saludares
Transcript of saludares
Chapter I
Introduction and Background of the Study
Introduction
The existence of parasitism has brought about tremendous dilemma in human
lives. The occurrence of it has widened dramatically. On global basis, parasitic infections
affect approximately 50 million persons each year resulting in nearly 40-100 thousand
deaths (Dhawan, Vinod, K.M.D). That’s why this is one of the major problems in
developing countries where there is a deprived condition characterized by lack of clean
water, clean food and sanitized environment.
Parasitism is referred to as the presence of organisms that take place up their
abode temporarily or permanently on or within other organisms for the purpose of
procuring food and shelter. It is caused by various parasites that are very injurious to
humans. These parasites inhabit the human body either externally such as on the skin or
internally such as the intestines, muscles, blood and the like. Moreover, the distribution
of parasites depends on the presence of suitable host , the more susceptible host coming
in contact with the parasites the more disseminated the parasites will be.
Actually, environmental condition and sanitation greatly affect intestinal
parasitism which is caused by the invasion of soil – transmitted intestinal parasites taking
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up their abode in the human intestine. Specifically, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris
trichiura and Hookworms are the one involved in intestinal parasitism or helminthiasis.
According to World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, which covers
East Asia and the Pacific, intestinal parasitism remains as a leading public health
problem, affecting millions of children. In poor countries and communities, with
inadequate sanitation and hygiene, it is common to find 90% of children infected with at
least one parasite such as hookworm or roundworm. In addition, scavengers, garbage
collectors and garbage truck drivers are also some group of individuals that are
vulnerable in acquiring parasites because of the nature of their work. Several effects
could be observed to them such as poor mental ability especially in children, poor health
status and certain disease, intestinal parasitism specifically.
Consequently, intestinal parasitism is a worst disease since it is one of the
neglected diseases. It is considered as a disease of poverty. They represent the most
common diseases among 2.7 billion people including 610 million people living in Asia
Pacific Region. They can basically be treated by means of cost-effective, safe
interventions, yet most have been largely invisible to the public health community. Thus,
policies to control and prevent these diseases are not in place in many countries.
Furthermore, intestinal parasitism is not subjected to compulsory reporting resulting in
insufficient data. It actually ranked higher than malaria and tuberculosis (disability-
adjusted life years-DALY’s). In conjunction, since poverty affects it greatly, more and
more individuals are parasitized. It is because millions of people are still stuck in poverty
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and poor health with no sign of being able to breach the barrier to better medical care. For
example, how can be cased of intestinal parasitism be lessen in areas where poor
environmental sanitation is existing due to poverty and lack of education of course. Take
for instance those who are living in and settling near dumpsites. With the fact that
dumpsite is a dirty area, mere exposure to the soil is already a predisposing condition
towards the acquisition of intestinal parasitism. Thus they really and hardly needed to be
recognized and be declared under intestinal parasitism danger zone. They should be
known to be vulnerable group from intestinal parasitism.
Thus, this way they can be given attention by the government and the public
health community and be given some sorts of help. Health Education dissemination per
se, then to be followed with interventions needed, the possible treatments, controls and
preventions primarily.
They could be given the control measures and be extended with remedies from
the government programs via the Department of Health. Like for example
“Garantisadong Pambata Programs” being conducted twice a year nationwide. In
conjunction, with the said program pursuing the advocacy, proper hand washing, and
proper food preparation, proper footwear practices and human waste disposal could be
shared too to them in the form of seminars or information education campaign. That way,
they would become aware that living near dumpsite is simply putting their health at risk.
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Given with such kind of focus, intestinal parasitism could be possibly reduced or
even eradicated.
Statement of the Objectives
Generally, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at
Tuguegarao City dumpsite.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the intestinal parasites harbored by the residents of Tuguegarao City
dumpsite as well as those garbage collectors and garbage truck drivers working in
the dumpsite.
2. Determine if there is association on the parasites isolated and the degree of
parasitism when grouped according to:
a.) Sex
b.) Educational Attainment
c.) Marital Status
d.) Livelihood
3. Identify intestinal parasites present in soil samples taken at Tuguegarao City
dumpsite and from the vicinity of the residents.
4. Asses if the intestinal parasites harbored by the respondents are the same with
those isolated from the soil samples.
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Hypotheses
Ho:
1) There is no association in the intestinal parasites harbored by the respondents with
the species identified from the soil sample taken from the dumpsite and from the
vicinity of the residents.
2) There is no association in the intestinal parasite isolated from the respondents
when they are grouped according to:
a. Gender
b. Educational Attainment
c. Marital Status
d. Livelihood
Scope and Delimitation
This study restricted itself on the determination of the prevalence of intestinal
parasitism among garbage collector’s, garbage truck drivers and the entire resident’s
settling near the dumpsite located at Carig Norte, Tuguegarao City. The parasites of
concerned were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and hookworm either in their
ova or larvae forms.
Information education campaign (IEC) was conducted by the researchers on July
5, 2010 simultaneously with the orientation (on how to properly collect stool samples and
when to collect them). An interview to the respondents was also conducted in
coordination with the dumpsite personnel.
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The study analyzed stool specimen coming from the 47 respondents (20 from the
residents and 27 from the garbage truck drivers and garbage collectors) and 30 soil
samples (15 samples were taken at the dumpsite area and 15 samples were taken at the
vicinity of the residents beside the dumpsite). Stool cups were used as containers for the
specimens. Furthermore, the collection of stool specimen was conducted on July 11, 2010
to July 27, 2010 respectively. The collection of stool specimens was done once in every
respondent and there was no replication or another trial conducted. It was accomplished
in several consecutive dates because of the difficulty in collecting the stool specimens
due to the poor compliance of the respondents.
After the collection of stool specimen the stool specimens were preserved using
10% formalin and immediately transported in the laboratory together with the soil
sample. The soil samples were not preserved since it was not necessary. Moreover,
Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) was the laboratory procedure utilized in
both the stool specimens and soil samples. After which, microscopic examination was
performed in the identification of intestinal parasites present in the specimen with the
help of an expert Parasitologist.
All the laboratory testing was conducted at Cagayan State University, Andrews
Campus, College of Allied Health Sciences, Clinical laboratory.
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Significance of the Study
The result of the study was useful and beneficial to the following individuals and
agencies:
The study was deemed beneficial to the Department of Health (DOH)
specifically the DOH region 02 for they could use this study to strengthen their ongoing
projects regarding parasitism such as the “Garantisadong Pambata Program” and any
other projects related for that matter, for the upliftment of the health status of the people
concerned.
The study was also a great help on the City Council of Tuguegarao and other
Local Government Units for, this served as an eye opener for the real situation of the
people who are in contact to the dumpsite. On the other hand, this could be a driving
force for the government officials to give more priority and exert more effort to combat
the problem regarding parasitism, such as providing protective suits and materials to the
people at the dumpsite.
Furthermore, the respondents of this study were mainly benefited since they were
informed and already aware on their health status specifically the presence or absence of
intestinal parasites within them. They were also had a free fecalysis and being educated
on the prevention, control and treatment of intestinal parasitism invasion.
