Salt
-
Upload
mayank9282 -
Category
Documents
-
view
503 -
download
1
Transcript of Salt
![Page 1: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Salt: Cradle to GraveCatarina Hinojos
Race, Poverty and the Urban EnvironmentProfessor Raquel R. Pinderhughes
Urban Studies ProgramSan Francisco State University,
spring 2003
Public has permission to use the material herein, but only if author,
course, university and professor are credited.
![Page 2: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
This presentation focuses on the life cycle of Salt, cradle to grave, with emphasis on social, environmental
and public health impacts associated with it.
• The extraction process• Distribution of
materials needed to produce salt
• Distribution of salt• Health Impacts• And the waste
resulting from salt production
![Page 3: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Extraction Process of Salt
• Rock salt mining
• Solar salt mining
• Solution mining
• Vacuum Pan Salt Refining
There are four types of Extraction
![Page 4: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rock Salt Mining
• Rock salt mining occurs naturally in underground deposits
• Occasionally in surface deposits in arid areas, as the mineral halite
• Salt is physically dug out of the ground in an operation involving drilling, blasting, exploding and crushing the rock
![Page 5: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Rock salt mine
Cargill.com
![Page 6: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rock salt mine
Cargill.com
![Page 7: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rock salt mine
dredge.com
![Page 8: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Halite/rock salt
Saltinstitute.com
![Page 9: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Rock salt beds/layers one meter thick
Saltinfo.com
![Page 10: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A rock salt mine turned into a tourist attraction
Americanrocksalt.com
![Page 11: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Solar Salt Mining
• Salt is produced by allowing the sun to evaporate sea water in shallow pools or ‘pans’.
• Both temperature and salinity are important • The water evaporates in successive ponds until
the brine is fully concentrated and salt crystallizes on the floor of the crystallizing ponds
![Page 12: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
dredge.com
![Page 13: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Solar produced salt discolored by bacteria in the ponds nasalt.com
![Page 14: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Solar salt pond with red brine
Salt-mine.com
![Page 15: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Alberger® brand salt is produced with the evaporating process alberger.com
![Page 16: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
This is an aerial view of salt ponds
Cargill.com
![Page 17: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Great Salt Lake MineralsOgden, UtahSolar Pond Facility
Saltinfo.com
![Page 18: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Solar salt mushrooms growing in the Dead Sea Salt.org
![Page 19: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
NATURAL SALT PRODUCTION OF SAN JACINTO
It is a realization of natural technical character practiced by dozens of residents of Charapoto community, in which the manual techniques of production of salt in the mineral
sources of San Jacinto are shown to the tourists Geocities.com
![Page 20: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solution Salt Mining
• When salt deposits are located fresh, recycled water is injected through a well drilled into an underground salt bed or salt dome
• Dissolution of the salt forms a cavern in the salt deposit
• Salt brine is withdrawn from the cavern and then transported by pipeline to an onsite evaporating plant to make dry salt, or to a chemical processing plant for chlor-alkali or other chemical production
![Page 21: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Solution Salt scheme
Mininglife.com
![Page 22: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
This solution mining cavern, is where water is injected into a salt formation and brine is withdrawn kgs.ukans.edu
![Page 23: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
brine well and cavity
kgs.ukans.edu
![Page 24: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Solution salt dome
Saltinstitute.com
![Page 25: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Solution-Mined Cavern Storage
pbworld.com
![Page 26: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mineral Recovery
pbworld.com
![Page 27: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Solution Mining Wellhead
Pbworld.com
![Page 28: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Surface features at a West Texas disposal cavern
npto.doe.gov
![Page 29: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
After salt is mined producers use caverns to store hydrocarbon substances, this is a map of them in Texas utexas.edu
![Page 30: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Vacuum Pan Salt Refining
• Vacuum Pan Salt Refining produces table salt• Prior to mechanical evaporation, the brine may be
treated to remove minerals that can cause scaling in the evaporators and adversely affect salt purity
• Chemical treatment of the brine, followed by settling, reduces levels of dissolved calcium, magnesium and sulfate
• Sulfuric acid treatment or chlorination may be used to remove hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid will neutralize brine used in diaphragm cell production of chlorine and caustic soda
![Page 31: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Water is evaporated from purified brine using multiple-effect or vapor recompression evaporators
• Steam from boilers supplies heat evaporators and is fed from one evaporator to the next
• Vapor recompression forced-circulation evaporators consist of a crystallizer, compressor and vapor scrubber
• Feed brine enters the crystallizer vessel where salt is precipitated
• Vapor is withdrawn, scrubbed and compressed for reuse in the heater
![Page 32: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Vacuum evaporator
Cargill.com
![Page 33: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Saltinstitute.com
![Page 34: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Saltinstitute.com
![Page 35: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lyons, KansasVacuum Salt Facility
Saltinfo.com
![Page 36: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Distribution of Materials Needed to Produce Salt
• Salt is produced naturally in the environment so the only tools needed are for movement of the mineral – This includes pipes, conveyor belts, trucks,
roads, in some cases explosives
• And purifying agents for table salt– This includes boilers, chemicals and
evaporation equipment
![Page 37: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Conveyor belt that transport salt to vehicle
Cargill.com
![Page 38: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Underground vehicle that transports salt
Cargill.com
![Page 39: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Underground salt mine
Cargill.com
![Page 40: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Distribution of Salt
• Packages containing salt usually get transported by trucks
• Salt is used in three sectors– Deicing products
• melt ice and snow on roads– Commercial and industry
• manufacture chlorine, caustic soda and in paper making
– Domestic (table salt)
![Page 41: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Mortonsalt.com
![Page 42: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Deicing rock salt for snow and ice control
geo.msu.edu
![Page 43: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Health Impacts
• Workers environments vary on what type of salt production they are involved with– But all employees are exposed to heavy
machinery– Some employees are exposed to explosives and
chemicals
![Page 44: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Consumers are also exposed to health hazards too much salt can cause illness– high blood pressure – heart attack – stroke
• When deicing salt is used on roads there tends to be a run off of water thus transporting salt into ground water– This causes a bitter taste in drinking water– The increase of salt in the soil isn’t good for
crops and natural vegetation
![Page 45: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Miner digging for salt
Dredge.com
![Page 46: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Saltinstitute.com
![Page 47: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Waste Resulting from the Production of Salt
• The main waste that seems to be visible in all salt mines is the impact of heavy machinery on the landscape
• The waste from chemicals, explosives and trucks• Another factor is the destruction of natural
habitats to build unnatural salt ponds
![Page 48: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Rods and wires nailed into natural caverns
Dredge.com
![Page 49: Salt](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051322/5466c6a2b4af9f01758b4de9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Web References
• www.utexas.edu• www.solutionmining.org• www.salt-mine.org• www.saltinstitute.com• www.saltinfo.com• www.mininglife.com
• www.mii.org• www.geo.msu.edu• www.cargill.com• www.americanrocksalt.com• www.npto.doe.gov• www.nasalt.com