Saltwater Power.docx

8/20/2019 Saltwater Power.docx

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SNHSSamal National High School

Science Investigatory Projecta Research Requirement

Grade 10

SaltwaterPower

Proponents

Ha!el "ra#ajoRonald Pellano

$eanessa %ay &atito

ABSTRACT

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Although not completely researched upon, saltwater has a low voltage reading,

which indicates that it has some electric potential. The main goal of this Investigatory

Proect is to ma!e that potential !nown and put it to good use through research and

e"perimentation. As saltwater may #e a new environmentally$friendly, cheap source of

energy, its usage will definitely help our future generations and contri#ute to the welfare

of the %arth.

People are already noticing the effects of their never$ending usage of the natural

resources of the world, and they also !now the current energy shortages that the world

is facing. &ow, with the introduction of this new !ind of renewa#le energy, the world's

supply of energy will finally #e met if this proposal will push through. Since saltwater is

renewa#le, there are already some technologies that can harness it and convert it to

electricity for the world to use. (ith this in mind, we hope to answer and find a solution

to world's energy crisis through this proect.

The results of the e"perimentation were o#tained #y setting up a saltwater

mi"ture and connecting this to a voltmeter through copper wires, alligator clips, and iron

) magnesium electrodes. A reading is seen in the voltmeter to confirm the theory that

saltwater has electrical conductive*generating properties.

In conclusion, as saltwater was found to have electrical readings. It is possi#le

that electricity may one day come not from fossil fuels, coil, oil, #ut rather, from

saltwater, a renewa#le, green, and plentiful source of power.

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AC+&(-%/%0%&T

The researcher duly ac!nowledges the magnanimity of various editors and

authors in permitting this writer to use e"cerpts of their pu#lished materials with due

ac!nowledgements.

Than!s are also due to our friends, classmates, %instein Piyo! for lending us

some help for the success of our study. And especially for our neigh#our who doesn't

!now how to put password for his (i$1i which ma!es the researcher share with it and to

#e a#le to search further research related to our study. Than!s are also due to our

parents who fully supported us financially.

%specially, to our Almighty 1ather who guides us from the very start of this study

until success comes over it.

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)*)I&+"I,N

"his study is dedicate to the +lmighty God -

"o the #eloved .amilies and .riends o. the researcher -

without whose caring support it would not have #een possi#le

to pursue the present study/

Ha!el - Ronald - $eanessa %ay


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Table of Contents

A Preliminaries

• Title page Page 2 3

•

A#stract Page 4 3• Ac!nowledgement Page 5 3

• edication Page 6 3

• Ta#le of Contents Pages 7$8

B Chapter 2

• Introduction Pages 9$:

• Statement of the pro#lem ) Specific ;uestions Page 2< 3

• Significance of the Study Page 22 3

• elimitation of the Study Page 24 3

• efinition of terms Pages 25$26

C Chapter 4

• Review of Related -iterature Pages 27$54

a -ocal# 1oreignc ther Readings

Chapter 5

•

Research design Page 55 3• Respondents*Content of the study Pages 56$58

• Sampling techni=ues Page 59 3

• %"perimental Procedures Pages 59$5>

% Chapter 6

• Result and iscussions Pages 5:$6<

• Analysis ) Interpretation Pages 62$65

1 Chapter 7Conclusion Page 66 3

/ Chapter 8

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• Bi#liographies Pages 67$ 68

thers ?

• Appendices

• Curriculum @itae

• ;uestionnaire * Interviewer /uide

• Readings ) other ocument

I&TRCTI&

The world we live in is a#undant with food, life and resources, #ut we

continue to use up non$renewa#le resources in massive amounts. As a result, the many

nations and countries of the world will have to deal with water, food, and energy

shortages, as an effect of overpopulation. This Proect presents a new, derived energy

source. It will also discuss the methods and ways we can utilie this environmentally$

friendly resource to produce an efficient yet clean source of energy. The researcher

were inspired to investigate the alternative energy source #ecause the world's main

energy resources , li!e coal and oil are rapidly depleting. 0ore and more people can

loo! into this study in the future to ensure relia#le energy supplies to their homes. This

would help reduce damaging emissions #eing added to our atmosphere.

Saltwater, or salt water , is a geological term that refers to naturally occurring

solutions containing large concentrations of dissolved, inorganic ions. In addition, this

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term is often used as an adective in #iology, usually to refer to marine organisms, as in

saltwater fish.

