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Laboratory Instrumentation

and Techniques

Purendra Singh

B.Sc, DWSM, M.Sc, Ph.DPursuring

Research Scholar

Department of Chemistry

Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan

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EDUCREATION PUBLISHINGRZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075 Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

Website: www.educreation.in _____________________________________________________________________________

© Copyright, 2019,Purendra Singh

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.

ISBN:978-93-88910-91-0

Price:Rs.180.00

The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation.

Printed in India

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Dedicated to

This book is dedicated to my father, mother & wife Richa Singh

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The Author Profile

Purendra Singh received the Master of Science in Chemistry from Nims University,

Jaipur (Rajasthan) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Chemistry from Banasthali

Vidyapith, Rajasthan. He has past industries experience from Nirmal Industries Pvt

Ltd Alwar. Currently, he is Research Scholar at Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan,

India.

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Preface

This book is written out of the author’s several years of professional and industry process and

NABL laboratory experience in chemical and biological laboratory. The textbook is well-

planned to extensively cover the working principle and uses of laboratory instruments.

Descriptive diagrams and schematics for better understanding are included. Research and

industry students pursuing courses in different areas of Lab Science, Basic and chemistry/

biotechnology sciences at undergraduate and postgraduate levels will find the book useful.

Researchers and interested readers will also find the book educative and interesting.

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Table of Contents

1. Laboratory introduction

1.1 Laboratory Rules

1.2 Laboratory Safety Symbols

1.3 Material Safety Data Sheet

1.4 Chemistry for Chemist and Biologist

2. Errors, Evaluation and Statistics

3. Instrumentation

3.1 Muffle furnace

3.2 Centifuge

3.3 Lovibond Tintometer

3.4Autoclave

3.5Rocker Shaker

3.6Oven

3.7Vacuum Pump

3.8pH Meter

3.9TDS Meter

3.10BOD Incubator

3.11 Water Bath

3.12 Spectrophotometer

3.13 Orbital Incubator Shaker

3.14 Microtome

3.15 Magnetic Stirrer

3.16 Closed Cup for Flash Point Analysis

3.17 Microscope

3.18 Vortex mixer

3.19 Homogenizer

3.20 Refractometer

3.21Laminar Air Flow

3.22 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

3.23 Analytical Balance

4. Chromatographic Techniques

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Paper Chromatography

4.3 Thin Layer Chromatography

4.4Column Chromatography

4.5 Gas Chromatography

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1

Laboratory introduction

1.1 Laboratory Rules

Chemistry and biotechnology laboratories can be hazardous if the rules are not followed. During

a chemistry and biotechnology course a student and research student may handle materials which

are poisonous, carcinogenic, flammable, and explosive.

o In the chemistry and biotechnology laboratories always clean up spilt chemicals.

o Do not perform unauthorized experiments or work in a laboratory alone.

o Long hair and without lab coat, apron must be confined while in a laboratory.

o Approved eye protection must be worn at all times in the chemical and biotechnology

laboratory. Eye protection must be splash proof chemical goggles and be approved by

your university. If you do get a chemical in your eye rinse immediately with large

quantities of water using the eye-wash stations.

o Closed shoes with socks must be worn at all timesbackless shoes,open-toed shoes, clogs

sling backs and sandals, slippers are not permitted.

o Smoking, drinking and eating are not allowed in a laboratory.

o Know the location and proper use of fire extinguishers, safety showers,fire blankets, eye

wash devices and first aid kits.

o Before obtaining any chemicals carefully read the label on the reagent bottles.

o Mouth suction is never used to fill a pipette and micropipette.

o Use the fume hoods when toxic and irritating vapors are involved.

o Thoroughly wash your hands after leaving the chemistry and biotechnology laboratory.

o Never pour water into concentrated acid.

o Solid and liquid waste containers must be properly used at all times.

o Always wipe spatulas clean before and after inserting into reagent bottles.

o Keep pencils and pens out of your mouth.

o Before leaving the laboratory, make sure your work area is clean and dry. Ensure that all

water, gas, vacuum and air valves are completely turned off.

o Discuss the information provided by and the appropriate use of the Material Safety Data

Sheet (MSDS).