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This study, in a way, was a good source of help to the future researchers. This
served as a useful material for reference purposes where insights collaborate and ideas
take place for a much better research. Moreover, this research study was the researcher’s
help and a valuable contribution in eradicating the problem on intestinal parasitism
primarily at Tuguegarao City dumpsite.
Definition of Terms
Dumpsites – isolated area where garbage coming from the people of Tuguegarao City
including the municipality of Iguig is being disposed.
Parasites – intestinal parasites like Ascaris, hookworm and Trichuris that mainly resides
in the intestine.
Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) – laboratory technique used in the
determination of the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at Tuguegarao City dumpsite
employed via fecalysis and soil analysis.
Fecalysis – stool processing used in the analysis of the stool from the respondents.
Marital Status – status of the respondents whether they are married, single or widow.
Gender – either the respondent is a boy or a girl.
Educational Attainment – highest degree in education the respondents attained.
Livelihood – source of living of the respondent either scavenging, garbage collecting or
garbage truck driving.
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THE PARADIGM
Input Process Output
Formalin Ether Concentration
Technique
Figure 1.1 The paradigm showing the relationship between the input and output.
Conceptual Framework
Parasitism is one of the basic problems in third world countries like Philippines
specifically, intestinal parasitism. It is a widespread problem affecting many people in
areas with poor environmental sanitation wherein people are not educated on its effects.
Intestinal parasitism is commonly caused by three main species of soil transmitted
intestinal parasites which include Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and
hookworm. These parasites are commonly called the “unholy three” because of the bad
effects on their host and with the assumed possibility that having even just one of the
three species may mean also a tendency of harboring one of the other two or the other
two per se . They abode into the intestine which can cause poor mental ability especially
in children, poor health status and certain disease which is intestinal parasitism like
ascariasis and trichuriasis.
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Stool specimen
AndSoil sample
Microscopic identification of parasites
Here in Tuguegerao City, the residents near the dumpsite who are scavenging
including the garbage collectors and garbage truck drivers are the ones usually prone to
have intestinal parasite that’s why they are considered to be the vulnerable group. It is
hard to avoid the direct contact of these people with the garbage and the soil in the
dumpsite because of the nature of their work.
In order to know if they have acquired such parasites, studying their stool and soil
from the dumpsite is very essential to determine the specific parasites present. 10%
Formalin-Saline was used as a preservative for the stool specimens in order to prevent
rapid decomposition. Moreover, Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique was used as a
laboratory technique because it is excellent for concentrating both cyst and ova and
possesses the added advantage that may apply to formalin-preserved specimens (Markell
et al.).
Furthermore, microscopic examination was then conducted, this is so to determine
the presence of parasite with the help of an expert Parasitologist.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Soil-transmitted infections persist in areas where personal hygiene and
environmental sanitation practices are poorly carried out and where cases remain
untreated and become continuing sources of infections. A high prevalence of intestinal
parasitism is also generally associated with areas that are basically agricultural and low in
the economic and human development scale. The three major causes of intestinal
parasitism in the Philippines are ascariasis or roundworm infection, trichuriasis or
whipworm infection, and hookworm infection. Thus, in order prevent such parasitic
infection, proper sanitary practices must be strictly followed.
Factors Affecting Intestinal Parasitism
Sanitation
Sanitary habits such as hand washing, toilet flushing and use of human manure,
cleanness of drinking water and also the educational level of the parents are some factors
affecting intestinal parasitism.
The term “Hygiene” suggests set of practices associated with preservation of
health and living a healthy life. Hygiene correlates with personal and professional care
practices followed at every aspects of healthy living. Hygiene could be of many types
such as medical hygiene, body hygiene, dental hygiene, domestic hygiene at every level
is necessary for healthy living, sanitary hygiene is something that is promoting health by
avoiding human contact with the hazards of waste. The term “sanitary” is derived from
the word “sanitation”.
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The term sanitation is applied to a particular concept, aspect, strategy or location for basic
sanitation, on site sanitation, food sanitation, environmental sanitation and ecological
sanitation.
A good sanitary habit includes following hygienic practices. Poor sanitary habits
can create health problems and the spread of diseases. A good sanitary habit can only be
followed if the individual is supplied with proper sanitary supplies. Sanitary supplies are
necessary in a crisis situation. There are hygiene supplies available in market that
supports you even when you are without water as a cleansing source for several days.
Hygiene and sanitary supplies are the primary tools for achieving good where elementary
cleanliness is the basic criterion. Neglect of hygiene and sanitary issues resulted into
problems and diseases of which we sometimes were not even aware of. Everybody part
demands attention at regular intervals, as far as cleansing them is concerned. Sometimes
we complain about conditions that disturb our daily regimen appearing as a threat to
personal hygiene. Some health conditions that can be controlled by improving personal
hygiene include intestinal parasites like roundworms. There are sanitary supplies readily
available in market that can well be used for both in crisis situations and also in daily
hygiene. A good hygiene is the only method of preventing infections. One most effective
method of preventing ourselves from illness is practicing good personal hygiene. Sanitary
and hygiene is a wide concept which includes practices such as bathing, washing hair,
brushing teeth and cleaning clothes.
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Poverty
In relation to sanitation poverty could also be a factor. For instance a sizable
chunk of the population lives in squatters’ areas where environmental sanitation is poor
and the surroundings harbour the parasites. Parasites reside in warm moist soil and dirty
surroundings. The poor population does not have the capacity to go to school so they are
not aware of the mode of transmission of parasitic agents. Being unaware of these, they
would not take precautions. Those who were found out to be infected could not go for
treatment because of financial constraints. The lucky ones who were able to sometimes
lack the financial capacity to buy needed medicine or when they have money, the
medicine is scarce. There are not enough health centres and health professionals to
conduct efficient health services.
Socio-economic Status
In conjunction, poverty greatly affects socio-economic status of a place, thus
socio-economic status could also be a factor towards the risk of intestinal parasitism.
The socio-economic conditions prevalent in third world cities differ markedly
from those in industrialized countries. Third world cities are experiencing rapid
urbanization brought about by fast population growth as well as high immigration rates.
Urbanization often takes place as the expansion or creation of new slum areas and
squatter settlements. Their rapid expansion and the lack of resources to provide them with
the necessary
infrastructure and urban services translate into insufficient collection of the wastes
generated, as well their improper disposal on the streets, of their operational budgets on
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waste management, third world cities only collect between 50 and 80% of the refused
generated.
Consequently, in third world cities, sometimes the rural areas are unattended
because of the lack of personnel and medical equipment. Due to several people with
parasitism, re-infection occurs and when auto infection parasitism keeps recurring
because of the inability to live in clean, comfortable and healthy environment. The
presence of secondary hosts are more common in third world countries because families
tend o place their poultry and pigpen for example near their abode because of lack of
space and ignorance of diseases and parasites of these animals could pass on to humans.
Soil Transmitted Intestinal Parasites
There are three main intestinal parasites that are soil transmitted. They are
commonly known as the members of the “unholy tree.”