Saltwater most commonly refers to oceanic waters, in which the total concentration of

ionic solutes is typically a#out 57 grams per liter also e"pressed as 5.7D, or 57 parts

per thousandE. As a result of these large concentrations of dissolved ions, the density of

saltwater 2. g*- at 6F CE is slightly greater than that of freshwater 2.


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nderground waters can also #e e"tremely salty. nderground saltwaters are

commonly encountered in petroleum and gas well$fields, especially after the

hydrocar#on resource has #een e"hausted #y mining.

Both surface and underground salt waters are sometimes HminedH for their contents of

economically useful minerals .

Saltwater intrusions can #e an important environmental pro#lem, which can

degrade water supplies re=uired for drin!ing or irrigation. Saltwater intrusions are

caused in places near the ocean where there are e"cessive withdrawals of underground

supplies of fresh waters. This allows underground salt waters to migrate inland, and

spoil the =uality of the a=uifer for most uses. Saltwater intrusions are usually caused #y

e"cessive usage of ground water for irrigation in agriculture, or #y e"cessive demands

on freshwaters to supply drin!ing water to large cities.

People are already noticing the effects of their never$ending usage of the natural

resources of the world, and they also !now the current energy shortages that the world

is facing. &ow, with the introduction of this new !ind of renewa#le energy, the world's

supply of energy will finally #e met if this proposal will push through. Since saltwater is

renewa#le, there are already some technologies that can harness it and convert it to

electricity for the world to use. (ith this in mind, we hope to answer and find a solution

to world's energy crisis through this proect.

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STAT%0%&T 1 TG% PRB-%0

$ (hat particular chemicals do saltwater contain to #e a good source of electricity

$ BJ%CTI@%?

Statement of the o#ective?

As all other countries in the world do, the Philippines is also faced with the

pro#lem of the rapid depletion of natural resources. 1ossil fuel, especially coal, is

#urned in tremendous amounts. Although this is what the general population of the

world also depend on, we now !now that they cause the release of e"cessive amounts

of greenhouse gases and other harmful pollutants when energy is environment #y

conserving our natural resources. A good e"ample is to utilie the long coastlines to

achieve development without too much damage to the environment.

/eneral #ectives?

After e"perimenting on the pro#a#ility of saltwater as an alternate source of

energy, hopefully, it can #e seen as #eneficial to the world #ecause of its high potential

of #eing used to ma!e electricity.

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Specific #ectives?

The purpose of the e"periment is so that a competent individual will #e a#le to re$

create the e"periment, and so that if there will #e discoveries made, it can #e used #y

the world to help them #enefit more on relaying on renewa#le energy sources li!e

saltwater.

SI/&I1ICA&C% 1 TG% STK

This study can greatly #enefit the society in terms of environmental conservation

and energy sufficiency #ecause this may drastically reduce the consumption of non$

renewa#le energy resources. In addition, the usage of saltwater as an alternative

source can answer many of the world's energy demands since seawater is readily

availa#le and renewa#le. As a direct result, less crude oils and coal$#urning will ta!e

place, resulting in a cleaner and more hospita#le environment.

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%-I0ITATI& 1 TG% STK

This study was conducted to investigate how real the saltwater can #e a

source of electricity. The aspects loo!ed into were the saltwater power, how it gives

#enefits in the society , and the performance of the product and the pro#lems and

proposed solution of our product.

The study was conducted in PeLa Plata, I/aCoS , 4> th of January. The

main purpose of the study is to !now the potential of saltwater as a good source of

electricity.

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%1I&ITI& 1 T%R0S

Saline water also called salt water , salt-water or saltwater E is water with salt

in it. It often means the water from the seas sea water E and oceans. Salt water used

for ma!ing or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called brine.

(hen scientists measure salt in water, they usually say they are testing

the salinity of the water? salinity is measured in parts per thousand or ppt . 0ost sea

water is a#out 57 ppt salt. Salt la!es can #e up to ten times as salty. A#ove that level

precipitation creates a salt plain. Brac!ish water , in contrast, is less salty than seawater.

Salt water is denser than fresh water. This means that it has more matter per its volume.

1resh water has a density of 2 g*ml, while salty seawater has an average density of

a#out 2.


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on their floc!s and herds re=uire little or no added salt, whereas cereal$#ased diets

re=uire supplementation. Salt is one of the oldest and most u#i=uitous of food

seasonings,and salting is an important method of food preservation.

