SALMONID SPAWNING HABITAT AVAILABILITY SURVEY · TFW Monitoring Program Manual - November 1999...

NWIndian Fisheries

CommissionTimber Fish

& Wildlife

TFW Monitoring Program

METHOD MANUAL

for the

SALMONID SPAWNING HABITATAVAILABILITY SURVEY

DNR # 109 TFW-AM9-99-007

November 1999

by:

Dave Schuett-HamesAllen E. PleusDevin Smith

S ize C lass 1Sand/S ilt

S ize C lass 2Sm all Spawnin g

G ra vel

S ize C lass 3La rg e Spawnin g

G ra vel

S ize C lass 4Bou lde rs

Ba nkfu ll C h anne l Edg e

Tran # 3

5 0 m7 5 m

1 0 0 m

Tran # 4 Tran # 5

Wetted C hann el Ed ge

Pa tc h # 3 -1 Pa tc h # 3 -2

P a tc h # 5 - 1

P a tc h # 2 - 2P a tc h # 2 - 1

P a tc h # 1 - 1

Pa tc h # 4 -1

TFW Monitoring Program Manual - November 1999

Salmonid Spawning Habitat Availability Survey

Citation

Schuett-Hames, D., A.E. Pleus, and D. Smith. 1999. TFW Monitoring Program method manual for thesalmonid spawning habitat availability survey. Prepared for the Washington State Dept. of NaturalResources under the Timber, Fish, and Wildlife Agreement. TFW-AM9-99-007. DNR # 109.November.

Abstract

The TFW Monitoring Program method manual for the Salmonid Spawning Habitat Availability (SHA) Surveyprovides a standard method for the assessment and monitoring of available salmonid spawning habitat. Thecriteria used to determine spawning habitat includes substrate particle size, substrate depth, water depth, watervelocity, and surface area coverage. The SHA Survey has two methods for estimating the amount of spawninghabitat on the TFW stream segment scale. The transect method uses dominant substrate information collectedalong systematically placed transects to estimate the total surface area of potential spawning habitat within thebankfull and wetted channels. The patch method provides detailed information on the surface area and distributionof individual spawning habitat patches within the wetted channel. Monitoring objectives and timing of surveys areused to select whether one or both survey methods are applied.

The remainder of the introduction section describes the purpose of the SHA Survey, reviews scientific backgroundinformation, and describes the cooperator services provided by the TFW Monitoring Program. Following theintroduction, sections are presented in order of survey application including: study design, pre-survey preparation,stream discharge, survey methods, post-survey documentation, data management, and references. An extensiveappendix is also provided that includes field form copy masters, examples of completed field forms, a field codesheet, data management examples, and a standard field and vehicle gear checklist.

TFW Monitoring ProgramNorthwest Indian Fisheries Commission

6730 Martin Way EastOlympia, Washington 98516

Ph: (360)438-1180Fax: (360)753-8659

Internet:http://www.nwifc.wa.gov

Washington Dept. of Natural ResourcesForest Practices Div.: CMER Documents

P.O. Box 47014Olympia, Washington 98504-7014

Ph: (360)902-1400



The Authors

Dave Schuett-Hames is the TFW Monitoring ProgramCoordinator/Biologist at the Northwest Indian Fisher-ies Commission. He received a B.S. degree in biology(1976) and an M.E.S. degree (1996) from the Ever-green State College. He worked for 12 years as a fishhabitat biologist for the Lummi Nation and the SquaxinIsland Tribe. He joined the program as coordinator in1992. E-mail: [email protected]

Allen E. Pleus is the TFW Monitoring Program LeadTraining and Quality Assurance Biologist at the North-west Indian Fisheries Commission. He received a B.A.degree in communications (1985) and an M.E.S. de-gree (1995) from the Evergreen State College. He be-gan working for the program in 1991.E-mail: [email protected]

Devin Smith is a biologist for the Salmon and Steel-head Habitat Inventory and Assessment Project(SSHIAP) at the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commis-sion. He received a B.A. degree (1993) in Psychologyfrom Occidental College and an M.E.S. degree (1996)with a focus on watershed science from the EvergreenState College. He worked for the TFW MonitoringProgram from 1995 to 1998.E-mail: [email protected]

Manual cover, method illustrations, field forms, andlayout design by Allen Pleus unless otherwise noted.

