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Salvador Sánchez-Alonso, Jesús CáceresSalvador Sánchez-Alonso, Jesús CáceresInformation Engineering research unit, University of Alcala, SpainInformation Engineering research unit, University of Alcala, Spain
Aage S. Holm, Geir Lieblein, Tor Arvid BrelandAage S. Holm, Geir Lieblein, Tor Arvid BrelandNorwegian University of Life SciencesNorwegian University of Life Sciences
Nikos ManouselisNikos ManouselisInformatics Laboratory, Agricultural University of AthensInformatics Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens
Presented byPresented by
Roger MillsRoger MillsOxford University Library ServicesOxford University Library Services
Engineering an ontology on organic Engineering an ontology on organic agriculture and agroecology: the case agriculture and agroecology: the case
of the Organic.Edunet projectof the Organic.Edunet project
Co-funded by the European CommissionCo-funded by the European Commission
eeContentContentplusplus programme programme
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Organic Agriculture and Agroecology Organic Agriculture and Agroecology (OA & AE)(OA & AE)
Education is essential to raise public awareness of Education is essential to raise public awareness of OA/AE, in support of food securityOA/AE, in support of food security
Organic.EdunetOrganic.Edunet is is an EU co-funded projectan EU co-funded project 3 years from Oct 20073 years from Oct 2007 €€4.8m4.8m
to provideto provide an online, freely-available portalan online, freely-available portal where learning materials on OA & AE can be publishedwhere learning materials on OA & AE can be published and accessed through specialized technologies to aid search, and accessed through specialized technologies to aid search,
retrieval and use of the collected contentretrieval and use of the collected content
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Openly-available portalOpenly-available portal
Aimed at:Aimed at: European youthEuropean youth ProducersProducers FarmersFarmers ConsumersConsumers
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Stages in buildingStages in building
develop metadata scheme for the develop metadata scheme for the description of digital learning resourcesdescription of digital learning resources
use to describe existing contentsuse to describe existing contents organise in repositoriesorganise in repositories federate local repositories federate local repositories provide a common point of access provide a common point of access
including advanced search capabilities, including advanced search capabilities, based on the Semantic Web visionbased on the Semantic Web vision
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Search and Browse learning resources
Find scenarios - using organic resources in teaching and learning
Public Underpinned by..
Repository interface – manual or electronic upload
Federated repository
Database of scenarios
Ontologies – to support search and retrieval
Educational metadata (IEE LOM)
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overall overall architecturearchitecture
Users
Web Portal Module
Semantic Services Module
Content Providers
Learning Resources Exchange Module
Federation of Learning Resource Repositories
Learning Repository Management Module
Public Resources
BIO@GRO
Intute
School
ENOAT
Organic.Edunet Federation of Learning
Repositories
ECOLOGICA/COMPASS
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semantic semantic services services modulemodule
WSMO LOMR
OntologiesLOMR Module
RDF2WSMOConverter
Metadata Harversting Mechanism
LOM2WSMO Translator
Module
Semantic Services Module
uses
Web Service QueryInterface
Organic.Edunet Web Portal Module
Learning Repository Management Module
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Procedure for the Procedure for the engineering of an engineering of an ontology on OA & AEontology on OA & AE
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overall coverageoverall coverage
15 15 partners partners from 10 from 10 EU EU countriescountries
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NegotiationNegotiation
Partners with differentPartners with different BackgroundsBackgrounds KnowledgeKnowledge InstitutionsInstitutions LanguageLanguage
must work together to deliver ontology must work together to deliver ontology in time as basis for rest of projectin time as basis for rest of project
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EngineeringEngineering
No mature technologiesNo mature technologies OA & AE experts elaborate a listOA & AE experts elaborate a list built upon previous efforts:built upon previous efforts:
Bio@gro (Bio@gro (http://www.bioagro.grhttp://www.bioagro.gr)) FAO's AGROVOC (FAO's AGROVOC (
http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htmhttp://www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm)) and othersand others
Includes mapping to those vocabulariesIncludes mapping to those vocabularies
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Formulate modulesFormulate modules