Electrolyte Solution. An electrolyte solution is a solution that generally contains ions,

atoms or molecules that have lost or gained electrons, and is electrically conductive. 1or

this reason they are often called ionic solutions, however there are some cases where

the electrolytes are not ions.

Electrolysis. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a techni=ue that

uses a direct electric current CE to drive an otherwise non$spontaneous chemical

reaction. %lectrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the

separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using

an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called

the decomposition potential.

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and

flow of electric charge. %lectricity gives a wide variety of well$!nown effects, such as

lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current.

Water chemical formula? G4E is a transparent fluid which forms the worldNs

streams, la!es, oceans and rain, and is the maor constituent of the fluids of organisms.

As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one o"ygen and

two hydrogen atoms that are connected #y covalent #onds.

1(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_(food)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis#Industrial_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_potentialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_(food)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis#Industrial_useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_potentialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond


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(ater is a li=uid at standard am#ient temperature and pressure, #ut it often co$e"ists

on %arth with its solid state, iceM and gaseous state, steam water vapour E.

R%@I%( 1 R%-AT% -IT%RATR%

There have #een several #rea!throughs in this research of saltwater #eing

converted into electricity. The first one presented is an accidental discovery made in the

%rie, Pennsylvania, 4


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desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this #y

modifying a micro#ial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drin!a#le

water. Bruce -ogan from Pennsylvania State niversity says that desalination of

saltwater uses a lot of electricity, #ut #y using the micro#ial desalination cells, one can

desalinate saltwater and produce electricity while removing the organic material from

the saltwater. Previously, most desalination plants need electricity and high pressure to

desalinate saltwater, #ut with this new techni=ue uses organic matter to remove most of

salt from #rac!ish water or seawater.

The older process uses 4 cham#ers in the micro#ial fuel cell, #ut the new process uses

5 cham#ers one containing saltwater, the other water, and the last one containing

seawater in #etween the other cham#ers, which are separated #y ion$specific

mem#ranes. The process goes li!e this? (hen the #acteria Oconsume the wastewater,

the ions #ecome charged, which are separated #y the mem#ranes. Some are

consumed at the electrodes Q desalinating the water in the central cham#er and

generating a current. They say that it still isn't practical to use a process li!e this, #ut

their main goal was only to see whether #acteria can do this or not.

Common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride &aClE,

a chemical compound #elonging to the larger class of saltsM salt in its natural form as

a crystalline mineral is !nown as roc! salt or halite. Salt is present in vast =uantities

in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituentM the open ocean has a#out 57

grams 2.4 oE of solids per litre, a salinity of 5.7D. Salt is essential for animal life, and

saltiness is one of the #asic human tastes. The tissues of animals contain larger

=uantities of salt than do plant tissuesM therefore the typical diets of nomads who su#sist

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on their floc!s and herds re=uire little or no added salt, whereas cereal$#ased diets

re=uire supplementation. Salt is one of the oldest and most u#i=uitous of food

seasonings and salting is an important method of food preservation.

Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around >,


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the #ody, the water level inside the cells drops #ecause all availa#le water is needed in

the fluid surrounding the cell. This is !nown as dehydration$$not enough water inside the

cells. (hen water levels in the cells get really low, they start screaming for water, and

we feel this as pain.

/etting enough water into your #ody is one re=uirement, #ut to utilie that water,

our cells also need salt. Gave you ever wondered how water gets inside a cell It moves

through the process of osmosis, and osmosis is managed #y the salt concentration

present in the cells. (ater is always moving from a cell with lower salt concentration to

a cell with higher salt concentration$$essentially, water follows salt.

1or a cell to Hattractor HpullH water inside, it needs salt. The #road spectrum of minerals

found in OThe riginal Gimalayan Crystal Salt is ideal nutrients to aid the cells in

attracting water. This in turns helps to a#sor# all other nutrients given to the #ody with

food or supplements. &atural salt is %SS%&TIA- for food and nutrient a#sorption

Salt sodium chlorideE is essential for life. The tight regulation of the #odyNs sodium and

chloride concentrations is so important that multiple mechanisms wor! in concert to

control them. Although scientists agree that a minimal amount of salt is re=uired for

survival, the health implications of e"cess salt inta!e represent an area of continued

investigation among scientists, clinicians, and pu#lic health e"perts 2E.

