has enlarged the original system of collective ownership of the means of production and raised it to a higher level and, moreover, it begins to embody certain elements of the system of ownership by the whole people. The scale of the people’s communes is much larger than that of the agricultural producers’ cooperatives and, moreover, has put into operation the unity of workers, peasants, merchants, students and soldiers and of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, subsidiary productive activities and fish culture. This has given a powerful push to the development of agricultural production and the entire rural economy. . . . There are some people who doubt or deny the achievements of the Great Leap Forward of 1958 and doubt or deny the superiority of the people’s commune. This kind of viewpoint is completely mistaken…


DOCUMENT SET 6 Ideas that shaped the Cold War in Europe 1940s–1990s Source 1 (A poster circulating in Czechoslovakia during the period of Soviet occupation 1968.)

The slogan that accompanied this poster was: ‘Wake up Lenin! Brezhnev has gone mad!’

Source 2 (Excerpts from a speech by Leonid Brezhnev. Printed in Pravda, 25 September, 1968.) Dubcek's movement, known as the "Prague Spring," was suppressed in an invasion. It was in November 1968, speaking before Polish workers, that Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev gave the following justification. In connection with the events in Czechoslovakia the question of the correlation and interdependence of the national interests of the socialist countries and their international duties acquire particular topical and acute importance. The measures taken by the Soviet Union, jointly with other socialist countries, in defending the socialist gains of the Czechoslovak people are of great significance for strengthening the socialist community, which is the main achievement of the international working class.

We cannot ignore the assertions, held in some places, that the actions of the five socialist countries run counter to the Marxist Leninist principle of sovereignty and the rights of nations to self determination. ...

The peoples of the socialist countries and Communist parties certainly do have and should have freedom for determining the ways of advance of their respective countries. However, none of their decisions should damage either socialism in their country or the fundamental interests of other socialist countries, and the whole working class movement, which is working for socialism.

This means that each Communist party is responsible not only to its own people, but also to all the socialist countries, to the entire Communist movement. Whoever forgets this, in stressing only the independence of the Communist party, becomes one sided. He deviates from his international duty....

The socialist states respect the democratic norms of international law. They have proved this more than once in practice, by coming out resolutely against the attempts of imperialism to violate the sovereignty and independence of nations.

all the Soviet Union as a central force, which also includes the might of its armed forces. The weakening of any of the links in the world system of socialism directly affects all the socialist countries, which cannot look indifferently upon this.


The antisocialist elements in Czechoslovakia actually covered up the demand for so called neutrality and Czechoslovakia's withdrawal from the socialist community with talking about the right of nations to self-determination.

However, the implementation of such "selfdetermination," in other words, Czechoslovakia's detachment from the socialist community, would have come into conflict with its own vital interests and would have been detrimental to the other socialist states.

Such "self determination," as a result of which NATO troops would have been able to come up to the Soviet border, while the community of European socialist countries would have been split, in effect encroaches upon the vital interests of the peoples of these countries and conflicts, as the very root of it, with the right of these people to socialist self determination.


DOCUMENT SET 7 Ideas that shaped conflict in the Middle East 1940s–1990s Source 1 (Cartoon in the Lebanon newspaper El–Ferida, May 1967.)

‘Nasser kicking the Jews into the Sea’ (the soldiers’ Arabic signs represent Lebanon, Syria and Iraq.) Source 2 (Extract from Abdel Nasser’s resignation speech which was broadcast 9 June 1967.)



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DOCUMENT SET 1—AUSTRALIA 1800s–1920s Source 1 Deakin, A. (1901). A White Australia [Speech]. In Fullilove, M. (Ed.) (2005). ‘Men and

Women of Australia!’: Our greatest modern speeches. Milsons Point, NSW: Vintage, pp. 131–132.

Source 2 Sambourne, L. (1888). Outside, Sir! Outside [Cartoon]. Retrieved May, 2008, from

National Library of Australia website: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an8870609. Source 3 Adapted from: Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Statistics Section.

(2001). Immigration: Federation to century’s end 1901–2000 (p. 18). Retrieved May, 2008, from http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/federation.pdf. © Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced by permission.

Source 4 Murphy, F., & Nile, R. (1990). The Gate of Dreams: The Western Mail. Perth: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, p. 31.

Source 5 Kerry & Co. (1902). Celebration meeting of the Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales after the State and Commonwealth votes were granted in 1902 [Photograph]. In Commonwealth Office for the Status of Women. (n.d.). Our Centenary of Women’s Suffrage [Brochure]. Retrieved June, 2008, Office for Women website: http://www.ofw.facs.gov.au/downloads/pdfs/centenary_suffrage_brochure_booklet.pdf.