Ascaris lumbricodes
Figure 2.1 Ascaris lumbricoides Ova
First, is Ascaris lumbricoides or the giant roundworm is one of the most common,
if not the most common helminth infecting our young population. It lives in the small
intestine, and found worldwide but is more prevalent in warm moist regions of the world.
It is also one of bigger-sized worms with adult males 15 – 31 cm long by 24 mm and
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adults female 20 – 35 cm long by 3 -6 mm. Males have a curved a tail, while females
have a straight brown in color and have mammilated, thick shell. They are in the one-
celled stage when passed in feces. In certain, instances, the outer albuminoid,
mammillated layer may be absent, and as such, they are called decorticated eggs. Infertile
eggs are elongate, 85 – 90 um by 43 – 47 um, and have thin shells with the mammillated
layer varying from grossly irregular mammillations. Its content is typically a mass of
disorganized, highly refractive granules.
Females worms lay eggs and are therefore called oviparous. Unembyonated eggs
in feces pass on the soil, where they undergo further development for 2 – 3 weeks. Each
will contain an infective second stage larva. When infective eggs are ingested, larvae
emerge in the small intestine and undergo an obligatory migration for about 8 – 9 days
through the lives and the lungs. In the lungs, they undergo considerable growth to reach a
length of 1 mm. after which they return to the small intestine where they were grow to
maturity in about 2 months.
When the worm causes disease during the phase of larval migration, it is called
Ascaris pneumonitis or some references would call it loeffler’s syndrome. The erratic
migration of adult worms to extra intestinal locations, in the liver for example, makes the
presence of even one worm a potentially serious danger to the human host. This worm is
very important is very important cause of abdominal pain among infected individuals.
When a form is passed out with feces, it is easily recognizable because of its
relatively large size. In fact, it is probably the most commonly seen and recognized worm
in endemic communities. When this happens, it is likely that other worms remain inside.
In the laboratory ascariasis is diagnosed by demonstration of characteristic eggs in feces.
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Ascaris eggs are produced in such large numbers such that even with a single pair
of worms present. The eggs are easily detected by direct fecal smear. Infertile eggs
maybe missed if only a flotation concentration procedure is done for fecal examination.
Infertile eggs may also pose diagnostic problems if the outer mammillated layer is totally
absent or if egg assumes a typical shape. Fertile eggs concentrate well by sedimentation
or flotation concentration procedures.
Trichiuris trichura
Figure 2.2 Trichiuris trichura Ova
Secondly, is Trichiuris trichura or whipworm which lives in the large intestine,
cecum or appendix. Like Ascaris, it is found worldwide, but more especially in warm,
moist regions of the world.
Males have a called posterior end and measure 35 – 50 mm. Adults worm have a
long, slender, whip-like anterior end. And a thicker, short posterior end. The esophagus
consists of a thin-narrow tube surrounded by a column of glandular cells called
stichocytes which are collectively referred to as the stichosome. Whipworm eggs are 50-
55 um by 22-24 um and barrel shaped. They have a yellow-brown color with a thick
shell, and clear, mucoid plugs at each end. They are unembryonated when passed.
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Like ascaris, trichuris females are oviparous. Eggs pass on to soil where they
undergo development for 2-3 weeks, after which they contain an infective first stage
larva. When infective eggs are ingested, larvae emerge in the intestine and migrate to the
large intestine where they develop to maturity. The prepatent period is about 3 months.
This worm is quite sturdy and may not be expelled easily by the best deworming drug
available. Adult worms may live for up to 10 years or more.
Whipworm infant is diagnosed by demonstration of characteristics eggs in feces.
The eggs are easily recognizable although in light infants, they maybe difficult to find in
fecal preparations, unless concentration techniques are used. In patients treated with
antihelminthics, distorted eggs maybe passed in feces.
Hookworm
Figure 2.3 Hookworm Ova
Third and lastly is the Hookworm, which has variety of species like Necatur
americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. In the Philippines, the former is encountered
more frequently than the latter. Hookworms inhabit the small intestine and they are an
important cause of chronic anemia of the microcytic- hypochromic type.
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Necatur males measure 5-9 mm by 0-3 mm and are bursate, with two spicules that
fuse at their distal end. Females are 9-11 mm byo-4 mm. adults have a buccal capsule
containing cutting plates rather than teeth. Eggs are thin-shelled and colorless, measuring
60-75 um by 36-40 um. They are usually in early cleavage when passed in feces. First
stage rhabditoid larvae that hatch from eggs are 250-300 um long by 17um. They have a
long buccal canal and their genital primordium is small and difficult to see. Infective
third stage platiform larvae are 500-600 um long. They have a pointed tail and a ratio of
esophageal to intestinal length of 1:4. The sheath about the larvae is conspicuously
striated.
Ancyslostoma males measures 8-11 mm by 0.4-0.5 mm. (Adults have) and are
also bursate, with two spicules that do not fuse at their distal ends. Females measure 10-
13mm by 0.5-0.7 mm. Adults has a buccal capsule containing two pairs of teeth. Eggs are
thin-shelled and colorless, measuring 55-65 mm by 36-40mm. First stage habditoid
larvae hatch from eggs are 250-350 um long by 17 um. They a long buccal canal and
their genital primordium is small and difficult to see. Infective third stage filariform
larvae are 600-700 um long. They have a pointed tail and a ratio of esophageal to
intestinal length of 1:4. Unlike Necatur, the sheath is not as conspicuously striated.
Hookworms are oviparous. As in the previously describe soil transmitted
helminthes, eggs are shed in feces on to soil where they embryonate and hatch
approximately 24 hours. Larvae reach the infective first stage in about a week. Human
infections are acquired by skin penetration by these larvae. For ancylostoma, human
infection is also obtained by mouth. Larvae undergo further development in the lung prior
to migration to the small intestine. The prepatent period is about 5-6 weeks. The usual
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life span of necatur is between 3-5 years, while that of ancylostoma is between 5-10
years. Necatur adults may live up to 15 years.
Eggs of necatur are indistinguishable from those of ancylostoma. If hookworm
eggs hatch in feces because of a delay in examination, the first stage larvae must be
differentiated from those of strongyloides. At first stage, larvae hookworm has a long
buccal canal and an inconspicuous genital primordium, while the larvae of strongyloides
have a short buccal canal and a prominent genital primordium. Stool specimens must not
be refrigerated before attempting to culture larval stages since necatur is especially
sensitive to cold.
Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique
Concentration procedures are used to concentrate the parasites in a specimen
and increase the likelihood of detecting the parasite while decreasing the amount of fecal
debris. Fresh or formalin-fixed specimens maybe concentrated by sedimentation or
floatation techniques.
A common sedimentation technique is the Formalin-Ether Acetate Method. This
method retrieves sediment of parasites such as helminthes ova and protozoan oocyst
using centrifugation. With various sedimentation methods, eggs and cysts which are
heavier than the suspending fluid become concentrated in the bottom of a tube.
