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Aluminium Industries Carbon Area -
Equipment Breakdowns Lessons Learnt
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EDUCREATION PUBLISHING
RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075 Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001
Website: www.educreation.in
________________________________________________________________
© Copyright, 2018, Maheswar Behera
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.
ISBN: 978-1-5457-2463-7
Price: ` 282.00
The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the authors and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation or the Editors.
Printed in India
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Aluminium Industries
Carbon Area
Equipment Breakdowns Lessons Learnt
Maheswar Behera
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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Contents
Sr.No. Title Page
Preface xv
About Author xviii
1 Process - Aluminium Industries 1
2 Mining - Bauxite 3
3 Process - Alumina Refinery 5
4 Alumina Refinery No.1 Industries Ltd 7
4.1 No Water for Commissioning 7
4.2 Vertical Pumps Have Failed 8
4.3 Stacker and Reclaimer Collapsed 9
4.4 Bauxite Crusher Tools Fails 10
4.5 The Rod Mill Body Leakages 10
4.6 Rod Mill Rods Twists 11
4.7 Precipitators Shaft Fails 11
4.8 Pylon Boom Trailer Tilted 12
4.9 Crane Fell into River 12
4.10 Approach Road to Mines Washed Away
Two Times
13
4.11 Bauxite Stock Yard on Stream 13
4.12 No Drinking Water to Remote Bauxite
Mines Top
13
4.13 Bauxite Crusher House De Dusting
Systems
13
5 Alumina Refinery No. 2 Still to Mine Bauxite 15
5.1 Alumina Refinery Still to Mine Bauxite 16
6 Process - Aluminum Smelters 17
7 Process - Carbon 19
8 Process - Green Anode Plant 22
9 Process - Anode Baking Furnaces 24
10 Process - Rod Shop 25
11 Process - Carbon Recycling 27
12 Process - Bath Recycling and Handling Plan 29
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13 Aluminium Smelter No. 1 31
13.1 Preheating Screw Breakdown: 31
13.2 Vibrating Compactor Issues 31
13.3 Exhaust Fan Impeller Worn Out 32
13.4 Fta Lt Drive Motor Misaligned. 32
13.5 Vertical Jaw Crusher Leg Cracked 33
13.6 Apron Feeder Butts Belt Joint Is
Repaired.
33
13.7 Secondary Jaw Crusher Hydraulic Jack
Leaked
34
13.8 Primary Jaw Crusher Movable Jaw
Replaced
34
13.9 Kneader Gear Box Cracked 34
13.10 Kneader Cooling Water Tube Fails 35
13.11 Thimble Stripper Hydraulic Cylinder
Seal Fails
35
13.12 Furnace Water Line Cracked 35
13.13 Bath Cleaning Machine Hydraulic
Cylinder Fails
36
13.14 Bath Plant Swept Mill Discharge Screen
Damages
36
13.15 Bag Filter - Screw Replaced 37
13.16 Telescopic Chute Replaced 37
14 Aluminium Smelter No. 2. Company Ltd 38
14.1 Coke Belt Conveyor Coupling Fails 38
14.2 Pitch Impact Breaker Jams 38
14.3 Screw Conveyor Flights Chocks by Pitch 39
14.4 Melter Agitator Shaft Shears 39
14.5 Pitch Pump Wears 39
14.6 No Pitch to Plant 40
14.7 Htm Boiler Leaks 40
14.8 Htm Pump Gland Leaks 41
14.9 Bucket Elevator Bucket Breaks 41
14.10 Vibrating Screen Deck Shifts 42
14.11 Impact Breaker Fluid Coupling 42
14.12 Ball Mill Pinion Damage 43
14.13 Ball Mill Discharge Screen Cracks 43
14.14 Vibrating Compactor Issues 43
14.15 Paste Kneaders Screw and Casing Wears 44
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Out
14.16 Pre-Heating Screw Greasing System
Trips
45
14.17 Transfer Hopper Flap Bearings Fails 45
14.18 Cooling Tunnel Trollies Jams 46
14.19 Turn Table Does Not Rotate 46
14.20 Planetary Extractor Does Not Move 47
14.21 Horizontal Butts Jaw Crusher Got Stuck 47
14.22 Power and Free Conveyor Stop Stations
Over Hauling
48
14.23 Hooking and Un-Hooking Station Lift