Domain [subject] experts identify sub-domainsDomain [subject] experts identify sub-domains assisted by librarians and ontology experts assisted by librarians and ontology experts dividing the original list into microthesauri or dividing the original list into microthesauri or
modulesmodules Modules must be cohesive: all the concepts logically Modules must be cohesive: all the concepts logically
related will be part of the same modulerelated will be part of the same module Tentative high level modules: Tentative high level modules:
FarmingFarming DistributionDistribution ProcessingProcessing ConsumptionConsumption Waste managementWaste management
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Add definitionsAdd definitions
Domain experts add agreed, Domain experts add agreed, unambiguous definitions for the termsunambiguous definitions for the terms
thus producing a “concept list”thus producing a “concept list” concept concept denotes terms whose definition denotes terms whose definition
and relation to other concepts has been and relation to other concepts has been establishedestablished
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Develop initial ontologyDevelop initial ontology
Ontology experts develop initial Ontology experts develop initial ontology from concept listontology from concept list
Process to engineer each module Process to engineer each module separately into a sub-ontologyseparately into a sub-ontology
All sub-ontologies created in parallel All sub-ontologies created in parallel from the definitionsfrom the definitions
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Evaluate using upper ontologyEvaluate using upper ontology
OE uses the OE uses the OpenCyc ontology: ‘OpenCyc ontology: ‘hundreds of thousands of hundreds of thousands of terms and millions of assertions relating the terms to each terms and millions of assertions relating the terms to each other, forming an upper ontology whose domain is “all of human other, forming an upper ontology whose domain is “all of human consensus reality”.’ consensus reality”.’
Evaluation process structured around four steps:Evaluation process structured around four steps:1.1. Find one or several terms in the OpenCyc upper ontology that Find one or several terms in the OpenCyc upper ontology that
subsume, are equal, or similar to the category under consideration.subsume, are equal, or similar to the category under consideration.
2.2. Check carefully that the mapping is consistent with the rest of the Check carefully that the mapping is consistent with the rest of the subsumers inside the upper ontology.subsumers inside the upper ontology.
3.3. Provide the appropriate predicates to characterize the new category.Provide the appropriate predicates to characterize the new category.
4.4. Edit the term in an ontology editor to come up with the final formal Edit the term in an ontology editor to come up with the final formal version.version.
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Validation by exampleValidation by example
using scenarios of typical user interaction for using scenarios of typical user interaction for searching and retrieving resourcessearching and retrieving resources
to improve and refine the ontologyto improve and refine the ontology an iterative and incremental processan iterative and incremental process through which validated concepts and through which validated concepts and
relations will be added to the ontology in a relations will be added to the ontology in a continuous and systematic building methodcontinuous and systematic building method
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Procedure for the Procedure for the engineering of an engineering of an ontology on OA & AEontology on OA & AE
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ProblemsProblems
Domain experts preferred to see “the whole Domain experts preferred to see “the whole picture” not just “their” modulepicture” not just “their” module
Solution to build up a full list of tagged terms, Solution to build up a full list of tagged terms, where tags link terms to tentative modules where tags link terms to tentative modules where they could fitwhere they could fit
Division of this “full map” of concepts into Division of this “full map” of concepts into cohesive modules in the next iterationcohesive modules in the next iteration
Domain experts thus constructed a mind map Domain experts thus constructed a mind map of concepts, where they could later easily of concepts, where they could later easily work with one “branch” at a timework with one “branch” at a time
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From lists of terms to ontologiesFrom lists of terms to ontologies
‘‘is a’ relationships need further is a’ relationships need further definitiondefinition
Subject experts needed to create those Subject experts needed to create those definitionsdefinitions
Ontology experts formalise relationshipOntology experts formalise relationship Once fully defined, ontology replaces Once fully defined, ontology replaces
concept lists, thesauri and term listsconcept lists, thesauri and term lists
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Thesaurus sub-termsThesaurus sub-terms
Plant Production
Plant Health Diversity
Preventative Plant Protection