The Formalin-Ether Sedimentation technique is excellent for the concentration of
both cyst and ova and possesses the other advantage that may be applied to formalin
preserved specimens. After centrifugation, the diagnostic material is transferred to a
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microscope slide. It is well to make a habit examining completely every concentrated
preparation with low power objective of the microscope.
Related Studies
Intestinal Parasitism
Parasitic infection caused by intestinal helminthes and protozoan parasite, are
among the most prevalence infection in humans in developing countries, protozoan
parasite more commonly cause gastrointestinal infection compared to helminthes.
Intestinal parasite causes a significant morbidity and mortality in endemic countries.
According to Nada A. Abahussian, PhD in her study entitled prevalence of
intestinal parasites among expatriate workers in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The
prevalence of parasitic infection is 31.4% - 22.3% are single infection and 9.1% with
multiple infections (double and triple and quadruple). Hookworm, Trichuris trichura, and
Ascaris lumbricoides were the most common infections in all nationalities. Parasites were
found to be more prevalent among Indians followed by Indonesians, Filipinos then Sri
Lankans. In addition, the prevalence rate found in this study was high enough to merit a
spotlight on it as a problem. Health education should be then increased to raise awareness
of the society about such a health problem.
Consequently, Simmona Penizzi, Chiara Gorrini,Gionanna Piccolo, Adriana
Calderaro, Giuseppe Dettori, Carlo CHezzi stated in their study that 148 patients
(13.24% were affected by intestinal parasitosis. Among the 951 Italians, 96 (10%) were
infected, while out of a total of 166 foreigners 52 had intestinal parasitosis (31%).
Moreover, we found that 113 infections were caused by only one parasite while 35 were
mixed infections. In addition, intestinal parasitosis represents a remarkable cause of
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gastrointestinal disease and our study demonstrates that these infections are quite
common in our area, affecting both Italians and non European citizens from developing
countries.
Moreover, according to I. Jamaiah and M. Rohela Department of Parasitology.
Faculty of Medicine University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia entitled prevalence of
intestinal parasites among members of the public in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The
overall infection rate was 6.9% (17 out of 246), with Trichuris trichiura being the most
common parasite (4.5%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (0.8%), Clonorchis sinensis
(0.8%), hookworm (0.4%), and Entamoeba histolytica (0.4%). None of these participants
showed any clinical symptoms. The highest infection rate was in the age group 16-30
years, which was 9% (6 out of 67).
While, according to Fadel A. Sharif entitled prevalence and seasonal fluctuations
of common intestinal parasites in Khan Younes, 1996-2000. Of the 5,704(32.14%) were
found to be positive. The overall prevalence of the common parasites was: Entamoeba
histolytica (54.08%), Giardia lamblia (22.84%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (20.21%). The
overall monthly incidence of parasites showed significant seasonal fluctuations. Peak
incidence of intestinal parasites occurred during the summer season (June to August), and
the lowest was during the winter season (December to February). The prevalence of
intestinal parasites has dropped significantly over the reviewed years from 42.87% in
1996 to 23.86% in 2000 (p<0.01). Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides decreased from
28.38% to 7.64%.
Furthermore, according to the study entitled prevalence of intestinal parasitic
infestation in school children in the Northeastern part of Kathmandu Valley Nepal by
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Batu Krishna Sharmal, Shiba Kumar Rail, Diyo Ram Rai2 and Deepali Roy Choudhuryl.
The overall prevalence of parasitosis was 66.6% (395/533) with no significant difference
between boys and girls (p<0.05). Tibeto-Burman children had a non-significant higher
prevalence, compared with Indo-Aryan and Dalit children (p<0.05). Half (53.8%;
191/355) of the children had multiple parasitic infections. Altogether, nine types if
parasites were recovered. The recovery rate of helminthes was higher (76.9%) than
protozoa (23.1%). Trichuris trichiura was the most common helminth detected, followed
by hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and others.
In addition, according to the study entitled detection and prevalence of intestinal
parasites in patients in Abeokuta, South-western, Nigeria by I.O. Okonko, F.A Soleye,
T.A. Amusan, O.K.Mejeha, E.T. Babalola and O.A. Adekolurejo. The overall prevalence
was 6.6% and mostly in females (7.1%) than in males (6.4%). More parasites were
detected in stool samples collected in 2002 (23.6%) than other years studied, there was
also significant difference in the years under study (P=0.05). The parasites include:
Ascaris lumbricoides [57(38.8%)] and Schistosoma Mansoni [4(2.7%)] and
trophozoites/cysts of Entamoeba histolytica [76(51.7%)]. There were cases of multiple
infection of Ascaris lumbricoides and E. histolytica [10(6.9%)].
Likewise, according to the study entitled Intestinal Obstruction due to Ascaris by
Jesus Miguel Galiano Gil. More than a billion people worldwide are infected with one or
more species of intestinal nematodes. The ascariasis is one of the roundworm parasites
more commonly seen of human being and it is calculated that the world population’s
fourth part is infected. Although that the clinical pictures of this illness courses mostly
with silent form or chronic symptomatology, the massive infestation in children can give
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place to serious complications that required emergency surgical treatment with a
favorable evolution.
Cross, J.H., Alquiza, G. and Ranoa, C. of San Lazaro Hospital, Manila,
Philippines, also said in their study that intestinal parasitic infections are not unique to
the Philippines and a number of reports are published on prevalence rates dating back to
the beginning of the century. Cabreral in 1971 reviewed data from 1908 to 1970 and
recently Cross and Basaca-Sevilla (1984) published a report on stool examinations
conducted among many of the Philippine Isalands. In these surveys of urban and rural
populations, over 30,000 single stools were examined and 86% were found to have one or
more intestinal parasitic infections. In 1980, the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.2
(NAMRU-2) initiated a variety of studies in collaboration with the staff at San Lazaro
Hospital. Most patients involved in these studies submitted stool specimens that were
examined by the NAMRU Parasitology laboratory. This report presents the result of
those examination performed from 1980 until 1984.
Finaly, Baldo, E.sT., Belizario, V.Y., et.al., stated in their study entitled “Infection
status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila,
the Philippines”, a small scale survey was performed to know the infection status of
intestinal parasite in children of the residential institutions and street communities in
Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 284 stool samples from 11 institutions and 3 street
communities were examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. The scotch tape
anal swab was adapted to 121 children to investigate the infection status of Enterobius
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vermicularis. It was found out that 62.0% of the children examined were positive for one
or more intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2% of the children.
Among 172 children who gave detail information, the prevalence for Ascaris
lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm was 36.0%, 44.8%, and 7.0%
respectively. Of the children examined, 47.7% were found to be harboring parasitic
protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis.
The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7%.
The prevalence of these infections among children living in institutions was relatively
high. More efforts should be made to implement anthelminthic programs including bi-
annual follow-up treatments.
24
Chapter III
Methodology
Research Design
The research design utilized in the study was experimental post-test design. This
is so because the stool specimen coming from the respondents and soil samples taken
from the dumpsite and at the vicinity of the residents near the dumpsite were examined
just after the specimen collection process via Formalin Ether Concentration Technique
followed by a microscopic examination. In addition, analysis and interpretation of the
results were done after.