1unction

14

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#referenceshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#references


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Sodium &aE and chloride Cl$E are the principal ions in the fluid outside of cells

e"tracellular fluidE, which includes #lood plasma. As such, they play critical roles in a

num#er of life$sustaining processes 4E.

0aintenance of mem#rane potential

Sodium and chloride are electrolytes that contri#ute to the maintenance of

concentration and charge differences across cell mem#ranes. Potassium is the principal

positively charged ion cationE inside of cells, while sodium is the principal cation in

e"tracellular fluid. Potassium concentrations are a#out 5< times higher inside than

outside cells, while sodium concentrations are more than ten times lower inside than

outside cells. The concentration differences #etween potassium and sodium across cell

mem#ranes create an electrochemical gradient !nown as the mem#rane potential. A

cellNs mem#rane potential is maintained #y ion pumps in the cell mem#rane,

especially the sodium, potassium$ATPase pumps. These pumps use ATP energyE to

pump sodium out of the cell in e"change for potassium 1igure 2E. Their activity has

#een estimated to account for 4


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A#sorption of sodium in the small intestine plays an important role in the

a#sorption of chloride, amino acids, glucose, and water. Similar mechanisms are

involved in the rea#sorption of these nutrients after they have #een filtered from the

#lood #y the !idneys. Chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid GClE, is also an

important component of gastric uice, which aids the digestion and a#sorption of many

nutrients 4, 7E.

0aintenance of #lood volume and #lood pressure

Because sodium is the primary determinant of e"tracellular fluid volume,

including #lood volume, a num#er of physiological mechanisms that regulate #lood

volume and #lood pressure wor! #y adusting the #odyNs sodium content. In the

circulatory system, pressure receptors #aroreceptorsE sense changes in #lood pressure

and send e"citatory or inhi#itory signals to the nervous system and*or endocrine

glands to affect sodium regulation #y the !idneys.

In general, sodium retention results in water retention and sodium loss results in water

loss 6, 7E. Below are descriptions of two of the many systems that affect #lood volume

and #lood pressure through sodium regulation.

Renin$angiotensin$aldosterone system

In response to a significant decrease in #lood volume or pressure e.g., serious

#lood loss or dehydrationE, the !idneys release renin into the circulation. Renin is

an enyme that splits a small peptide Angiotensin IE from a

larger protein angiotensinogenE produced #y the liver. Angiotensin I is split into a

16

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#amino-acidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#glucosehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference2http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#extracellular-fluidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#enzymehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#peptidehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#proteinhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#amino-acidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#glucosehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference2http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#extracellular-fluidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#endocrine-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#enzymehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#peptidehttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#protein


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smaller peptide angiotensin IIE #y angiotensin converting enyme AC%E, an enyme

present on the inner surface of #lood vessels and in the lungs, liver, and !idneys.

Angiotensin II stimulates the constriction of small arteries, resulting in increased #lood

pressure. Angiotensin II is also a potent stimulator of aldosterone synthesis #y

the adrenal glands. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that acts on the !idneys to

increase the rea#sorption of sodium and the e"cretion of potassium. Retention of

sodium #y the !idneys increases the retention of water, resulting in increased #lood

volume and #lood pressure 6E.

Anti$diuretic hormone AGE

Secretion of AG #y the posterior pituitary gland is stimulated #y a significant

decrease in #lood volume or pressure. AG acts on the !idneys to increase the

rea#sorption of water 6E.

eficiency

Sodium and chlorideE deficiency does not generally result from inade=uate

dietary inta!e, even in those on very low$salt diets 7E.

Gypernatremia

Gypernatremia defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 258

mmol*liter, may result from increased fluid retention dilutionalhyponatremiaE or

increased sodium loss. ilutional hypernatremia may #e due to inappropriate anti$

'0

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#adrenal-glandshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#steroidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#pituitary-glandhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference5http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#serumhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#adrenal-glandshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#steroidhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#pituitary-glandhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference4http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference5http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#serum


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diuretic hormone AGE secretion, which is associated with disorders affecting

the central nervous system and with use of certain drugs see rug interactionsE. In

some cases, e"cessive water inta!e may also lead to dilutional hypernatremia.

Conditions that increase the loss of sodium and chloride include severe or prolonged

vomiting or diarrheal, e"cessive and persistent sweating, the use of some diuretics, and

some forms of !idney disease. Symptoms of hypernatremia include headache, nausea,

vomiting, muscle cramps, fatigue, disorientation, and fainting. Complications of severe

and rapidly developing hypernatremia may include cere#ral oedema swelling of the

#rainE, seiures, coma, and #rain damage. Acute or severe hypernatremia may #e fatal

without prompt and appropriate medical treatment 8E.