Acknowledgements

The development of this document was funded by theTimber-Fish-Wildlife (TFW) Cooperative Monitoring,Evaluation, and Research (CMER) comittee with fund-ing provided by the Washington Department of Natu-ral Resources. Special thanks to Sue Madsen of R2Resource Consultants, Inc. for technical feedback oninstruction and field application. TFW Monitoring Pro-gram (TFW-MP) staff member Amy Morgan contrib-uted a great many hours reviewing and editing draftsand helping with production. Northwest Indian Fisher-ies Commission (NWIFC) staff members includingTony Meyer, Sheila McCloud, Debbie Preston, MikeMessenger, and Craig Carns have provided valuableproofing, layout, and production assistance. Finally,thanks to the TFW Monitoring Advisory Group mem-bers including Randy McIntosh and Jeff Light (Co-chairs) for their support and guidance.

Copying of the TFW Manual

All TFW Monitoring Program method manuals arepublic documents. No permission is required to copyany part. The only requirement is that they be properlycited. Copies of the method manuals are available fromthe TFW Monitoring Program or the Washington Dept.of Natural Resources (see Abstract page for contactinformation).



Contents

1 Introduction1.1 Purpose1.2 Background1.2.1 Distribution of Spawning Habitat Within Watersheds and Stream Segments1.2.2 Characteristics Used to Select Spawning Habitat1.2.3 Salmonid Body Size and Spawning Habitat Gravel Size Class Relationship1.3 Cooperator Services

2 Study Design2.1 Identifying Monitoring Segments2.2 Survey Method Options2.3 Timing of Surveys2.4 Study Design Based on Project Objectives2.5 Survey Modifications Options2.6 Pre-Season Crew Training and Quality Assurance Review

3 Pre-Survey Preparation3.1 Survey Equipment3.2 Survey Materials3.2.1 SHA “HEADER INFORMATION” Form 9.03.2.2 SHA “CHANNEL WIDTH DATA” Form 9.1

SHA “TRANSECT DATA” Form 9.2, andSHA “PATCH DATA” Form 9.3

3.2.3 SHA Criteria and Code Field Sheet

4 Stream Discharge Measurement

5 SHA Survey Methods5.1 Channel Width Measurement Procedure5.2 SHA Transect Survey Procedure5.3 SHA Patch Survey Procedure

6 Post-Survey Documentation6.1 Finalizing Survey Forms6.2 Error Checking

7 Data Management7.1 Data Preparation7.2 Data Processing, Products, and Archiving7.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation7.3.1 SHA Transect Survey Segment Summary Report7.3.2 SHA Patch Survey Segment Summary Report7.3.3 Data Interpretation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28



8 References

9 AppendixesAppendix A: Form 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 Copy MastersAppendix B: Examples of Completed Forms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3Appendix C: SHA Criteria and Code Field Sheet Copy MasterAppendix D: Data Management ExamplesAppendix E: Standard Field and Vehicle Gear Checklist Copy Master

Contents (cont.)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

TFW Monitoring Program - November 1999

Salmonid Spawning Habitat Availability Survey1


1. Introduction

The TFW Monitoring Program method manual for theSalmonid Spawning Habitat Availability (SHA) Sur-vey provides a standard method for the assessment andmonitoring of available salmonid spawning habitat. Thecriteria used to determine spawning habitat includessubstrate particle size, substrate depth, water depth,water velocity, and surface area coverage. The SHASurvey has two methods for estimating the amount ofspawning habitat on the TFW stream segment scale.The transect method uses dominant substrate informa-tion collected along systematically placed transects toestimate the total surface area of potential spawninghabitat within the bankfull and wetted channels. Thepatch method provides detailed information on the sur-face area and distribution of individual spawning habi-tat patches within the wetted channel. Monitoring ob-jectives and timing of surveys are used to select whetherone or both survey methods are applied.