Crop Rotation
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Plant ProductionIs an agricultural activity
Plant Healthis a prerequisite for Plant
Production
Diversityis a prerequisite for Plant
Production in organic agriculture
Plant protectionis a set of techniques and processes
to achieve Plant Health
Preventative Plant Protectionis a sub-set of techniques for
Plant Protection
Crop Rotationis a specific technique for Preventive Plant Protection
is a specific technique for obtaining Diversity
Ontological Ontological relationshipsrelationships
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DimensionsDimensions
Perspective Perspective User User Space-and-timeSpace-and-time
Essential for advanced searches Essential for advanced searches To be included in content metadataTo be included in content metadata
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The perspective dimensionThe perspective dimension
SocialSocial EconomicEconomic ProductionProduction EnvironmentalEnvironmental
Different users focus on different aspects of same Different users focus on different aspects of same subject subject
E.g. “Plant protection”:E.g. “Plant protection”: Environmental: biological aspects of plant health & plant Environmental: biological aspects of plant health & plant
protection, content of nutrientsprotection, content of nutrients Economic: cost-benefit of different plant protection Economic: cost-benefit of different plant protection
strategiesstrategies
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The user dimensionThe user dimension
Educational levelEducational level ConsumerConsumer Farmer/producerFarmer/producer
Different users view terms and relationships to other Different users view terms and relationships to other terms with different levels of complexity terms with different levels of complexity
E.g “labelling”:E.g “labelling”: Consumer: ideology, structure of regulations and Consumer: ideology, structure of regulations and
accreditationaccreditation Farmer/producer: specific regulations concerning plant Farmer/producer: specific regulations concerning plant
productionproduction
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The space-and-time dimensionThe space-and-time dimension
Spatial levelsSpatial levels Time horizonsTime horizons
Different users require information in relation to Different users require information in relation to different spatial and time characteristicsdifferent spatial and time characteristics
E.g.: E.g.: How wide: Symbiotic N2 fixation: at molecular, soil–plant How wide: Symbiotic N2 fixation: at molecular, soil–plant
mesocosm, field, farm, local, national or biosphere spatial mesocosm, field, farm, local, national or biosphere spatial levelslevels
How long: Soil nitrogen dynamics: within-year (plant-How long: Soil nitrogen dynamics: within-year (plant-available N during a growing season), medium-term (N available N during a growing season), medium-term (N balance during a crop rotation) or long-term (humus N balance during a crop rotation) or long-term (humus N dynamics over decades) time horizonsdynamics over decades) time horizons
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Term selectionTerm selection
Goal of OA & AE: “To produce enough and Goal of OA & AE: “To produce enough and healthy food for the world’s population in a healthy food for the world’s population in a sustainable and ecological way”sustainable and ecological way”
Initial term selection focus on keywords: Initial term selection focus on keywords: Health, Care, Natural, Ecology, Quality, Health, Care, Natural, Ecology, Quality, Safety, Variation, Diversity and Fair Safety, Variation, Diversity and Fair
Terms chosen to relate to contentTerms chosen to relate to content
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ConclusionConclusion
Collaborative process involving domain experts, Collaborative process involving domain experts, ontology experts, librarians, external consultants, etcontology experts, librarians, external consultants, etc
So only the two first steps of the full procedure So only the two first steps of the full procedure completed:completed: February 2008: Preliminary list of termsFebruary 2008: Preliminary list of terms May 2008: Initial list of tagged conceptsMay 2008: Initial list of tagged concepts September 2008: first version of the ontology (English only)September 2008: first version of the ontology (English only) end of September: translations to all the other eight end of September: translations to all the other eight
languages represented in the Organic.Edunet consortiumlanguages represented in the Organic.Edunet consortium October 2008- ontology will be used in pilot searches, results October 2008- ontology will be used in pilot searches, results
helping refine design and contenthelping refine design and content
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connect toconnect to
need more information?need more information? want to get affiliated with want to get affiliated with
Organic.EdunetOrganic.Edunet?? visit visit
http://www.organic-edunet.euhttp://www.organic-edunet.eu emailemail
[email protected]@grnet.gr [email protected] [email protected]