Prolonged endurance e"ercise and hypernatremia

Gypernatremia has recently #een recognied as a potential pro#lem in

individuals competing in very long endurance e"ercise events, such as marathons,

ultramarathons, and Ironman triathlons. In 2::9, 47 out of 87< participants in an

Ironman triathlon almost 6DE received medical attention for hyponatremia 9E.

Participants who developed hyponatremia during an Ironman triathlon had evidence of

fluid overload despite relatively modest fluid inta!es, suggesting that fluid e"cretion was

inade=uate and*or the fluid needs of these ultra$distance athletes may #e less than

currently recommended >E. It has #een speculated that the use of non$steroidal anti$

inflammatory drugs &SAIsE may increase the ris! of e"ercise$related hyponatremia #y

impairing water e"cretion :E, #ut firm evidence is presently lac!ing

'1

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#central-nervous-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#drug-interactionshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference6http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference7http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference8http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference9http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/glossary#central-nervous-systemhttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#drug-interactionshttp://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference6http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference7http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference8http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium#reference9


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1or thousands of years it has #een !nown that domestic and wild animals need

salt ust as man does, and not ust for flavour. The virtues of salt for animals were

e"tolled #y the ancient /ree!s. %arly e"plorers in Africa, Asia and &orth America

recorded o#servations of graing animals traveling to salt springs or deposits to satisfy

ravenous appetites for salt. Animals deprived of salt will ris! grave danger or resort to

unusual #ehaviour to o#tain it. Considera#le evidence e"ists that early nomads and

hunters too! advantage of this fact to lure and capture animals #y locating areas with

salt and waiting for animals to come there periodically.

Salt is uni=ue in that animals have a much greater appetite for the sodium and

chloride in salt than for other minerals. Because most plants provide insufficient sodium

for animal feeding and may lac! ade=uate chloride content, salt supplementation is a

critical part of a nutritionally #alanced diet for animals. In addition, #ecause animals

have a definite appetite for salt, it can #e used as a delivery mechanism to ensure

ade=uate inta!e of less palata#le nutrients and as a feed limiter.

%ven though the #ody only contains a#out


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%fficient a#sorption of amino acids and monosaccharides from the small intestine

re=uires ade=uate sodium.

The other nutrient in salt, chloride is also essential for life. Chloride is the

primary anion in #lood, and represents a#out two thirds of its acidic ions. The chloride

shift, movement of chloride in and out of the red #lood cells, is essential in maintaining

the acid$#ase #alance of the #lood. Chloride is also a necessary part of the hydrochloric

acid produced #y the stomach which is re=uired to digest most foods.

nfortunately, it is often assumed that if the sodium re=uirement is met, the

chloride re=uirement will automatically #e met also. Gowever, recent evidence indicates

this may not always #e the case. 1or e"ample, Belgian studies showed a close

correlation #etween potassium and chloride in the urine of cows. They concluded that

the necessity for the ruminant to eliminate high amounts of dietary potassium as

potassium chlorideE can dramatically increase the chloride re=uirement. Therefore,

since many ruminant feedstuffs are =uite high in potassium, the potassium$to$chloride

ratio in the diet is important.

In monogastrics, a chloride deficiency can also develop when low levels of salt

are fed. -each and &esheim, reported that a chloride deficiency in chic!s results in

e"tremely poor growth rate, high mortality, nervous symptoms, dehydration and reduced

#lood chloride.

Animals have a more well defined appetite for sodium chloride than any other

compound in nature e"cept water. Ruminants have such a strong appetite for sodium

'(


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that the e"act location of salt source is permanently imprinted into their memory which

they can then return to when they #ecome deficient. Bell showed that when steers were

trained to receive their sodium in response to pressing a panel, ma"imum effort to

receive the sodium occurred at eight days and after, on a sodium deficient diet. Cattle

also have a !een sense of smell for sodium. Sodium deficient steers were offered a

cafeteria of 24 #uc!ets of water with only one containing moderate levels of sodium

salts. Steers would =uic!ly choose the water containing sodium salts without having to

taste the water sources.