The remainder of the introduction section describes thepurpose of the SHA Survey, reviews scientific back-ground information, and describes the cooperator ser-vices provided by the TFW Monitoring Program. Fol-lowing the introduction, sections are presented in orderof survey application including: study design, pre-sur-vey preparation, stream discharge, survey methods,post-survey documentation, data management, and ref-erences. An extensive appendix is also provided thatincludes field form copy masters, examples of com-pleted field forms, a field code sheet, data managementexamples, and a standard field and vehicle gearchecklist.

1.1 Purpose

The Timber-Fish-Wildlife Monitoring Program (TFW-MP) provides standard methods for monitoring changesand trends in salmonid spawning habitat availability.The SHA Survey method has been approved by TFW’sCooperative Monitoring, Evaluation and ResearchCommittee (CMER) and is accepted as a standardmethod for monitoring on forest lands in Washingtonstate by tribal governments, state natural resource agen-cies, timber companies, environmental organizations,and others. The purpose of the SHA Survey is to:

The relative abundance of spawning habitat is used asan indicator of resource condition for individual moni-toring projects and in the Watershed Analysis FishHabitat Assessment process (WFPB, 1996). In seg-ments where spawning habitat is scarce, informationon hydrology, sediment supply, channel conditions, andhuman activities is examined to determine why. Thesurvey does not attempt to document or predict actualsurvival to emergence, because that objective wouldrequire research of an intensity impractical for man-agement purposes. Nor is it oriented towards the re-quirements of any particular salmonid species, as spe-cies may vary within and between stream segmentsaround the state.

1. Assess and monitor the availability ofpotential spawning habitat within the bankfullchannel.2. Assess and monitor the availability of actualspawning habitat in the wetted channel at adischarge representative of the spawning sea-son.3. Interpret spawning habitat availability in thecontext of channel conditions and watershed



1.2 Background

This section provides a review of the scientific litera-ture used as the basis for the SHA Survey. Backgroundinformation includes distribution of spawning habitatwithin watersheds and stream segments andcharacteristics used to select spawning habitat.

1.2.1 Distribution of Spawning Habitat WithinWatersheds and Stream Segments

The distribution of spawning habitat in a stream sys-tem is related to the physical characteristics of the streamchannel and the watershed. Factors such as geology(Duncan and Ward, 1985; Crisp and Carling, 1989),sediment supply (Collins and Dunne, 1990; Buffington,1995), stream power (Benda et al., 1992; Buffington,1995), and obstructions such as boulders and LWD(Keller and Swanson, 1979; Kondolf et al., 1991;Buffington, 1995) affect the abundance, particle sizedistribution, and stability of spawning gravel deposits.

Within a stream reach, the area available for spawningcan limit the number of eggs successfully deposited inthe gravel, potentially limiting the size of the next gen-eration when spawning habitat is limited (McNeil, 1964;Allen, 1969; McFadden, 1969; Schroder, 1973;Semenchenko, 1989). This is most likely to affect popu-lations of pink, chum and sockeye that are typically notlimited by food and space in fresh water and oftenreturn to spawn in large numbers (McFadden, 1969).

Land-use activities and catastrophic events affect thedistribution of spawning habitat by changing the typeor amount of sediment delivered to a stream system oraltering patterns of sediment transport and storagewithin stream channels. Spawning habitat can be re-duced by activities such as bank armoring and stabili-zation that restrict recruitment of gravel to stream chan-nels, construction of dams that block downstream gravelmovement, or gravel mining and stream channelizationprojects that remove gravel from channels (Collins andDunne, 1990, Kondolf and Swanson, 1993). Largeinputs of fine sediment from logging roads can buryspawning gravel (Platts and Megahan, 1975; Platts etal., 1989). Splash dam operations and debris torrentscan scour away spawning gravel and obstructions suchas large woody debris, reducing potential gravel stor-age sites (Wendler and Deschamps, 1955; Keller andSwanson, 1979).