1.2 Laboratory Safety Symbols

These symbols warn of possible dangers in the chemical and biotechnology laboratory and

remind you to work carefully.

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1 Physical Safety Symbols

Gloves required

Gloves when hand protection should be worn for handling hazardous materials, even in small

quantities. It is important to choose the appropriate type of glove for the hazard present, such as

heat resistant gloves, chemical resistant gloves etc. Work in laboratory makes sure the gloves fit

properly. Gloves made of cotton and any other heat resistant materials should be usedfor hot

objects such as oven, heating mantles and muffle furnace. Chemical resistant gloves made of

appropriate materials, should be worn when handling chemicals. The thin nitrile gloves are a

good alternative, and nitrile also provides protection against general chemicals. The thin surgical

gloves made of latex are protective against microbiology, biological and biotechnology materials,

and provide good agility, some students are allergic to latex gloves, and latex gloves is not

protective against many different chemicals.

Fig. 1.1 Gloves

Protective Clothing

The protective clothing safety symbol indicates that a laboratory apron, coat and other protective

clothing needs to be worn. There are some types of lab coats for different types of protection.

Cotton protects against flying objects, sharp or rough edges, and is usually treated with a fire

retardant. Since many synthetic fabrics can adhere to skin when burning, cotton is the most

preferred laboratory clothing fabric.

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Fig. 1.2 Laboratory apron

Shoes Required

The chemical and biotechnology laboratory shoes required safety symbol indicates when street

shoes are not adequate for certain lab-related tasks. Chemical resistant overshoes and boots

should be used to avoid possible exposure to corrosive chemicals and large quantities of solvents

and water that might penetrate normal footwear. Leather shoes tend to absorb chemicals and may

have to be discarded if contaminated with a hazardous material. In a lab, dropping a beaker of

acid will soon destroy an ordinary pair of shoes.

Safety Glasses

The safety glasses indicate there is the possibility of chemical, radiological, environmental and

hazards in the laboratory. Eye shields, also called safety glasses, spectacles, goggles not only

provide protection against flying debris and chemical splashes in the laboratory, but may also

protect against ultra violet, visible light and radiation from UV rays, depending on the lens

material.

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Fig. 1.3 Safety glass

Breathing Masks

Masks should be worn when making solutions and cleaning up small spills. Two types of masks

are used in the histology laboratory: The dust particle mask should be used when weighing out

powders. The charcoal mask protects against organic solvent fumes.

Fig. 1.4 Breathing masks

Safety Shower

Safety shower sign indicates the location of a mouth, eye and hand wash station. Safety shower should

be easily accessible from any part of the laboratory and, if possible, located near the safety shower so

that, if necessary, the eyes and hand wash while the body is showered.

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Fig. 1.5 Safety Shower

Food and Drink Prohibited

A no drink and food safety sign lets laboratory personnel know that drinking and eating where

hazardous materials are used, handled and stored is not permitted, as such activity can result in

the accidental ingestion of hazardous materials (biological, microbiological,chemical and

radiological). Beverage and food containers may not be stored in the laboratory and washed

drinking cups, food containers and eating utensils may not be dried on laboratory drying racks. -

20 0 C and 4 0 C refrigerators used for storage of laboratory materials must not be used for

storage of food or beverages.

2 Fire Safety Symbols

Fire is the mostcommon safety hazard in chemistry and biotechnology laboratory.Fires can be

even more dangerous due to flammable liquids,burners, research documents and other bill and

sops file, laptops, and lab equipment that might be present at any given time. Due to these unique

circumstances, it’s important that every lab be prepared with the correct fire extinguisher,

inspection requirements, and training. It is essential that the occupants of a laboratory are fully

aware of the risks and the appropriate extinguishing media. A fire extinguisher safety sign

indicates the exact location of a lab’s fire extinguisher.

The following section briefly explainssome common protocols and sops that may be followed

during a fire emergency.

How to survive a laboratory fire

o Go out ofthe laboratory immediately through thenearest exit.

o Always use stairs, not an elevator

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