Time and Locale of the Study
The study was conducted at the 10.6 hectare dumpsite located in Carig Norte,
Tuguegarao City, between the municipality of Iguig and Tuguegrao including its nearby
residential area. Moreover, microscopic examination was performed in Cagayan State
University, Andrews’s campus, Tuguegarao City, Clinical Laboratory.
It was conducted from June to September 2010. The specific dates were the following:
25
First, ocular observation and meeting with the dumpsite personnel was done on June 28,
2010. It was followed by the orientation and Information Education Campaign (IEC) as
well as an interview to the respondents on July 5, 2010. After which the simultaneous
collection of soil samples and stool specimens were done. It was conducted from July 11,
2010 to July 27, 2010. Dissemination of the results to the respondents was next on
September 2, 2010.
Research Instrument
Administration of microscopic examination was needed in the study which was
used to gather the necessary data in the determination of the prevalence of intestinal
parasites harbored by the respondents via stool specimens as well as the identification of
parasites presents in the soil samples.
The following materials, equipment and solution were utilized: microscope, glass
slides, stool cups, cotton, cover slips, applicator sticks, dropper/pipette, centrifuge tubes,
gauze, graduated cylinder, weighing balance, beakers, alcohol, ether/ethyl acetate, 10%
formalin, .85% Normal Saline solution, and parafilm.
Respondents and Sampling Procedure
The respondents of the study were all the residents near the dumpsite who are
scavengers. In addition, garbage collectors, and garbage truck drivers were also included.
26
Sampling was done with regards to the gender, educational attainment, marital status and
livelihood of the respondents. Slovin’s formula was utilized to determine the specific
number of respondents needed.
Collection and Processing of Data
The researchers asked permission from the two officers-in-charge at the dumpsite
and at the same time the researchers did an ocular observation. After permission was
granted, the researchers conducted an orientation, and an Information Education
Campaign (IEC) among the respondents regarding the research study, the presence of
intestinal parasites in the area, mode of transmission, parasitic infections and
interventions as well as the proper collection of stool specimens and when the proper
time to collect. After which, they also conducted an interview to illicit the respondents
name, educational attainment, marital status and livelihood. These parameters were
further correlated to the result of microscopic examination.
At the scheduled time of submission of the stool specimen, the researchers
collected the specimens including soil samples and immediately transported them into the
college of Allied Health Sciences, Clinical Laboratory. When the researchers had arrived
at the laboratory, stool specimens were preserved with 10% formalin prior to processing.
The soil samples were not preserved unlike the stool samples. After that, they performed
Formalin Ether Concentration Technique. This laboratory procedure was done both on
the stool and soil samples however, in the processing of stool sample, the sediments were
27
used and the supernatant was discarded whereas in the processing of soil samples it was
vise versa.
The following chronological procedures of the said technique shall follow which was
followed by the researchers:
1. The researchers thoroughly comminute approximately 1.0 to 1.5 g of fresh stools in
10ml 10% formalin in a suitable container. They stand for 30 minutes or longer to
achieve adequate fixations for very loose or watery stool samples. They used 5 to 6ml
of material.
2. They strained the suspension through two layers of wet gauze and they poured into 15
ml conical centrifuge tube.
3. They fill the tubes with NSS, they centrifuged at 400 – 500 g for 1 – 2 minutes.
4. They discarded the supernatant if cloudy; they resuspended the sediments then
centrifuge again using NSS. They proceed to the next step only after the supermarket
was clear.
5. They resuspended the sediment in 10% formalin to a volume of 10 ml; added 3 ml of
ether then shaked vigorously for 30 seconds.
6. They centrifuged at 400 – 500 g for 2 – 3 minutes. When tests was removed, they saw
four layers: (a) a to layer of ether (b) a plug of debris adhering to the walls (c) a layer
of formalin and (d) sediment for examination. They inserted an applicator stick with
cottoned tip to ring and loosend the plug of debris and then eventually decanted it.
7. They did wet mount preparation and then microscopic examination with the help of
an expert parasitologist. Iodine was utilized for ease and better viewing.
28
Figure 3.1 the flow chart
29
Asking permission by the researchers to the officer-in-charge at the dumpsite
Ocular observation
Orientation and IEC, and Interview
Collection of stool specimen and soil sample
Preservation of stool specimen
Fecalysis (Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (FECT) and soil analysis
Microscopic examination
Validation (by an expert Parasitologist)
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
Test for correlation was utilized in correlating the microscopic results as to
gender, educational attainment, livelihood, and marital status. It was further statistically
analyzed using Chi-Square test of independence. In addition, Chi- Square goodness of fit
was then utilized to determine the significant association between the parasite identified
in the stool specimen and the parasites present in the soil samples.
30
Chapter IV
DATA PRESENTATION, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION
The succeeding presentations revealed the results obtained in the statistical
determination of the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at Tuguegarao, City dumpsite.
Table 4.1 Gender and Individual Parasite Count Cross tabulation.
GenderResult
TotalNOPS Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm
Male 27 11 1 39Female 4 3 1 8
Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square test Value Df P value
2.105a 2 0.349
This table shows the frequency count of specific soil-transmitted intestinal
parasites with regards to respondent’s gender.
Based on the result of the Chi-square test of independence, at 5% level of
significance, thus there was no association between gender and the parasites isolated
from the respondents (Pvalue=0.349).
However, there was a violation of the assumption of chi-square test of
independence so categories from the column of parasites were combined to make the chi-
square result more reliable.
31
Table 4.2 Gender and Parasite Count Cross tabulation
.
Gender ResultTotal
NOPS Parasite Male 27 12 39 Female 4 4 8Total 31 16 47
Chi-square Test Value Df Fisher Exact Test Value1.0939 1 0.416
This table shows the frequency count of all the soil transmitted intestinal parasites
with regards to the respondent’s gender.
Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher exact
value of 0.416 at 5% level of significance there was really no significant association.
Meaning, species of parasites isolated from the respondents has no bearing with gender of
the respondents.
Table 4.3 Educational Attainment and Individual Parasite Count Cross
tabulation.
Educational AttainmentResult
TotalNOPS Ascaris Lumbricoides HookwormNot yet studying Elementary graduate/level High school graduate/level College Graduate/level
61492
0842
1100
723134
Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square test Value df P value
5.8909 6 0.436
32
This table shows the frequency count of specific soil-transmitted parasite with
regards to educational attainment of the respondents.
Based on the result of the chi-square test of independence with a P value of 0.436
at 5% level of significance thus, there was no significant association, this means that
parasites isolated from the respondents were not been affected by educational attainment.
However, there was again a violation of the assumption of chi-square test of
independence so categories from the column of parasites were combined to make the chi-
square result with regards to marital status more reliable.
Table 4.4 Educational Attainment and Parasite Cross tabulation.
Educational AttainmentResult Total
NOPS Parasite At most elementary graduate /level 20 10 30 At least high school graduate/level 11 6 17Total 31 16 47
Chi-square Test Value df Fisher Exact Value0.0199 1 0.569
This table shows the frequency count of all the soil –transmitted intestinal
parasites with regards to educational attainment of the respondents.
Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher exact
value of 0.569 at 5% level of significance, there was again no association. This clearly
implies that parasites isolated from the respondents had not been affected by educational
attainment.
33
Table 4.5 Marital Status and Individual Parasite Count Cross Tabulation.
Marital StatusResult
TotalNOPS Ascaris lumbricoides Hookworm
Single 7 1 0 8Married 24 13 2 39
Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square Value Df P value
2.056 2 0.358
This table shows the frequency count of the specific soil-transmitted intestinal
parasites with regards to marital status of the respondents.
Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a P value of
0.358 at 5% level of significance, there was no association. This result simply means that
parasites isolated from the respondents had not been affected by marital status of the
respondents.
However, there was also a violation of assumption of chi-square test of
independence as two preceding parameters do. In conjunction, categories from the
column of parasites were combined to make the chi-square result more reliable.
34
Table 4.6 Marital Status and Parasite Count Cross tabulation.
Marital StatusResult
TotalNOPS Parasites Single Married
724
115
839
Total 31 16 47Chi-square Test Value df Fisher Exact Test
1.9939 1 0.234
This table shows the frequency count of all soil-transmitted intestinal parasites
with regards to marital status of the respondents.
Based on the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher’s exact
value of 0.234 at 5% level of significance has no association. This result implies that
marital status has really o effect on the parasites species isolated from the respondents.
Table 4.7 Livelihood and Individual Parasite Count Cross tabulation.
LivelihoodResult
TotalNOPS Ascaris Lumbricoides HookwormsNot applicableScavengersGarbage CollectorGarbage Truck Drivers
78142
0365
0200
713207
Total 31 14 2 47Chi-square Value Df P Value
14.389 6 0.026Value P Value
Phi 0.553 0.026Cramer’s V 0.391 0.026
35
This table shows the frequency count of specific soil-transmitted intestinal
parasites with regards to livelihood of the respondents.
Based from the result of the chi-square test of independence with a P value of
0.026, association was found to exist. In addition, with a P value of again 0.026 in terms
of Phi and Cramer’s V when symmetrically measured, it was showcased that there is a
strong degree of association. Meaning livelihood is strongly associated with the parasites
isolated from the respondents.
However, there was a violation of the assumption of chi-square test independence
so categories from the column of parasite were combined to make the chi-square result
more reliable.
Table 4.8 Livelihood and Parasite Count Cross tabulation.
LivelihoodResult
TotalNOPS Parasite Not applicable Scavengers Garbage Collector Garbage Truck Drivers
78142
0565
713207
Total 31 16 47Chi-square Value df P Value
8.229 3 0.042Value P Value
Phi 0.418 0.042Cramer’s V 0.418 0.042
This table shows the frequency of all the soil-transmitted intestinal parasites with
regards to livelihood of the respondents.
36
Based from the chi-square test of independence with a P value of 0.042 at 5%
level of significance, there was no association. It was further symmetrically measured
wherein Phi and Cramer’s V P values is 0.042 again. This simply means that, there is a
strong degree of association as the result of the first measurement implied.
However, like the first one, there was still a violation of the assumption of chi-
square test of independence so categories from the column of parasites were again
recombined to make the chi-square result exactly reliable.
Table 4.9 Categorized Livelihood and Parasite Cross tabulation.
LivelihoodResult
TotalNOPS Parasite Not applicable On garbage exposure
724
016
740
Total 31 16 47Chi-square Value df Fisher Exact Test Value
4.245 1 0.042Value P Value
Phi 0.301 0.039Cramer’s V 0.301 0.039
This table shows the frequency count of all the soil-transmitted intestinal parasites
with regards to livelihood of the respondents. Livelihood was further categorized only
into two broader group either not applicable or on garbage exposure.
Based on the result of the chi-square test of independence with a fisher’s exact
test value of again 0.042, like the first two testing, it means, there was an association and
it was further found out with, symmetrical measurement that the association is strong
with a Phi and Cramer’s V P value of 0.039.
37
Table 4.10 Parasite Isolated from the Respondents and Soil Sample from Dumpsite
Vicinity Cross tabulation.
ResultResidualObserved N Expected N
NOPSAscaris lumbricoidesHookworm
31142
33.312.71.0
-2.31.31.0
Total 47Result
Chi-square 1.3499Df 2
P Value 0.509
This table shows the count of parasite isolated from the respondents and parasites
isolated from the soil taken from the vicinity of the dumpsite.
Based from the chi-square goodness of fit with a P value of 0.509 at 5% level of
significance it was found out that the number of occurrence of parasite from the
respondents followed the distribution of the parasite seen in the soil sample from the
dumpsite vicinity.
38
Table 4.11 Parasite Isolated from the Respondents and Soil Sample from the Vicinity of
the Residents near the Dumpsite.
ResultResidualObserved N Expected N
NOPSAscaris lumbricoidesHookworm
31142
33.312.71.0
-2.31.31.0
Total 47Result
Chi-square 1.3499Df 2
P Value 0.509
This table shows the count of parasite isolated from the respondents and parasites
isolated from the soil taken from the vicinity of the residents nearby dumpsite.
Based from the chi-square goodness of fit with a P value of 0.509 at 5% level of
significance it was found out that the proportion of parasite found to be present in the
respondents followed the distribution of the parasite isolated from the soil sample taken
from the vicinity of the residents.
39
Chapter V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter presents the summary of the study, the conclusions drawn from the
analysis of the data and some recommendations based on the research findings relative to
the prevalence of intestinal parasites at Tuguegarao City dumpsite.
Summary
The study generally determined the prevalence of intestinal parasitism at
Tuguegarao City dumpsite. Specifically, it determined the intestinal parasites harbored by
the respondents such as the residents of Tuguegarao City dumpsite as well the garbage
collectors and garbage truck drivers. It further identify intestinal parasite in soil samples
taken at Tuguegarao City dumpsite within the vicinity itself ad soil from the vicinity of
the residents. The study also assessed if the intestinal parasites harbored by the
respondents is the same with those isolated from the soil.
Moreover, it determined if there is significant association of parasites isolated
from the respondents when grouped according to: gender, educational attainment, marital
status and livelihood. It likewise assessed the degree of association if ever it exists.
Data were gathered through fecalysis and soil analysis using formalin, ether
concentration technique microscopic examination. Analysis of data included test of
correlations and proportion wherein chi-square test of independence chi-square goodness
of fit test were utilized appropriately.
40
Results indicated that intestinal parasitism exist at Tuguegarao City dumpsite.
Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were the species isolated from the soil samples both
from the dumpsite vicinity and from the vicinity of the residents. The same species of
soil-transmitted intestinal parasites were found out to be harbored by the respondents.
Regarding the parameters measured with regards to the isolated species of parasites only
livelihood resulted with association and the other three (gender, educational attainment
and marital status) were not associated with the isolated parasites. Thus, it implied that
livelihood greatly intestinal prasitoses among the respondents.