1.2.2 Characteristics Used to Select SpawningHabitat

The characteristics of spawning sites vary extensivelybetween species and among stocks of the same species(Miller and Brannon, 1982). Studies indicate that acombination of factors are evaluated (Chambers, et al.,1955), and there is a relatively wide range of accept-able conditions for most species (Hunter, 1973). Char-acteristics that can influence site selection include sub-strate size, water velocity, water depth, bed compac-tion, gravel permeability, suitable surface and sub-sur-face flow conditions, dissolved oxygen, water tempera-ture and proximity to cover (Burner, 1951; Briggs,1953; Chambers et al, 1955; Vaux, 1962; Hoopes 1972;Hunter, 1973; Heard, 1991; Kondolf and Wolman,1993; Leman, 1993).

Factors such as substrate size, water depth, and watervelocity appear to limit where a female is physicallyable to construct a redd. Body size and stamina deter-mine the size of particles that can be moved, the abilityto work in fast water, and maneuverability in shallowwater. If there is extensive variation in the size of indi-vidual members of a population, differences in veloc-ity, minimum depth, and substrate preferences may benearly as great between members of the population asbetween different stocks or species (Hunter, 1973).

Within the realm of sites where spawning is physicallypossible, salmonids often select sites where sub-sur-face flow conditions, permeability and dissolved oxy-gen are favorable for the survival of the eggs and alevin,and avoid locations with compacted beds and low per-meability (Burner, 1951). Locations such as pooltailouts (riffle crests), where the interchange of surfacewater into the gravel is enhanced, are favored locationsfor spawning (Briggs, 1953; Hoopes, 1972; Hunter,1973). Some species such as chum, brook trout, sock-eye, and rainbow trout prefer sites with up-wellinggroundwater (Webster and Eiriksdottir, 1976; Sowdenand Power, 1985; Burgner, 1991; Leman, 1993; Curryet al., 1994). Other site selection criteria, such as prox-imity to cover and suitable holding habitat enhance thesurvival of the female.

The proximity to habitat needed by young fish afterincubation can also be a factor in site selection. Thisstrategy reduces juvenile mortality by providing quickaccess to food and cover resources. For example, coho



often spawn in tributaries throughout a river system,allowing their young to disperse and rear in stream chan-nels of various sizes. Sockeye often restrict spawningto inlet or outlet streams of the rearing lakes needed bytheir young.

1.2.3 Salmonid Body Size and Spawning HabitatGravel Size Class Relationship

In the SHA Survey, the most important parameter foridentifying spawning habitat in the stream channel isdominant substrate particle size. The two spawninggravel size classes used in this survey (Table 1) arebased on empirical relationships between body size andsubstrate particle sizes found in spawning redds(Kondolf and Wolman, 1993).

Small-bodied salmonids are defined as species that aretypically less than 35 cm long when mature, includingresident rainbow, resident cutthroat, anadromous cut-throat, bull trout (dolly varden), brown trout, brooktrout, and kokanee. These fish spawn in gravel that isgenerally between 8 mm and 64 mm in size. Large-bodied salmonids are defined as species that are typi-cally greater than 35 cm when mature, including pink,chum, coho, sockeye, steelhead, and chinook salmon.These fish spawn in gravel that is generally between8 mm and 128 mm in size.

1.3 Cooperator Services

The TFW Monitoring Program provides a comprehen-sive suite of services to support TFW cooperators col-lecting data consistent with program goals. Servicesinclude study design assistance, pre-season trainingthrough annual workshops and on-site visits, pre-sea-son quality assurance reviews, data entry systems, sum-mary reports of monitoring results, and database/dataarchiving services. These services are offered free ofcharge. TFW method manuals are available for thefollowing surveys:

To find out more about TFW Monitoring Program ser-vices and products, contact us or visit our link on theNWIFC homepage. The address is:

TFW Monitoring ProgramNorthwest Indian Fisheries Commission

6730 Martin Way EastOlympia, WA 98516

Ph: (360) 438-1180Fax: (360) 753-8659

Internet site:www.nwifc.wa.gov

TFW Manuals��Stream Segment Identification��Reference Point Survey��Habitat Unit Survey��Large Woody Debris Survey��Stream Temperature Survey��Spawning Gravel Composition Survey��Spawning Habitat Availability Survey��Spawning Gravel Scour Survey��Wadable Stream Discharge Meas. Method

Table 1. Particle size classification by size rangeand salmon use.