Table Breaks
48
14.24 Motor Bicycle Chain Slips. 49
15 Aluminium Smelter No. 3, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
50
15.1 Transfer Hopper Gate Not Operating 50
16 Aluminium Smelter No. 4 51
16.1 Plant Capacity Increased To 52 Tons Per
Hour
51
16.2 Bucket Elevator Buckets 52
16.3 Vibrating Screen for Butts Oversize 53
16.4 Vibrating Screen Has Larger Openings
on Screen Decks
54
16.5 Centrifugal Fans Has High Vibrations 55
16.6 Preheating Screw Htm Leaks 55
16.7 Preheating Screw Caught Fire 56
16.8 Bag House Caught Fire 57
16.9 Bag Filter Bag House Chocks 57
16.10 Id Fan Base Bolts Shear 58
16.11 Fines Bag Filter Does Not Produce Fines 58
16.12 Mixer Discharge Choked 59
16.13 Mixer Motor Has Sound 60
16.14 Mixer Discharge Gate Mal Function 60
16.15 Mixer Slewing Bearing Failed 60
16.16 Cooler Wall Scrapper Worn Out 61
16.17 Vibro-Compactor Mold Lifting
Hydraulic Cylinder Seal Failed
62
16.18 Vibro-Compactor Bearing Block Oil
Leaked
62
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16.19 Vibro-Compactor Mold Cracked 63
16.20 Vibro-Compactor Top Cover Counter
Weight Bellows Fails
64
16.21 Vacuum Pump Oil Gets High
Temperature
64
16.22 Htm Pump Oil Leaks 65
16.23 Rhodax Crusher Synchronization and
Timing Belt Damaged
66
16.24 Mixer Top Hood and Barrel Sealing
Rubber Replaced
66
16.25 Electric Linear Actuator Failed to Work 67
16.26 Mixer and Cooler Agitator Blades Pre-
Mature Failures
67
16.27 Repair of Eddy Current Separator 68
16.28 Coolant Tank Soap Lyre 68
16.29 Pitch Pumps Worn Out 69
16.30 Bucket Elevator Bucket’s Lip Plates
Replacement
70
16.31 Hpu Heat Exchanger Dirty 71
16.32 Vibrating Slot Plate Damage 71
16.33 Rhodax Rotary Actuator Shaft Broken 72
16.34 Rhodax Feeding Chute Worn Out 73
16.35 Top Cover Rope Changed 74
16.36 Top Cover Drive Hydraulic Motor Gear
Box Changed
74
16.37 Breveni Gear Box Fitted with Local Gear 75
16.38 Pre-Heating Screw Trough Was Twisted 75
16.39 Vertical Jaw Crusher Bearings Started
Sparking
76
16.40 Double Roller Crusher Not Crushing 77
16.41 Gtc Silo Collapsed 77
16.42 Hooking and Unhooking Rollers Worn
Out
78
16.43 Tilting Gear Box Internal Gears Damage
Frequently Along with Lock Nut and
Sleeves
79
16.44 Damage of The Dynamic Classifier 80
16.45 Vibrating Compactor Pivot Cage Rubber
Bush Damage
80
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16.46 A Valve Is Solution to Bag Filter Mal-
Functioning
81
16.47 Bath Belt Conveyor Spillages Stopped 81
16.48 Thimble Stripper Hydraulic Cylinder
Replacement with Guide Bush
82
16.49 Rodding Bench Gear and Pinion Wear
Out
83
16.50 Casting Machine Ct And Lt Rollers Are
Damaged
84
16.51 Casting Machine Lead Screw Electric
Cylinder Damaged
84
16.52 P& F Conveyor Drive Chain and Tracks
Wear Out
85
16.53 Hooking and Unhooking Stem Aligner
Base Bolts Sheared
85
16.54 Cleaning Machine Remained Idle 86
16.55 Cleaning Machine Lateral Scrapper
Frame Is Bent
87
16.56 Pre-Cleaning Machine Outside Tools -
Short Tools Are Getting Bent
88
16.57 Bath Plant Tire Is Aligned and Rollers
Are Replaced
88
16.58 Bath Plant Mill Drive Chain Lubricated 89
16.59 Bath Plant Mill Drive Gear Box Replaced 89
16.60 Cpp Crusher House Dust Level High 90
16.61 Ash Not Flowing to Slurry Tanks to
Pump Out
90
16.62 Coal Handling Belt Conveyor Support
Frame Sagging
91
16.63 Chp Conveyors Need More People to
Operate
91
16.64 Anodes Rejected for Vibro Screen
Defective Mesh
92
16.65 Anodes Cracked in Cooling Tunnel 93
17 Aluminium Smelter No. 5 Ltd 95
17.1 Ball Mill Pinion Alignment with Girth
Gear
96
17.2 Ball Mill Gear Box Shaft Broken 96
17.3 Ball Mill Girth Gear Is Oval. 98
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17.4 C.P. Coke Impact Breaker Motor Shaft
Sheared.