Finally, the study resulted that the species of parasites harbored by the
respondents were similar to the species isolated from the soil samples. This is so since the
statistical analysis showed the existence of proportion and distribution similarity of
parasites between the stool specimen and soil samples.
Conclusion
As revealed in the results of the study which were carefully observed and
evaluated, the following conclusions where made:
1. Generally, it was found out that there is an existence of parasite at Tuguegarao
City dumpsite.
2. It was further found out that Ascaris lumbrocoides and hookworm was the
parasites that were harbored by the neighbor near the dumpsite of Tuguegarao
City garbage collector and garbage truck driver.
3. There is an association of parasites isolated from the respondents with regards
to gender, educational attainment, marital status and livelihood. On the other
41
hand livelihood is strongly associated with the parasite taken from the
residents.
4. The intestinal parasite present in the soil either taken from the dumpsite or
from the vicinity of the residents was Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm
species.
5. The intestinal parasites harbored by the respondents were the same with those
isolated from the soil samples since it was showcased that species and
probability distribution of parasites from the respondents coincide with those
seen and observed from the soil sample.
Recommendation
In reference with the findings and conclusion of the study, the researchers suggest
the following recommendations:
1. It was found out that there is really a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in
Tuguegarao City dumpsite thus, the researchers recommend the council of
Tuguegarao and other local government units to give more priority and exert more
effort to solve the problem of parasitism specially the people who are exposed at
the dumpsite and have direct to the garbage and including the soil which may
contain parasites.
2. Since there was children who were infected with intestinal parasites, the
Department of Health (DOH) specifically the DOH Region 02 should strength
their on going program regarding parasitism such as the “Garantisadong Pambata
42
Program “. Moreover, they must take into consideration also the health of the
other people involved who are considered to be the vulnerable group.
3. The respondents should be disseminated properly on the prevention, control and
treatment of the intestinal parasitism. As such, they should also conform to what
they had learned such as using gloves, boots, masks and other necessary materials
to avoid direct contact to the garbage and soil at the dumpsite which are
contaminated with parasite.
4. A replicable study is suggested to further validate the data on the parameters
assessed. The future researchers must also formulate other parameters which are
essential in the study.
5. On the procedure, Formalin Ether Concentration Technique, other methods must
be tested and compared to the said procedure to look for the best and most
appropriate suitable for the study.
43
Literature Cited
Internet/s
Bethony, J. et.al,. Soil-Transmitted Helmith Infections: ascaris, trichuriasis and
hookworm. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1000631-treatment
Hickman, J. et.al., “The Sanitary Landfill”. A Brief History of Solid Waste
Mangement in US during the last 50 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/landpill
http://Findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mOWPD/iv_2001_Jan_8lai_70384771
http://www.cncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18645945
http://www2.doh.gov.ph/NOHWel32/NOHpersubj/Chap4/SoilTHOP.pdf
Book
Training Course in Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, College of Public Health
Universityof the Philippines, Manila. Pg. 64-75
44
APPENDICES
45
APPENDIX A
Results of the Statistical Analysis Using Chi- Square Test of Independence and Chi-
Square Goodness of Fit
A) Chi-square test of independence showing the possibility of association of isolated
intestinal parasites from the respondents with regards to gender, educational
attainment, marital status and livelihood.
Ho: x & y are not associated
Ha: x & y are associated
Decision rule: Reject Ho if P value <.05, else fail to reject Ho.
1) Gender
46
gender * result Cross tabulation
Count
Result
TotalNOPS
Ascaris
lumbricoides hookworm
Gender male 27 11 1 39
female 4 3 1 8
Total 31 14 2 47
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 2.105a 2 .349
Likelihood Ratio 1.723 2 .423
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.720 1 .190
N of Valid Cases 47
a. 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .34.
47
gender * result 2 Cross tabulation
Count
Result 2
TotalNOPS parasite
Gender male 27 12 39
female 4 4 8
Total 31 16 47
48
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 1.093a 1 .296
Continuity Correction .405 1 .525
Likelihood Ratio 1.049 1 .306
Fisher's Exact Test .416
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.070 1 .301
N of Valid Cases 47
a.1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.72.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
49
1) Educational attainment
Educational attainment* result Cross tabulation
Count
Result
TotalNOPS
Ascaris.
lumbricoi
des
hookwor
m
Educatio
nal
attainmen
t
not yet
studying
6 0 1 7
Elementary 14 8 1 23
High school 9 4 0 13
College
(level/ graduate)
2 2 0 4
Total 31 14 2 47
50
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 5.890a 6 .436
Likelihood Ratio 7.937 6 .243
Linear-by-Linear
Association
.039 1 .843
N of Valid Cases 47
a. 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .17.
Educational attainment * result 2 Cross tabulation
Count
Result 2
TotalNOPS
parasit
e
Educati-
onal
attainme
ntl
At most elementa
graduate/level
20 10 30
At least high school
graduate/level
11 6 17
Total 31 16 47
51
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 2.056a 2 .358
Likelihood Ratio 2.562 2 .278
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.954 1 .162
N of Valid Cases 47
a. 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .34.
Marital Status*Result 2 Cross Tabulation
Count
Result 2
TotalNOPS Parasite
Marital Status Single
Married
Total
7
24
31
1
15
16
8
39
47
52
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 1.993a 1 .158
Continuity Correctionb 1.004 1 .316
Likelihood Ratio 2.286 1 .131
Fisher's Exact Test .234
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.950 1 .163
N of Valid Cases 47
a. 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.72.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
1) Livelihood
Criteria for the degree of association<.3 = weak=.3 = moderate>.3 = strong
53
Livelihood*Result Cross TabulationCount
ResultTotal
NOPS Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworm
Livelihood not applicable Scavenger Garbage collector Garbage truck drivers
Total
78142
31
O365
14
0200
2
713207
47
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-
Square
14.389a 6 .026
Likelihood Ratio 15.477 6 .017
Linear-by-Linear
Association
2.470 1 .116
N of Valid Cases 47
54
a. 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less
than 5. The minimum expected count
is .30.
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approx.
Sig.
Nominal by
Nominal
Phi .553 .026
Cramer's V .391 .026
N of Valid Cases 47
55
Livelihood * result 2 Cross tabulation
Count number 2
Result
TotalNOPS parasite
Livelihood not applicable 7 0 7
Scavenger 8 5 13
Garbage collectors 14 6 20
Garbage truck
drivers
2 5 7
Total 31 16 47
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 8.229a 3 .042
Likelihood Ratio 10.150 3 .017
Linear-by-Linear
Association
5.117 1 .024
N of Valid Cases 47
a. 5 cells (62.5%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 2.38.
56
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approx.
Sig.
Nominal by
Nominal
Phi .418 .042
Cramer's V .418 .042
N of Valid Cases 47
Livelihood2 * result 3 Cross tabulation
Count number 3
Result 3
TotalNOPS parasite
Livelihood Not app 7 0 7
On Garbage
exposure
24 16 40
Total 31 16 47
57
Chi-Square Tests
Value df P value
Pearson Chi-Square 4.245a 1 .039
Continuity Correctionb 2.651 1 .104
Likelihood Ratio 6.443 1 .011
Fisher's Exact Test .042
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.155 1 .042
N of Valid Cases 47
Symmetric Measures
Value
Approx.