Particle SizeClass

Size Range(mm) Salmon Usage

SmallSpawning

Gravel≥ 8 – 64 All Salmonids

LargeSpawning

Gravel≥ 64 - 128

Large-BodiedSalmonids(≥ 35 cm)



2. Study Design

A well designed monitoring study identifies changes inchannel characteristics over time due to land manage-ment or natural disturbances. Poorly designed studiesdetect changes that are the result of differences in crewmethod application or changes in sampling location.Effective monitoring study designs require rigorousplanning, documentation, and consistency in methods,method application, and data analysis. This ensures thatthe monitoring data produced meets the objectives ofthe project and monitoring plan.

Developing a study design involves identifying moni-toring segments, selecting a survey method, timing ofsurveys, reviewing survey modification options, andplanning for pre-season crew training and qualityassurance reviews.

2.1 Identifying Monitoring Segments

The SHA Survey uses the TFW stream segment as thefundamental unit of analysis for characterizing spawn-ing habitat availability and other characteristics. A basicstep in study design development is identifying a groupof candidate segments from which to select suitablemonitoring segments or sub-segments.

The TFW method identifies stream segments based ongradient, valley confinement, and flow. A USGS 7.5minute topographic map (photocopy worksheet) withdelineated segments is required for this part of the studydesign development. Many streams have already beensegmented through past TFW monitoring projects,Watershed Analysis processes, and the Salmon andSteelhead Habitat Inventory and Assessment Project(SSHIAP). If the stream has not been pre-segmented,or pre-segmented boundaries are not suitable for yourmonitoring plan, partition the river system into streamsegments or sub-segments using the TFW MonitoringStream Segment Identification method (Pleus andSchuett-Hames, 1998a) before continuing. Segmentdata documented on Form 1 and USGS topographicmaps are required for data tracking and to provide im-portant information for identifying segment boundarylocations and access points.

2.2 Survey Method Options

The SHA Survey has two options for estimating theamount of available salmonid spawning habitat on astream segment scale. The first option is the transectsurvey that uses dominant substrate information col-lected along transects to estimate the total surface areaof potential spawning habitat in the bankfull and wet-ted channel (optional). The second option is the patchsurvey that provides more detailed information on thesurface area and distribution of individual spawninghabitat patches in the wetted channel. Table 2 providesa summary of the information that can be produced bythe transect and patch surveys.

The transect survey involves collecting dominant sub-strate information along transects established acrossthe bankfull channel at regular intervals in the streamsegment. This produces estimates of the total surfacearea dominated by various size classes of substrate inthe bankfull channel. Bankfull channel area is alsomeasured so the percentage of the channel dominatedby various size classes can be calculated. Potentialspawning habitat is estimated based on the amount ofsmall and large spawning gravel in the bankfull chan-nel. This is potential spawning habitat because fluc-tuations in discharge may prevent some spawning gravelin the bankfull channel from being available to fishduring the spawning season. Potential spawning habi-tat estimates are independent of discharge, so they areuseful for comparing segments or monitoring condi-tions throughout a watershed. Wetted channel widthand substrate in the wetted channel can also be mea-sured to get a rough estimate of actual spawninghabitat at a particular discharge.

The patch survey provides an accurate measure ofspawning habitat available at a particular discharge,but takes more time than the transect survey. It involvesdetailed surface area measurements of individual spawn-ing habitat patches in the wetted channel. Spawninghabitat patch data are used to calculate the surface areaand distribution of individual spawning habitat patchesand the area of actual spawning habitat available at thedischarge when the survey was conducted. They canbe used to develop estimates of production in specific



stream segments. Total wetted area is measured sothat percentage of the wetted channel dominated byspawning habitat can be calculated.