99
17.5 Dilution Chamber Gets Blocked with
Dust and Fume
100
17.6 22 De-Dusting Units Improves Sub Floor
and Ambient Air Quality
100
17.7 Bath Plant Does Not Produce Required
Particle Size
101
17.8 Preheater Screws Shifted 102
17.9 Dust Collector Has Five Rotary Air Lock
Valve
103
17.10 Dust Collector Does Not Work for Two
Floors
104
17.11 Anodes Have Horizontal Cracks 105
17.12 Preheating Screw All Four Screws
Replaced
105
17.13 Kneader Discharge Is Blocked 106
17.14 Vibro Compactor Rail Worn Out 106
17.15 Kneader Gear Box Mating Gears Single
Teeth Damaged
106
17.16 Ball Mill Balls Are Segregated 107
17.17 Ball Mill Balls Shifted the Duct
Foundations
107
17.18 Auto Bath Base Frame Cracked 108
17.19 Horizontal Jaw Crusher New Segment
Mismatched
109
17.20 Bath Plant Secondary Crushe 109
17.21 Bath Plant Perforated Mill Repair 110
17.22 Double Roller Crusher Spring Breaks 111
17.23 Casting Machine Total Cycle Time High
in Summer
111
17.24 Casting Machine Speed Is Low in
Summer
112
17.25 Rod Shop Pin Bending Machine
Malfunction
113
17.26 Bath Plant Hydraulic Power Pack
Location
113
17.27 Bath Plant Air Swept Mill Pinion and
Girth Gear Worn Out
114
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17.28 Vibro Compactor Vibrating Table Cracks 114
17.29 Vacuum Pump Rotor Metal Loss 115
17.30 Slot Plate Rectification 116
17.31 Abf Fta And Asc Rails Are Noisy 117
17.32 Abf Furnace Walls Has No Bricks 117
17.33 Hydraulics Mal-Function After Periodic
Check
118
17.34 Bath Plant Air Swept Mill Id Fan Bearing
Damaged
119
17.35 Bath Swept Mill Girth Gear Guard
Sealing Arrangement
119
17.36 Anode Heights Are Different at Both
Ends
120
17.37 Overhead Water Lines Leak 121
17.38 Tail Drum Shaft Worn Out 122
17.39 Coupling Alignment 122
17.40 Bath Belt Conveyors Pit Has Bath Dust
and Water
124
17.41 Ath Recycle Plant Has Deficiency in
Number Of Issues
124
17.42 Carbon Recycle System - Poor Layout 126
17.43 Double Roller Crusher Gear Box Shaft
Broken
127
17.44 Double Roller Crusher Teethes Built Up 128
17.45 Vibrating Feeder Material Does Not
Flow
128
17.46 Bath Flaring Machine Bearing Damages 128
17.47 Bath Plant Both Stream Stopped 129
17.48 Bath Plant Mill Tire Cracked 129
17.49 High Sodium in Baked Anodes 130
17.50 Shot Blasting Machine Does Not Clean
Bottom of The Butts
133
17.51 Breakdowns Takes More Time to Restore
Operation
134
17.52 Auto Bath Pre-Cleaning Machine Blunt
Cutting Tools on Hard Bath
135
17.53 Bath Plant Throughput Suffers for
Grizzly Opening
135
17.54 Hpu All Three Pumps Down in Same 136
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Shift
17.55 Spent Anode Pallets Twists 137
17.56 Leaky Water Line Caused Different
Stations Breakdown
137
18 Aluminum Smelter No. 6 Ltd 142
18.1 Both Ball Mills Stopped and Close Both
Plants
142
18.2 Anode Inventory at Low Level, Both Gap
Are Under Breakdown
145
18.3 Double Roller Crusher Is Stressed 145
18.4 Bath Plant Is Full of Dust on Floors and
On Equipment
146
18.5 Bath Plant Perforated Mill Tire Welding 146
18.6 Ball Mill Pinion Bearing Plumber Block
Base Bolts Were Tilted
147
18.7 All Floors Are Full of Dust and Spillages 147
18.8 Pitch Vapor Treatment Is Non-Functional
in Gap
148
18.9 Kneader Through Put Is Low 148
18.10 Kneader Gear Box Gland Leaks 149
18.11 Anodes Have Loose Paste in Periphery 150
18.12 Crusher Hydraulic Cylinder Base Bolt
Breaks
150
18.13 State Pollution Authority Asked to Stop
the Mill
151
18.14 Need Tool to Cut the Cast Iron 152
18.15 Shots Are Lost 153