Sig.
Nominal by
Nominal
Phi .301 .039
Cramer's V .301 .039
N of Valid Cases 47
B) Chi-square goodness of fit on the determination of the relationship between the
parasites isolated from the respondents and the one that were isolated from the soil
58
Ho: The data follow a specified distribution
Ha: The data do not follow a specified distribution
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if P value < .05, else accept Ho.
Respondents vs Soil Sample from the Dumpsite Vicinity
Result
Observed
N Expected N Residual
NOPS 31 33.3 -2.3
A.lumbricoi
des
14 12.7 1.3
Hookworm 2 1.0 1.0
Total 47
59
Test Statistics
result
Chi-Square 1.349a
Df 2
P value .509
a. 1 cells (33.3%) have
expected frequencies
less than 5. The
minimum expected
cell frequency is 1.0.
Respondents vs Soil Sample from the Vicinity of the Residents
Result
Observed N Expected N Residual
NOPS 31 33.3 -2.3
A.lumbri 14 12.7 1.3
Hookworm 2 1.0 1.0
Total 47
60
Test Statistics
result
Chi-Square 1.349a
Df 2
P value .509
a. 1 cells (33.3%) have
expected frequencies
less than 5. The
minimum expected
cell frequency is 1.0.
61
APPENDIX B
Table of Results in Fecalysis and Soil Anlysis Table of results in FecalysisRespondents’
no.Sex Marital status Educational
attainmentLivelihood Result
1 M Married Elementary graduate
Scavenger -( NOPS)
2 M Married High school graduate
Scavenger -( NOPS)
3 M Single Not yet studying
Not applicable -( NOPS)
4 M Single Not yet studying
Not applicable -( NOPS)
5 F Married Elementary graduate
Scavenger +( Ascaris lumbricoides)
6 M Single Not yet studying
Not applicable -( NOPS)
7 M Married Grade VI Scavenger +(Hookworm)8 F Married 3RD year high
schoolScavenger +( Ascaris
lumbricoides)9 F Married Elementary
graduateScavenger -( NOPS)
10 M Single Grade II Not applicable -( NOPS)11 M Married College
graduateScavenger -( NOPS)
12 F Married 2ND year college Scavenger -( NOPS)13 M Married 3RD year high
schoolScavenger -( NOPS)
14 F Married Grade V Scavenger +( Ascaris lumbricoides)
15 M Married Grade V Scavenger -( NOPS)16 F Married 3RD year high
schoolScavenger -( NOPS)
17 M Married Not yet studying
Not applicable -( NOPS)
18 F Married Not yet studying
Scavenger +(Hookworm)
19 F Single Not yet studying
Not applicable -( NOPS)
20 M Single Not yet studying
Not applicable -( NOPS)
21 M Married Grade VI Garbage truck driver
-( NOPS)
22 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
23 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
24 M Married 3RD year college Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
25 M Married High school graduate
Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
26 M Single Grade II Garbage truck driver
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
62
27 M Married High school graduate
Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
28 M Single 2ND year high school
Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
29 M Married Grade IV Garbage truck driver
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
30 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
31 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
32 M Married 3RD year high school
Garbage collector
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
33 M Married 2ND year college Garbage truck driver
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
34 M Married 3RD year college Garbage truck driver
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
35 M Married 2ND year high school
Garbage collector
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
36 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
37 M Married High school graduate
Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
38 M Married Grade IV Garbage truck driver
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
39 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
40 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
41 M Married 3RD year high school
Garbage collector
+( Ascaris lumbricoides)
42 M Married Grade IV Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
43 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
44 M Married Elementary graduate
Garbage truck driver
-( NOPS)
45 M Married Grade VI Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
46 M Married 3RD year high school
Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
47 M Married Elementary graduate
Garbage collector
-( NOPS)
LEGEND:NOPS- No ova of parasite seenM- MaleF- Female
63
Table of Results in Soil Analysis A B
Sample no. Results Sample no. Results1 -( NOPS) 1 -( NOPS)2 -( NOPS) 2 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)3 -( NOPS) 3 -( NOPS)4 -( NOPS) 4 -( NOPS)5 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 5 -( NOPS)6 -( NOPS) 6 -( NOPS)7 -( NOPS) 7 -( NOPS)8 -( NOPS) 8 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)9 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 9 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)10 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 10 +( Ascaris lumbricoides)11 +( Ascaris lumbricoides) 11 -( NOPS)12 -( NOPS) 12 -( NOPS)13 -( NOPS) 13 -( NOPS)14 -( NOPS) 14 -( NOPS)15 -( NOPS) 15 -( NOPS)
LEGEND:
NOPS- No ova of parasite seenA- Soil sample from the dumpsiteB- soil sample from the vicinity of the squatter area
64
APPENDIX CDocumentation
65
APPENDIX DLetters
66
CURRICULUM VITAE
67
PERSONAL DATA
Name : HAZEL JOY C. SALUDARES
Age : 20
Birthday : August 20, 1990
Contact No. : 09059612290
E-mail Address : [email protected].
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Address : 96 Rizal Street Bagu, Abulug, Cagayan
Parents
Father : Jaime F.Saludares
Mother : Sally C. Saludares
Citizenship : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : Bagu Elementary School
(1997-2003)
High School : Abulug School of Fisheries
(2003-2007)
College : Cagayan State University (Andrews Campus)
(2007 – Present)
68
PERSONAL DATA
Name : HERNANI A. BIAG
Age : 21
Birthday : September 15, 1989
Contact No. : 09262892608
E-mail Address : [email protected]
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Single
Address : Tallang, Baggao, Cagayan
Parents
Father : Armando C. Biag
Mother : Teresita A. Biag
Citizenship : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : Tallang Elementary School
(1997-2003)
High School : Baggao National Agricultural School
(2003-2007)
College : Cagayan State University ( Andrews Campus)
(2007 – Present)
69
PERSONAL DATA
Name : LEILORAINE R. TUMANGUIL
Age : 20
Birthday : December 29, 1990
Contact No. : 09059259594
E-mail Address : [email protected].
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Address : 19 B Tumanguil Street Annafunan East, Tuguegarao City
Parents
Father : Loreto T. Tumanguil
Mother : Leonida R. Tumanguil
Citizenship : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : Annafunan East Elementary School
(1997-2003)
High School : Cagayan National High School
(2003-2007)
College : Cagayan State University (Andrews Campus)
(2007 – Present)
70
PERSONAL DATA
Name : MARYBETH L. TABUA
Age : 20
Birthday : August 5, 1990
Contact No. : 09351284065
E-mail Address : [email protected]
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Address : 031 Lingu Highway, Solana, Cagayan
Parents
Father : Melecio C. Tabua
Mother : Elizabeth L. Tabua
Citizenship : Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : Lingu Elementary School
(1997-2003)
High School : Cagayan National High School
(2003-2007)
College : Cagayan State University (Andrews Campus)
(2007 – Present)
71