2.3 Timing of Surveys

If monitoring will be focused on one or more salmonidstocks, then it is useful to know the distribution of thosestocks throughout the watershed, the type of spawninghabitat they prefer, and the time of year they spawn.The transect survey should be conducted at flow levelstypical of the spawning period for the stock of interestif wetted channel information is being collected. If theonly information needed is the potential spawning habi-tat in the bankfull channel, the transect survey can beconducted at any time of year, although summer wouldbe the easiest due to low flows.

The patch survey should be conducted at flow levelstypical of the spawning period for the stock of interest.This is generally easiest to accomplish immediately priorto the spawning season, although surveys should notbe completed when fish are actually spawning. It maybe helpful to review historical gauging station recordsto determine the range of discharges that typically oc-cur during the spawning season, and make sure thesurvey is completed when the discharge is within thatrange. Surveys completed at different times on the samestream segment must be conducted at the same discharge(+/- 10%) for results to be comparable.

2.4 Study Design Based on Project Objectives

When designing a SHA monitoring study, it is impor-tant to carefully identify the monitoring objectives. Forthe project to be successful, it must be designed toachieve these objectives. Common objectives for SHAmonitoring studies on forest lands include assessing thedistribution of spawning habitat throughout a water-shed, estimating the spawning habitat available for spe-cific salmonid stocks, and monitoring spawninghabitat availability for Watershed Analysis.

Objective 1: Assess the distribution of spawninghabitat throughout a watershed to eithercompare segements that have specificcharacteristics or to identify segments withspawning gravel.

Monitoring segments should be randomly selected fromthroughout a watershed or from a group of streams withspecific characteristics. For example, a random sampleof stream segments could be chosen from streams inthree different gradient classes. The channel assessmentfrom Watershed Analysis or the Stream Segment Iden-tification Method can be useful for identifying segmentsto choose from.

For these purposes, the spawning habitat transect sur-vey is recommended because potential spawninghabitat information is easier to collect and more usefulfor comparison between segments.

Table 2. Information produced using the SHA Transect and Patch Survey method options.

Metrics TransectSurvey

PatchSurvey

Total surface area of spawning habitat in wetted channel X X*

Total surface area of potential spawning habitat in bankfull channel X

Percent wetted channel dominated by spawning gravel X X*

Percent bankfull channel dominated by spawning gravel X

Percent bankfull channel dominated by various size classes other than spawninggravel

X

Surface area and distribution of individual spawning habitat patches in wettedchannel X

* Surface area measurements taken with the patch survey are more accurate than those taken with thetransect survey.



Objective 2: Estimate the spawning habitat availablefor specific salmonid stocks to make estimatesof production or to evaluate limiting factors.

Segments should be selected from principal productionareas or from streams throughout the range of the salmo-nid stocks. To evaluate limiting factors, it may be de-sirable to focus on segments with suspected limitedspawning gravel or segments susceptible to gravel scour.Results of spawning ground surveys or informationfrom local experts may be useful for finding streamswith these characteristics.

For this purpose, the spawning habitat patch survey isrecommended because it provides the most accurateinformation on spawning habitat available to fishduring the spawning season.

Objective 3: Monitor spawning habitatavailability for Watershed Analysis.

Stream segments can be selected using the proceduresdescribed above, or the selection process can be tai-lored to meet specific Watershed Analysis objectives.For example, to evaluate channel response of changesin watershed inputs or to monitor the effectiveness offorest practice prescriptions, segments are selectedbased on their likely response to those factors. Water-shed Analysis causal mechanism reports and knowl-edge of where prescriptions have been applied can beuseful.

Either survey can be used for watershed analysis moni-toring, depending on the issue that is being addressed.For a preliminary assessment of the watershed or tocompare stream segments, the transect survey is used.The transect survey is also used if assessments must beperformed at a time of year when stream flows are notrepresentative of the spawning season. The patch sur-vey is used if specific salmonid stocks or productionareas have been identified for monitoring.

2.5 Survey Modification Options

Data collected using the SHA Survey methods are sup-ported by the TFW-MP database and are used to pro-duce standard data analysis summary reports. Datacollected using these methods can be compared withother data collected using the same methods fromaround the state. Modifying the SHA Survey to collect

data on additional parameters that meet individual co-operator needs is acceptable if it does not compromisethe integrity of the core parameters. Survey modifica-tions are defined as any change to the core criteria andmethods as documented in the latest version of theTFW method manual. In other words, data collectedusing the modified method would not be comparable atsome level with data collected using the methods andcriteria as stated in the manual.