18.16 Both Gap Need Free of Pitch Fumes and
Dust
154
18.17 Roller Crusher Vibrates the Floor 154
19 Process – Chloro -Alkali Industry 155
20 Jay K.S. Chemicals Ltd 156
20.1 Fishermen Slept of Caustic Lye Drain to
Save River Rushikulya
156
20.2 Sodium Hydro- Sulphate Manufacturing
Technology Failed
157
20.3 Concentrate Acid Fell on Face Of The
Shift Engineer
157
20.4 Pumps Breakdowns 158
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xiii
21 Process - Synthetic Rutile Plant 160
22 Odisha Rare Earths Ltd 162
22.1 Pre-Concentrator Was Solution 162
22.2 Synthetic Rutile Could Not Be Produced
Forever
163
22.3 Slurry Lines Gets Choked 163
22.4 Bore Well Pumps Not Pumping Water 164
22.5 Water Not Available to Float the Dredge 164
22.6 Vertical Water Pump Trips 165
22.7 Trammel Shaft Breaks 165
22.8 Concentrate Have Gaunge 166
22.9 Slurry Pumps Rubber Linings Worn Out 166
22.10 Slurry Pumps Gland Damaged 167
22.11 Sand Slurry Is Filtered on Pan Filters 167
22.12 Sand Dryers Feeding Has Hole 168
22.13 Bucket Elevators Chains Slips 168
22.14 Screw Conveyors Hanger Bearings Bolts
Shear
168
22.15 Vibrating Conveyors Rockers Break 169
22.16 Rotary Dryers 170
22.17 Flotation Cells 170
23 Process – Packaged Edible Salt Refineries 172
24 Odisha Home Products Ltd 173
24.1 Ffs Machines Lifted and Company Was
Closed
173
24.2 Tripler Truck Went into Hopper 174
24.3 Bucket Elevator Wood Casing Worn Out 175
24.4 Compressor Piston Worn Out 174
24.5 Dg Turbo Fan Damage 175
24.6 Thermal Expansion Tank Fire 175
24.7 Finger Got Cut in The Rotary Feeder 176
24.8 Centrifuge Is Overhauled 177
24.9 Pin Mill Rotor Is Unbalanced 177
24.10 Blenders 177
24.11 Forklift Diesel Engine Overhauling 178
24.12 Pay Loader Hydraulic Pump Repair 178
24.13 Ffs Machine Dusting
178
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25 Kutch Salt Ltd 180
25.1 Centrifuge Base Was Wrong 181
26 Indian Heavy Chemicals Ltd 181
26.1 Salt Dust Closed the Plant 181
26.2 Evaporator, Condenser and Crystallizer
Dyke Wall Breaks
181
26.3 Removal of Sand and Slimes from Raw
Salt
182
26.4 10 Core Salt Refinery Sold At 32 Lakhs 183
26.5 Wet Scrubber for Catching the Fines
Particle
184
27 Process - Seamless Pipes 185
28 Odisha Seamless Ltd 187
28.1 Fourteen Inch Piping Hydro Testing 187
28.2 Straightener Was Overhauled 187
28.3 Scrap Bundler Hydraulic 188
28.4 On Line Crack Detector Does Not Work 189
29 Annexure - 1: Different Process for Green
Anode Plant
190
30 Annexure - 3: Development of Vibro
Compactors Construction
192
31 Annexure - 4: Development of Rod Shop
Technology
197
32 Annexure - 5: Development of Bath Plant 210
33 Annexure - 6: Development of Butt Crushing/
Carbon Recycle System
214
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xv
Preface
The equipment are required to run a unit, the group or set of
equipment keeps running any process. The equipment have
undergone many developments and improvements by different
OEM, as per technology and as per the project requirements in
Aluminium Industries. The Aluminium industries Smelters went
through drastic changes from old soderberg process to pre-bake
technology and accordingly the pre-baked technology demanded
new design, new equipment in the process.
The operation and maintenance of the equipment required skilled
manpower, knowledgeable engineers, experienced technical
support staff, and project executives, engineering consultants.
The earlier practices of operation and maintenances remained same