Gorses have #een shown to have a specific appetite for salt if the diet is deficient

in sodium. This is not true for the other nutrients. 1or e"ample, horses do not develop a

preference for calcium supplements when fed a calcium deficient diet. This natural

appetite for salt is what ma!es salt such an e"cellent delivery mechanism for other

nutrients that need to #e consumed regularly, #ut where a natural appetite is lac!ing.

The 2:>6 &RC Beef Cattle committee recognied this fact in stating that minerals

lac!ing in the diet can #e provided #y Hself$feedingH common salt$mineral mi"tures when

the mi"ture is consumed in amounts to satisfy the animalsN appetite for salt.

Salt draws water out of cells via the process of osmosis. %ssentially, water

moves across a cell mem#rane to try to e=ualie the salinity or concentration of salt on

#oth sides of the mem#rane. If you add enough salt, too much water will #e removed

from a cell for it to stay alive or reproduce. rganisms that decay food and cause

disease are !illed #y a high concentration of salt. A concentration of 4


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of the cells, which may have the opposite and undesira#le effect of providing ideal

growing conditions

Gistorically, the main reason for the addition of salt to food was for preservation.

Because of the emergence of refrigeration and other methods of food preservation, the

need for salt as a preservative has decreased Ge and 0ac/regor, 4


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1 SA1%TK A& PR%S%R@ATI&

As mentioned previously, the first maor addition of sodium to foods was as salt,

which acted to prevent spoilage. Prior to refrigeration, salt was one of the #est methods

for inhi#iting the growth and survival of undesira#le microorganisms. Although modern$

day advances in food storage and pac!aging techni=ues and the speed of

transportation have largely diminished this role, salt does remain in widespread use for

preventing rapid spoilage and thus e"tending product shelf lifeE, creating an

inhospita#le environment for pathogens, and promoting the growth of desira#le micro$

organisms in various fermented foods and other products. ther sodium$containing

compounds with preservative effects are also used in the food supply.

Salt's Role in the Prevention of 0icro#ial /rowth

Salt is effective as a preservative #ecause it reduces the water activity of foods.

The water activity of a food is the amount of un#ound water availa#le for micro#ial

growth and chemical reactions. Salt's a#ility to decrease water activity is thought to #e

due to the a#ility of sodium and chloride ions to associate with water molecules

1ennema, 2::8M Potter and Gotch!iss, 2::7E.

Adding salt to foods can also cause micro#ial cells to undergo osmotic shoc!,

resulting in the loss of water from the cell and there#y causing cell death or retarded

growth avidson, 4


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energy to e"clude sodium ions from the cell, all of which can reduce the rate of growth

Shelef and Seiter, 4E, and foods in which water activity remains low when sodium is

removed e.g., foods with low water activity due to high sugar contentE Reddy and

0arth, 2::2M Stringer and Pin, 4


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product has an ade=uate shelf life and to prevent pathogen growth. Such efforts do

incur additional costs and re=uire careful attention to ensure that new formulations and

processes are sufficient to ensure product safety. These issues are discussed further

in Chapters 8 and >.

1oods using sodium as a hurdle to retard micro#ial growth and survival

present a reformulation challenge, since changing the sodium content alters the impact

or heightE of the water activity hurdle. Changing this single hurdle may impact the

safety and =uality of the food #ecause other hurdles that are present pG, temperature,

etc.E may wor! only in com#ination with the original sodium level. To maintain a safe,

good$=uality product, reformulation may have to include the introduction of additional

hurdles or an increase in the impact of e"isting hurdles. If such additional measures are

not ta!en during sodium reduction efforts, the remaining products may not #e sta#le.

1or e"ample, in cured meats, reducing the sodium content #y removing #oth salt and

sodium nitriteE could allow for rapid growth of lactic acid #acteria and action #y

proteolytic microorganisms, resulting in a product that spoils more rapidly Ro#erts and

0cClure, 2::


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1ood, 4


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Similarly, tur!ey fran!furters inoculated with C. #otulinum and held at 49FC showed

more rapid to"in production when salt content was 4.7 percent than when it was 6.<

percent Bar#ut et al., 2:>8E.

In addition to C. #otulinum and -. monocytogenes, the growth of other

food#orne pathogens may #e more rapid in foods with reduced contents of salt and

other sodium$containing preservatives. These pathogens include Bacillus

cereus,Staphylococcusaureus, Kersiniaenterocolitica, Aeromonashydrophila, Clostridiu

m perfringens, and Arco#acter 'Sa and Garrison, 4


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human history that could ma!e salt, did. It is essential as a seasoning, a preservative

and a nutrient. Those without the resources or s!ill to ma!e salt needed to trade for it.