For example, a cooperator interested in collecting dataon spawning gravel patches with 8 to 32 millimeterdominant substrate size criteria must also collect dataon patches with 32 to 64 millimeter spawning gravel.When combined, this data meets the core TFW-MPminimum requirements. Supplemental information canalso be collected on additional parameters, as long asthe core information is collected. Examples includeassociated geomorphic or habitat units, factors caus-ing patch formation, embeddedness, and proximity toholding habitat and cover. No guidance for measuringthese optional parameters is provided in the manual.Analysis of modified data is the responsibility of thecooperator.

There are two levels at which modification documenta-tion is important. The first is to qualify data collectedon the field forms and the second is to qualify dataentered into the TFW database. Documentation in theSurvey Notes sections of Form 9.0 allows accurate in-terpretation of field data. It is feasible to have the fieldforms flagged as modified, but not the database wherecore data has been extracted by the cooperator beforedata entry. Documentation of modification in the data-base allows accurate interpretation of affected param-eters and calculations on summary reports. However,in most situations modified data cannot be entered intothe database due to validation checks.

The field forms provided in the manuals have been de-signed for consistent and accurate recording of SHASurvey data. The forms have been refined based onresearch and monitoring experience to reduce data er-rors caused by factors such as legibility, required pa-rameter field calculations, and data transfer during da-tabase entry. The field forms can usually accommo-date the collection of additional parameter data, thuslimiting the necessity of cooperators to modify or cre-ate new forms. Contact the TFW Monitoring Programfor assistance in modifying the methods to ensure dataintegrity and compatibility.



2.6 Pre-Season Crew Training and QualityAssurance Review

Cooperators are strongly encouraged call the TFWMonitoring Program to make appointments for pre-season training and quality assurance (QA) reviews.This ensures that field crews are applying survey meth-ods correctly from the start and that the highest qualitydata is being collected throughout the survey. Trainingshould be repeated annually to learn new methods, tech-niques, or simply refresh skills. QA reviews should berepeated seasonally to maintain documentation and torefresh survey skills.



3. Pre-Survey Preparation

This section describes all necessary survey equipmentand materials required for field crews to complete thefield portion of the SHA Survey. These lists are notintended to cover all possible survey equipment andmaterials that could be of use.

3.1 Survey Equipment

Acquire, check, and calibrate survey equipment wellbefore the date the survey is scheduled to begin. Thefollowing list of survey equipment contains items nec-essary for crews to conduct the SHA Survey. Theequipment includes:

The use of metric measurement equipment complieswith standard scientific methods. Mixing measurementunit types (metric/English) within a survey is stronglydiscouraged due to potential for multiple conversionerrors. If using English units, all measurements mustbe converted to metric units before entry into the TFW-MP database. The cost of purchasing metric equipmentis often offset by savings in personnel time and effort

required to convert from English to metric units. It alsoresults in the highest quality data due to avoidance oferrors during conversion of large data sets.

Check all measurement equipment for damage beforeusing. Calibrate all measurement equipment to a stan-dard of known accuracy before and after the survey toensure that the instruments provided accurate dataduring collection.

3.2 Survey Materials

Survey materials are those items necessary for crewsto locate and document the stream segment and accesspoints, site conditions, and for recording field data. Thislist does not cover all possible materials. The basicmaterials include:

Start by gathering and organizing stream site accessinformation and working on logistical factors. This in-cludes: obtaining directions and maps; contacting land-owners and securing permission to access property;acquiring necessary permits and passes; and determin-ing if the access roads are gated and get gate keys ormake necessary arrangements with landowner to openaccess. Next, begin the survey documentation by pre-paring and filling-out header and field data forms. Referto Appendix B for examples of completed field forms.