for the present technology as the individual equipment features
remains same. However the hydraulics, electrical, instrumentations
and control systems have undergone major changes for all
industries. Technical as well as supporting staffs of all Aluminium
Industries acquired, and experienced knowledge of the equipment.
The operation by advance electronics and control systems made the
manufacturing easier with less manpower but the requirement for
the basic care for the equipment remains same. The operation and
maintenance of the equipment need dedicated, innovative,
experienced staff for the industry.
Engineers and operation staff in the field may have their own
approach and opinion about the listed breakdowns but these are as
experienced at site. The association at site with such events and
occurrences provides actual picture of the equipment behavior.
This is part of routine operation and maintenance activities of all
smelters, and plants in the world but it is captured here to educate
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xvi
the young engineers and managers for technical guidance in their
roles.
Operation shall focus on production, quality rather equipment
breakdown and its lesson learnt. Lesson learnt shall guide the sub
floor to produce more in safe, with healthy conditions. Breakdown
for its equipment sake is for maintenance engineers. Maintenance
engineer’s stress and hard toil for equipment breakdown shall be
advised to end. Sub floor ignorance about basics of equipment
maintenance is considered as negative performance for the
operation and it is item for the extra cost. Operation shall develop
own tools depending on Company structure, policies and processes
to avail the maximum output out of existing assets. Hard work,
skill, and innovative operation staff shall eliminate the breakdowns
by concentrated efforts. The reasons for the breakdowns shall be
nailed down by sub floor in-depth technical discussion over basic
facts, rather everyone talks irrelevant science and engineering
topics which is not applicable to the equipment. Loose ends of the
technical reasons shall be consolidated and shall be made more
field oriented. In any case of the breakdown and its consequences
shall be recorded for future review. The best course of action shall
be planned for breakdown and after the resume of the equipment in
operation, focus on future, operation shall focus on moving ahead
with better solutions. Maintenance engineer’s prime responsibility
shall be to produce more than the designed ratings from an
equipment going beyond traditional maintenance methods and
maintenance management.
Task list, computerized maintenance management systems, SAP,
Information technology support to develop the maintenance
activities. These are good for the sub floor planners but it is not
good for sub floor maintenance engineer if it is not followed. This
is common for small to heavy industries in sub floor with
uneducated and unskilled manpower. Sub floor shall come out with
solutions and work for reduction of the equipment breakdown
rather keeping buried many surprises. Negligence of equipment
maintenance shall not be taken as granted.
The improved equipment and the process developments are
detailed here in short. The improvement of the equipment came
with progress of the pre-baked technology and time. There are
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xvii
limited manufacturers and suppliers of the carbon area equipment.