And it might not #e that #ad for us, after all. A new maor study of 5,8>2

peoplepu#lished last wee! in the Journal of the American 0edical Association has again

seriously undermined the prevailing attitude among media and pu#lic health officials. It

found no correlation #etween moderate salt inta!e and hypertension.

As the most potent flavour enhancer, salt is also among the weirdest and most

unpredicta#le of all the worldNs foods. Salt can #e #lue, green, grey, silver, white, rose,

red, orange or purple. It can #e monolithic or fractured. Salt crystals come in huge

#loc!s and in microscopic fronds. Shapes range from pyramids to fla!es to clumps to

cu#esM in the instance of a rare African salt from -a!e Assal called i#outi Boule, they

even form naturally into near$perfect spheres the sie of golf #alls. Salt crystallisation

seems intent on going rogue, #ent on disproving the laws of physics and human

e"pectations.

Salting, the simple act of adding salt to food, is so ancient, varied and essential

that we have #een lulled into #elieving we !now how to do it, #ut most often, we donNt.

Salting is an opportunity. (hat do you want salt to do for your dish o you want the

salt to spar! and vanish or persist and penetrate o you want to #uild a crescendo or

diminuendo of flavour

(hat te"tures do you want? a =uic! snap, a voluptuous crac!le, a #arely

percepti#le crunch Gow prominent a role do you want to allot to it? do you wish to hear

(1

http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/05/salt_and_healthhttp://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/new-salt-study-stirs-up-controversy-2280090.htmlhttp://jama.ama-assn.org/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/05/salt_and_healthhttp://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/new-salt-study-stirs-up-controversy-2280090.htmlhttp://jama.ama-assn.org/


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only the voices of the other ingredients, or can salt chime in as a chorus, or even gra#

the microphone for a verse

It is right and proper to use as much salt as you want so long as you are the

one salting your food. There are thousands of salts in the world, and there is no reason

not to e"plore as many as inspire you. n the other hand, salting effectively can #e

achieved with the simplest of resources? A fleur de sel for finishing fine foods, a fla!e

salt for snappy contrast on fresh vegeta#les, and a selgris for everything else. 1inishing

with salt rather than salting your food during coo!ing is one of the most effective ways

we have of playing sensually with what we eat. It #rings food, salt and your palate into

the most intimate possi#le contact. (hen salt is allowed to play a finishing role in the

dish, the relationship of salt and food evolves with every #ite. As you eat, food and salt

com#ine Q first a flash of salt ... then the food ... a flic!er of salt ... now fuller food

flavours ... then a faint spar! of salt catching at the comple" afterglow of the food. The

rewards? increased intensity and comple"ity of flavour, surprising te"tures, une"pected

aromas and a heightened awareness of the process of tasting food.

I #elieve salt awa!ens us to our senses and our instincts li!e no other edi#le

su#stance. It also connects us to our environment and our traditions. Appreciating salt

and using it well #egins with a glimpse at the cultural and economic centrality of this

essential mineral.

R%S%ARCG %SI/&

('

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_selhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_sel


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The researcher made use an e"perimental =uantitative research utiliing

descriptive correlation techni=ues and use a standard format, with a few minor

interdisciplinary differences of generating a hypothesis to #e proved or disproved. This

hypothesis must #e prova#le #y mathematical and statistical means, and is #asis

around which the whole e"periment is designed.

;uantitative e"periments are useful for testing the results gained #y a series of

=ualitative e"periments, leading to a final answer, and a tightening down of possi#le

directions for follow up research to ta!e. This design was appropriate in this

investigatory proect.

Respondents/Contents of the Study

((


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(

&ame ;uestions?

0ar! Chec! if yes and " if noE

Can salt electricity

is #etter than

hydroelectricity

Can salt electricity

have #etter power

than electricity from

plant

K%

S

&

K%

S

&

2./loria @. Pellano √

74.%lsa @. 0ahipus √ √

5.elia @. &avaa

7 76.Jhecyll P. Culverwell

7 77. Juliet P. Tapia √ √

8. Bonifacio P. @illamor Jr.

7 √

9./ina P. 0adayag √

7>.ina G. yangguren

7 7:.emetria P. Germoso √ √

2.-ily#eth P. Patula √ √


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In the ta#le a#ove, the first =uestion, a#out 89D answer yes while a#out 55D

answer no. In second =uestions, 8


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0aterials?