Source 6 Atkinson, M. (Ed.) (1920). Australia: Economic and political studies. In Crowley, F.K.

(1973). Modern Australia in Documents 1901–1939 (Vol 1). Melbourne: Wren Publishing, pp. 345–346.

Source 7 Adapted from: Malouf, D. (2001, January 1) Here we are, against the plan and against the odds. The Australian.

DOCUMENT SET 2—AUSTRALIA 1920s–1950s Source 1 Calwell, A. (1945, August 2). [Speech given in the House of Representatives]. In

Darlington, D., McGinnis, L., & Mirams, S. (2001). Unity and Diversity: Australia since 1850. Port Melbourne, Vic: Heinemann, p. 175.

Source 2 Government of Australia. (1957). Bring out a Briton [Poster]. In Walsh, K. (2001). The

Changing Face of Australia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, p. 141. Source 3 Adapted from: Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Statistics Section.


Source 4 Glover, T.E. (1927). Getting Near [Cartoon]. In N. McLachlan. (1989). Waiting For the

Revolution: A history of Australian nationalism. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin Books, p. 223. Source 5 Senator Dorothy Tangney in her office [Photograph]. (1943). Retrieved June, 2008, from Old

Parliament House website: http://www.oph.gov.au/content.asp?pageID=3 By permission of the National Library of Australia.

Source 6 Jones, Barry. (1991, January 8). The way we were–and the way we are. The Bulletin, p.

12.



DOCUMENT SET 3—AUSTRALIA 1950s–1990s

Source 1 Adapted from: Keating, P. (1992, December 10). [Speech given at Redfern Park]. In

Fullilove, M. (Ed.) (2005). ‘Men and Women of Australia!’: Our greatest modern speeches. Milsons Point, NSW: Vintage, pp. 158–159.

Source 2 Adapted from: Lynch, M. (1990, January 27–28). The week we saw… [Cartoon]. Weekend

Australian. Source 3 Adapted from: Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Statistics Section.


Source 4 Cartoon by Jenny Coopes. From Morris, R. (1990). Economics Down Under. Sydney: Prentice

Hall Australia, p. 216. Source 5: Garner, G. (1967). Save our sons banner on float during May Day procession in

Brisbane, Australia 1967 [Photograph]. Retrieved June, 2008, from University of Queensland website: http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:23807 Fryer Library, University of Queensland Library, F3400.

Source 6 Hirst, J. (2006). Sense and Nonsense in Australian History. Melbourne: Schwarz Publishing, p.

313.


DOCUMENT SET 4—IDEAS THAT SHAPED THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Source 1 Nove, A. (1992). An Economic History of the USSR. London: Penguin Books, pp.180, 186. Source 2 Stalin, J.V. (1955). Works (Vol. 1). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, pp.

197–205. Retrieved May, 2008, from Marxists Internet Archive website: http://marxists.anu.edu.au/reference/archive/stalin/works/1930/03/02.htm.


DOCUMENT SET 5—IDEAS THAT SHAPED THE CHINESE REVOLUTION

Source 1 Data from: Congress of the United States, Joint Economic Committee. (1972). People's

Republic of China: An economic assessment; a compendium of papers submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States. Washington, DC: US Government.

Source 2 Mao, T. (1959). Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung . China: Foreign Languages Press. Retrieved May, 2008 from Marxists Internet Archive website: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_27.htm.

DOCUMENT SET 6—IDEAS THAT SHAPED THE COLD WAR IN EUROPE

Source 1 [Poster from 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia]. Retrieved June, 2008, from University of Kansas website: http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm.

Source 2 Brezhnev, L. (1968). [Speech to Polish workers] (Novosti, Trans.). Retrieved June, 2008, from Fordham University website: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1968brezhnev.html.

DOCUMENT SET 7—IDEAS THAT SHAPED THE CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST Source 1 Nasser kicking the Jews into the sea [Cartoon]. (1967). Retrieved June, 2008, from

Sixdaywar website: http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/arab-cartoons.htm. Despite every effort, the Curriculum Council has been unable to identify and contact the

copyright owner of this cartoon; we would welcome any information that would enable us to do so.

Source 2 Nasser, A. (1967). [Resignation speech]. In Laqueur, W. (1969). The Road to War 1967.

London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 352–356.

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