Survey Equipment

Channel Width Measurement��Hip chain (w/bio-degradable string)��Measurement tape (30 - 50 m: accuracy ± 0.10 m)��Measuring rod (5 - 7 m: accuracy ± 0.01 m)��Measuring tape anchoring pins & spring clips��Standard field and vehicle gear (Appendix C)

Transect Survey��All channel width measurement equipment��Calipers or plastic ruler (≥ 150 mm: accuracy ± 1 mm)

Patch Survey��All channel width measurement equipment��All channel width measurement equipment��25 wire stake flags and carrier (assorted 21” to 36”)

Survey Materials

��USGS 7.5 minute topographic map photocopy worksheet��Road map��Copy of Segment Identification Form 1.0 and Reference Point Survey Form 2.0��Copy of SHA Forms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 as needed (Appendix A)��Copy of SHA Criteria and Code Field Sheet (Appendix C)



3.2.1 SHA Survey “HEADER INFORMATION”Form 9.0

A new Form 9.0 is completed for each segment sur-veyed. Use the Form 9.0 copy master to make a copyon regular white paper (Figure 1). Most header infor-mation can be copied directly from the segment’s com-pleted Form 1. The Water Resource Inventory Areanumber (WRIA #), unlisted tributary number (UnlistedTrib), segment number (Segment #), Sub-SegmentCode, and Begin Survey Date (“Study Design Infor-mation” section) are key fields used to identify uniquemonitoring segments for the TFW-MP database. Referto the Stream Segment Identification method manualfor more information if needed (Pleus and Schuett-Hames, 1998a).

Header Section

Stream Name: Record the WRIA-designated streamname. Use “Unnamed” where appropriate.

WRIA #: Record the six digit Water ResourceInventory Area (WRIA) number (00.0000).

Unlisted Trib: Only streams without assigned WRIAnumbers require unlisted tributary numbers. For streamswith WRIA numbers, fill this space with three zeros(000). For unlisted tributaries, record the previouslyidentified three digit cooperator-designated unlistedtributary number (001 - 999) and mark the appropriateright or left bank (RB/LB) circle.

Segment #: Record the one to three digit segmentnumber (1 - 999).

Sub-Segment Code: If the survey reach is a sub-seg-ment, record the number or letter character sub-seg-ment code (1 - 99 or a - zz). Record a “0” if not asub-segment.

Date: Enter the date this form is being filled-out.

Survey Crew Section

Record the names and affiliations of the lead, recorder,and other field crew involved in data collection for thesurvey. Affiliations correspond to employers such as atribe, government agency, industry, environmentalgroup, consulting company, etc. Record the most re-cent year that the lead crew person received officialTFW Monitoring Program on-site and/or annual work-shop LWD training, and/or a QA Review. Note anyother relevant training or field experience in the SurveyNotes section.

Study Design Information

Begin/End Survey Dates: Record the dates based onForms 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 that SHA Survey field datacollection began and ended for that segment. TheBegin Survey Date is a key database field used to trackand identify this specific survey.

Survey Length: Where the entire segment was surveyed,record the segment length as documented in total cu-mulative distance on Form 9.1, or from the Study De-sign Information section on the Reference Point Sur-vey Form 2H. Where only portions of the segment weresurveyed (see partial coverage below), record the totallength of reach actually surveyed within the segment.

Survey Coverage: Fill-in the survey’s coverage circleand percentage of the survey length that best applies tothe survey. Mark WHL if the whole or entire segmentor sub-segment was inventoried for sample collection(100%). Mark PRT if the survey was applied on a con-secutive length of a partial segment/sub-segment. Forexample, where only the first 500 meters of a 2,000-meter-length segment will be inventoried for samplecollection (25%). Mark SUB if the survey was appliedusing a random or systematic placement sub-samplingstrategy. For example, where every other 100 meterinterval reach will be inventoried for sample collection

Figure 1. SHA Survey “HEADER INFORMATION”Form 9.0.



(50%). Mark PSB if a combination of PRT and SUBwas applied. Mark OTH if your study design differsfrom the above.

Partial/Other Survey Location: These locations are as-sociated with survey length lower and upper bound-aries - that is, the boundaries encompassing the sectionof stream actually surveyed. