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KATHLEEN ANN D. RUBIO

BSN-IV

Amos

His name means "bearer of burdens". Amos, a Prophet of GOD's Righteous Demands prophet Amos lived c. 750 BC a shepherd from Tekoa, a town inJudea betweenBethlehem andHebron. one of the twelve minor prophets He was a man of humble birth, neither a "prophet nor a prophet's son," but "an

herdman and a dresser of sycomore trees

He began to prophesy two years before the earthquake, which some say took placein the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Ozias, King of Judah, about the year 785 BC

His major themes ofsocial justice,God'somnipotence,anddivine judgment becamestaples of prophecy.

Amos was a prophet of the southern kingdom of Judah with a prophetic messagethat moreover included the northern kingdom of Israel.

He was active during the reigns of King Uzziah of Judah and King Jeroboam II ofIsrael, around the same time as the prophets Isaiah and Hosea.

Amos was sent by God to warn them to repent before it was too late. They didn'tlisten.

Amasias, the false priest of Bethel, brought about his deathHosea

The prophets name means salvation, likely a reference to Hoseas position inIsrael as a beacon of hope to those who would repent and turn to God because of his

message.

the son of Beeri, meaning my well. Hosea was a young preacher in the nation of Israel, the northern kingdom he was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah and Amos. He began his prophetic ministry before the death of Jeroboam II. He might have preached for 30-40 years. Hosea identifies that enemy as Assyria Hosea married Gomer, a bride God described as a wife of harlotry (Hosea 1:2) God named the son, Jezreel. It means, God sows, but it represents the place where

much blood had been shed. Jezebel had Naboth murdered in Jezreel. Jehu slew
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Joram and brought an end to the Omri dynasty in Jezreel. The Valley of Jezreel was

synonymous with bloodshed.

God used the names of Hoseas children, along with his wifes unfaithfulness, to sendspecific messages to the people of Israel.

Micah

Micah its meaning in HebrewWho is like God? his hometown, called Moresheth Gath, which sat near the border of Philistia and

Judah about twenty-five miles southwest of Jerusalem.

Micah lived outside the governmental centers of power in his nation, leading to hisstrong concern for the lowly and less fortunate of societythe lame, the outcasts,

and the afflicted (Micah 4:6).

Micah directed much of his prophecy toward the powerful leaders of Samaria andJerusalem, the capital cities of Israel and Judah, respectively (1:1)

Micah provides one of the most significant prophecies of Jesus Christs birth in allthe Old Testament, pointing some seven hundred years before Christs birth to His

birthplace of Bethlehem and to His eternal nature (Micah 5:2).

Isaiah

the meaning of Isaiahs name salvation of Yahweh Isaiah prophesied from roughly 740-700BCE. He was married to a prophetess who bore him at least two sons (Isaiah 7:3;8:3). He prophesied under the reign of four Judean kingsUzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and

Hezekiah (1:1)

he likely met his death under a fifth, the evil King Manasseh. Isaiah provides us with the most comprehensive prophetic picture of Jesus Christ in

the entire Old Testament. It includes the full scope of His life: the announcement of

His coming (Isaiah 40:35), His virgin birth (7:14), His proclamation of the good

news (61:1), His sacrificial death (52:1353:12), and His return to claim His own

(60:23).

Jeremiah

means, "the Lord founds," "the Lord exalts," or "the Lord throws down." The son of a priest from the small town of Anathoth in Judah the prophet Jeremiah dictated prophecies from the Lord to his secretary, Baruch.
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His father was the priest, Hilkiah, but there is no evidence that Jeremiah was ever apriest.

Jeremiah never married because God commanded him not to. Jeremiah was nearly twenty years old when he began to prophesy and he continued

in that office for the rest of his adult life, some forty years or more

Jeremiahs prophecies reveal a substantial amount of emotional depthoftensorrow over the plight of Gods people or his own troubles (Jeremiah 12:1

4;15:10).

Jeremiah's ministry was a failure because he lived a very conflicted life and no onelistened to him. But others are quick to point out that it is because of Jeremiah that

people were able to see through the judgment of the exile and disintegration of their

nation to the promise of hope and restoration that lay ahead.

Ezekiel

The name Ezekiel means God strengthens. Ezekiel prophesied from roughly 993-971BCE. Ezekiel lived among the Jewish exiles in Babylon at a settlement along the river

Chebar called Tel-abib (Ezekiel 3:15), less than one hundred miles south of Babylon

Ezekiel was a priest and was probably the son of a priest, so he would have beenwell versed in the religious traditions and regulations.

He was one of those who had been taken to Babylon in the deportation of 597BCE. He experienced his prophetic call through a vision of God. The number four (as in four living creatures, four wings, four faces) has special

significance for Ezekiel in that it suggests the idea of completeness. The climax of his call vision was to see the glory of God (perhaps a brightness, cloud,

or fire suggesting his presence).

Who were considered prophets of hope?Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel

Why were they called us such?Amos was considered prophet of hope because even though nations will be punished for

specific offenses that they have committed against Israel or some other nation. Israel and

Judah, however, will be punished for having broken their covenant with GOD. Amos

forecasts the restoration of Israel (9:11-15).
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Hosea was considered prophet of hope because at the last part of Hosea it shows how Gods

love once again restores His children as He forgets their misdeeds when they turn back to

Him with a repentant heart.

Micah was considered a prophet of hope because the book of Micah concludes with the

prophets call on the Lord as his only source of salvation and mercy (7:7), pointing thepeople toward an everlasting hope in their everlasting God.

Isaiah was considered prophetsof hope because the book stands as a testament of hope in

the Lord, the One who saves His people from themselves.

Jeremiah was considered a prophet of hope because the book of Jeremiah also provides us

the clearest glimpse of the new covenant God intended to make with His people once Christ

came to earth. This new covenant would be the means of restoration for Gods people, as

He would put His law within them, writing it on hearts of flesh rather than on tablets of

stone. Rather than fostering our relationship with God through a fixed location like atemple, He promised through Jeremiah that His people would know Him directly, a

knowledge that comes through the person of His Son, Jesus Christ (Jeremiah 31:3134; see

also Hebrews 8:6).

Ezekiel was considered a prophet of hope because Ezekiel pronounces judgment on both

Israel and surrounding nations, but it also provides a vision of the future millennial

kingdom that complements and adds to the vision of other Old and New Testament texts.

Not only does the book present a striking picture of the resurrection and restoration of

Gods people (Ezekiel 37), it also offers readers a picture of the reconstructed temple in

Jerusalem, complete with the return of Gods glory to His dwelling place (40:148:35). Thislatter section of Ezekiels prophecy looks forward to the peoples worship after Christs

return in the end times, when He will rule Israel and the nations from His throne in

Jerusalem during His thousand year reign What were their messages?

Message of amos:

The prophecy of Amos should simplify the choices in our lives. Instead of choosing between

prayer and service, the book of Amos teaches us that both are essential. God has called

Christians not only to be in relationship with Him but also to be in relationships with

others. For those Christians whose tendency has been to focus more on the invisible God

than on His visible creation, Amos pulls us back toward the center, where both the physical

and the spiritual needs of people matter in Gods scheme of justice.

Message of Hosea:


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The book of Hosea illustrates that no one is beyond the offer of our forgiveness because no

one sits outside Gods offer of forgiveness. Certainly, God brings judgment on those who

turn from Him, but Hoseas powerful act of restoration within his own marriage set the bar

high for those of us seeking godliness in our lives.

Message of Micah:

Micahs impassioned plea for Gods chosen people to repent will cut many of us to the

quick. Most of us dont decide daily to cut people down orfind ways to carry out injustice.

Instead, we do it out of habit. Lets allow the words of Micah to break us out of our apathy

about extending justice and kindness to others and press on toward a world that better

resembles the harmonious millennial kingdom to come. Lets determine to live as God

desiresto do justice, to love kindness, and to walk humbly with our God (Micah 6:8).

Message of Isaiah:

Isaiah contains one of the clearest expressions of the gospel in all the Old Testament. Even

from the first chapter, it is clear that the people have turned away from God and failed in

their responsibilities as His children (Isaiah 1:217). Yet God miraculously holds out hope

to this unrepentant people, offering cleansing of sins and the blessing that comes with faith

and obedience in Him (1:1820). Salvation lies only in Godthe only question is whether

or not we will accept His offer. Isaiahs message is also a call for believers to come back to

purity in our love for God and for our neighbors (Luke 10:2628

Message of Jeremiah:

Seeing Gods patience with His people in the Old Testament reminds us that God has always

been and continues to be merciful. That His chosen people routinely ignored the covenant

they made with Him for the better part of a millennia without immediate death and

destruction should give us hope in our own struggles with living well for God. Though we

fail Him, He is patient with us, working in us to bring about the best for our lives.

But the book of Jeremiah also reminds us that an end will certainly come, a truth that

should spur us to follow after God wholeheartedly.

Message of Ezekiel :

We sometimes find ourselves in that predicament as well, asking Why, Lord? and waiting

in silence for the answer. The exiles had to wait five years for God to send Ezekiel, and

when God did, His prophet had a message that the people likely didnt want tohear: God is
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the Lord of heaven and earth, and the judgment the people were experiencing was a result

of their own sin.

The book of Ezekiel reminds us to seek out the Lord in those dark times when we feel lost,

to examine our own lives, and to align ourselves with the one true God.

Describe the destruction of Jerusalem and Israels captivity in Babylon. Upon the death of Solomon in 931 B.C. the united kingdom of Israel was spit with ten

northern tribes pulling away and forming their own nation using the name Israel. The

two remaining tribes in the south continued under the name of Judah.

During the next 209 years the northern kingdom of Israel continued its worship of

idolatry until in 722 B.C. God used the Assyrians as His hammer of judgment. The

southern kingdom of Judah continued on for another 134 years after Israels fall only

to be judged for its spiritual adultery by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar (2

Chron. 36:17-20).

FALL OF JERUSALEM (586 B.C.)

The Northern Kingdom of Israel fell captive to the Assyrians in 722 B.C. The reason

was because of their idolatry. Shalmaneser besieged Israel for three years and his

successor, Sargon, finished the task and carried the people into captivity. The king of

Assyria brought people from other captured countries and settled them in Samaria,

who married the poorer people who remained in the country. The upper class people

were carried away to Assyria who then inner-married with Assyrians. As a result the

religion of Samaria became even more mixed with paganism. The resulting mixed

marriages were the Samaritans who were later despised by the pure Jews who

returned from Babylon to reclaim the land.

The ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom of Israel were carried to Assyria never to

come back to their homeland. Please keep in mind that many imaginary and

untrustworthy accounts have been given seeking to identify these Lost Tribes with

later peoples

Samaritans were a mixed race resulting from the intermarriages of the poorer residents of

the Northern Kingdom who were left in the land after the Assyrian captivity. Assyria brought

in settlers from other regions along the Tigris and Euphrates River who intermarried withthese local people. The Jews in Judea hated the Samaritans who worshipped a corrupted

Judaism based on the Pentateuch.

The Southern Kingdom of Judah survived for another 134 years and fell to the Babylonians


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in 586 B.C.

During the last 25 years the prophet Jeremiah, realizing the nations decay of moral and

spiritual values had reaped its harvest, remained faithful urging the people of Judah to acceptGods punishment upon the nation.

Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, spoiled Jerusalem and took treasures from SolomonsTemple. Ten thousand of the leading men of Judah were taken into captivity to Babylon. The

national leadership in Jerusalem continued to follow their wicked ways until

Nebuchadnezzar laid siege of the city and a breach was made into the city wall. KingZedekiah (Mattaniah, 597-586 B.C.) attempted to escape, but was captured and taken toBabylon in chains. The Babylonians killed his sons in his sight and then blinded him. The

walls of Jerusalem were destroyed and the temple burned to the ground. All of the citys

treasurers were taken to Babylon. The remaining leaders of Judah were killed and the rest ofthe people were carried into captivity to Babylon. Only the very poorest people remained in

Judah in the hills who later fled to Egypt (2 Kings 25:23-30).

It has been estimated by scholars that about 50,000 people were marched into captivity in

Babylon. The important thing to note is that the Babylonians did not replace the people of

Judah with other captives as the Assyrians had done in the Northern Kingdom in 722 B.C.The land of Judah and Jerusalem remained vacant for seventy years until the Lord brought a

remnant of His people back to the Promised Land.

The Chronicler tells us in vivid terms the reason for the exile (2 Chron. 36:14-16). They

mocked the messengers of God, and despised His words, and misused His prophets, until the

wrath of the Lord arose against His people until there was no remedy. But even thiscaptivity was a part of Gods plan.

Israels captivity in Babylon

The Babylonian captivity or exile refers to the time period in Israels history when Jews

were taken captive by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. It is an important period of

biblical history because both the captivity/exile and the return and restoration of the

Jewish nation were fulfilments of Old Testament prophecies.

God used Babylon as His agent of judgment against Israel for their sins of idolatry and

rebellion against Him. There were actually several different times during this period (607-586 B.C.) when the Jews were taken captive by Babylon. With each successive rebellion

against Babylonian rule, Nebuchadnezzar would lead his armies against Judah until they

laid siege to Jerusalem for over a year, killing many people and destroying the Jewish

temple, taking captive many thousands of Jews, and leaving Jerusalem in ruins.

As prophesied in Scripture, the Jewish people would be allowed to return to Jerusalem after


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70 years of exile. That prophecy was fulfilled in 537 B.C., and the Jews were allowed by

King Cyrus of Persia to return to Israel and begin rebuilding the city and temple. The return

under the direction of Ezra led to a revival among the Jewish people and the rebuilding of

the temple.

Under the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II, the Babylonian Empire spread throughout the

Middle East, and around 607 B.C., King Jehoiakim of Judah was forced into submission,

becoming a vassal to Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings 24:1). It was during this time that

Nebuchadnezzar took many of the finest and brightest young men from each city in Judah

captive, including Daniel, Hananiah (Shadrach), Mishael (Meshach) and Azariah

(Abednego). After three years of serving Nebuchadnezzar, Jehoiakim of Judah rebelled

against Babylonian rule and once again turned to Egypt for support. After sending his army

to deal with Judahs revolt,Nebuchadnezzar himself left Babylon in 598 B.C. to deal with

the problem. Arriving in Jerusalem around March of 597 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar laid siege to

Jerusalem, taking control of the area, looting it, and taking captive with him Jehoikims son,Jehoiachin, his family, and almost all of the population of Judah, leaving only the poorest

people of the land (2 Kings 24:8-16).

At that time Nebuchadnezzar appointed King Zedekiah to rule as his representative over

Judah, but after nine years and still not having learned their lesson, Zedekiah led Judah in

rebellion against Babylon one final time (2 Kings 2425). Influenced by false prophets and

ignoring Jeremiahs warnings, Zedekiah decided to join a coalition that was being formed

by Edom, Moab, Ammon and Phoenicia in rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar (Jeremiah

27:1-3). This resulted in Nebuchadnezzar again laying siege to Jerusalem. Jerusalem fell in

July 586 B.C., and Zedekiah was taken captive to Babylon after seeing his sons killed before

him and then having his eyes plucked out (2 Kings 25). At this time Jerusalem was laid to

waste, the temple destroyed and all the houses burned. The majority of the Jewish people

were taken captive, but, again, Nebuchadnezzar left a remnant of poor people to serve as

farmers and vinedressers (2 Kings 25:12).

The books of 2 Chronicles and 2 Kings deal with much of the time leading up to fall of both

the Northern Kingdom and Judah. They also cover the destruction of Jerusalem by

Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of the Babylonian captivity. Jeremiah was one of the

prophets during the time leading up to the fall of Jerusalem and the exile, and Ezekiel andDaniel were written while the Jews were in exile. Ezra deals with the return of the Jews as

promised over 70 years before by God through the prophets Jeremiah and Isaiah. The book

of Nehemiah also covers the return and rebuilding of Jerusalem after the exile was over.

The Babylonian captivity had one very significant impact on the nation of Israel when it

returned to the landit would never again be corrupted by the idolatry and false gods of
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the surrounding nations. A revival among Jews took place after the return of the Jews to

Israel and the rebuilding of the temple. We see those accounts in Ezra and Nehemiah as the

nation would once again return to the God who had delivered them from their enemies.

Just as God had promised through the prophet Jeremiah, God judged the Babylonians for

their sins, and the Babylonian Empire fell to the armies of Persia in 539 B.C., once again

proving Gods promises to be true.

The seventy-year period of the Babylonian captivity is an important part of Israels history,

and Christians should be familiar with it. Like many other Old Testament events, this

historical account demonstrates Gods faithfulness to His people, His judgment of sin, and

the surety of His promises.

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