• (ater

• Small glass ar

• Salt

• 0easuring spoons

•Uinc$coated nail

• Tape

• Copper$coated wire

• 4 insulated wires with alligator clips on #oth ends.

• @oltmeter #orrowedE

• /raph paper, optional

%"perimental Procedure?

(3


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2 0a!e a saltwater solution #y mi"ing a small ar of water with a teaspoonful of salt.

4 Place a inc$coated nail into the solution, and tape it to one side of the cup securely.

This will #e the negative electrode.

5 Place a copper$coated wire into the solution, and tape it to the other side of the cup

securely. This will #e the positive electrode.

6 pen the alligator clip on one wire #y s=ueeing it, and attach it to the end of the inc$

coated wire stic!ing out of the solution.

7 pen the alligator clip on the other end of the wire, and attach it to the negative pole of

the voltmeter.

8 Repeat Steps 6 and 7 to connect the copper$coated nail to the positive pole of the

voltmeter.

(4


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Results and iscussions

In this chapter, the results of the e"periment will #e o#served #y the researcher.

Through ta#ular form, the results will #e shown and after this, it will #e discussed.

Ta#le 2? The ta#le of the researcher's o#servation in the 2 st trial

mount of Water mount of salt !ri"htness Time lasted #li"ht

$%% ml $ teaspoonful &im ' minutes

Ta#le 4? The ta#le of the researcher's o#servation in the 4 nd trial


$%% ml ( teaspoonful !ri"hter ).' minutes

Ta#le 5? The ta#le of the researcher's o#servation in the 5 rd trial


$%% ml *% teaspoonful !ri"hter +., minutes

(5


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In the e"periment, the amount of water used is constant of 7


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Analysis & Interpretation

ata Analysis?

(hen the volume of saltwater, the power of the electricity in the saltwater also

increases a notch, so a tremendous amount of saltwater is needed to produce

sustaina#le power. Stirring the saltwater will increase its potential electrical energy,

which may #e caused #y the activation and pronunciation of the saltwater's molecules.

Therefore, stirring the saltwater will increase its potential electric energy. 1inally, through

this e"periment, it was o#served that the electrolysis method was used to produce the

electricity from saltwater. (ater is comprised of two elements Q hydrogen and o"ygen.

istilled water is pure and free of saltsM thus it is a very poor conductor of electricity. By

adding ordinary ta#le salt to distilled water, it #ecomes an electrolyte solution that can

conduct electricity.

nterpretation

The gathered was seriously interpreted?

a The present study is not harmful in the environment for it is natural and eco$

friendly. The present study was found to #e a good source of electricity , can

performed the said its potential to conduct electricity.

# The present study can help reduce damaging emissions #eing added to our

atmosphere.

c %nsures relia#le energy source.

aterials and Euipment

0


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Below are the listed materials and e=uipment needed in this study to o#tain

saltwater power e"periment.

2. The name of the materials and amount used to conduct this study.

Trial 2

mount of Water mount of salt$%% ml $ teaspoons

Trial 4

mount of Water mount of salt

$%% ml ( teaspoons

Trial 5

mount of Water mount of salt

$%% ml *% teaspoons

Table '

The e=uipment and their function used in conducting the study.

1


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Small glass ar Storage of water

teaspoonful sed in measuring the salt #eing added

and to stir the solution.tape sed to tape the copper$coated wire

voltmeter sed in voltage readings produced #y the

saltwater.

Conclusion

'


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The main goal was to find an alternative source of energy and to #e a#le to see

if saltwater can #e used as the alternative source of energy.

Based on e"perimentation, we found out that saltwater has potential electrical

energy, which can #e used as an alternative source of power.

Arriving at the results and outputs , the researcher conclude after the hard

investigation produce on how to prove that saltwater can #e a good conductor of

electricity. The researcher found out that the present product can truly, effectively,

and so afforda#le that can #e an alternative energy in conducting electricity and

since the main material is in our sorroundings.

0oreover, it is proven that it is not harmful to any respondents who test the

present product. It is safe as well as in the environment for it is natural and no

harmful su#stances.

!iblio"raphies

A. Antony Ravindran and &. C. 0ondal. 4


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Awni T. Batayneh and Ahmed A#dul!areem Al$Taani. 4


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A. Taylor , 0 Cruic!shan!, C 0errifield, 1aroo=. 4


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