The list is long so here it is discussed few major supplier’s design,
development and delivery to various smelters.
Maheswar Behera.
Consultant – Aluminium Industries.
*****
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xviii
About Author
Mr. Maheswar Behera.Born 8th September 1958 Passed
matriculation from Bharati Bidya Peetha, Ganjam, and Odisha,
India.Completed Degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1981 from
VSSUT, Burla, and Sambalpur in Odisha.
Working experience of various industries for last 35 years,
prominent companies as below:
- Jay Shree Chemicals Ltd, Ganjam.
- Indian Rare Earths Ltd. OSCOM, Chatrapur, Odisha.
- National Aluminium Company Ltd. Anugul, Odisha.
- Aluminium Bahrain, Bahrain.
- DCW Home Products Ltd. Mumbai.
- Gujarat Heavy Industries Ltd. Ahmedabad.
- Vedanta Alumina Refinery Ltd., Langigarh, Odisha.
- Maharashtra Seamless Ltd. Nagothane. Maharashtra.
- Bechtel Inc. Gurgaon.
- Bechtel Inc, Centre of Excellency, Montreal, Canada.
- Ma’aden Aluminium Smelter, KSA.
- Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada.
- Utkal Alumina International Ltd., Tikiri, Odisha.
- Aditya Aluminium Ltd., Lapanga, Odisha.
- Vedanta Ltd., Jharsuguda, Odisha.
- Balco Vedanta Ltd., Korba, Chattisgarh.
*****
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Aluminium Industries Carbon Area
1
1. Process - Aluminium
Industries
The Aluminium industries is considered as combination of
bauxite mining, Alumina Refinery, Aluminium smelter,
integrated or captive power plants, and infrastructures.
The Bauxite ore is composition of Aluminium Oxide,
which is mining at place of occurrence after the removal
of the top soil on hill tops. The ore is transported by the
on land belt conveyors or by trucks to the Alumina
refinery. The Alumina refinery handles the bauxite ore,
grinds to small particles, then particles under goes the
following process in different units within the refinery. It
rejects out the undesirable as red mud from the ore slurry.
It reduces the ore of red color into white Alumina.
Alumina is white color powder. The refineries can have
captive power plant for process steam requirement as well
as for the electric power. The Alumina is sent to the
Aluminium smelters, where powder Alumina undergoes
the electrolysis process in pots to convert into prime
metal liquid Aluminium and carbon dioxide. The carbon
dioxide along with other gases are absorbed with fresh
Alumina powder, then liberated into atmosphere. The
electrolysis process occurs in presence of the carbon
block anodes and cathodes as both side conductors of the
pot, electrolytes. The power is supplied through the
anodes and cathodes from integrated/ captive power plant
or from the external power grids. The anodes are
manufactured by calcined petroleum coke, recycled coke,
and liquid pitch as binder to the above calcined petroleum
coke. The anodes are baked in furnaces and then these are
inserted with rods so that it can be fixed on top of the pot.
The hot liquid metals are transported to cast house where
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Maheswar Behera
2
it is made to marketable shape of prime products with
different quality. These includes saw mold, ingot, bars,
billets, and slabs. The down- stream industries converts
these shapes into numerous products like wires, plates,
various extrusion items. Further the value addition are
done on the secondary products like plates are used to
make Aluminum cans and so on. The metal is considered
as green metal as it can be reused after the recycling.
The infrastructure requirement is intensive for a mega
project. The port facility handles input raw materials like
Alumina, coke and coal, to import finished products for
export. The rail network is used for the transporting
bauxite, Alumina and coke and coal within the land if the
smelter located in the same region. The road transported
also an integrated mode for handling all inputs and output
prime metal as wells as finished products.
The restoration of the surrounding air, water and habitants
in original condition shall be a major role of the industry.
The various climate friendly processes in mining,
refinery, smelters and power plants keeps the surrounding
in habitable conditions. The state authorities and people
around industry shall demand from the industry. The red
mud from refinery, waste solids from smelters, and the
ash from power plants need established technologies to
reprocess for beneficial utilization for the society.
*****
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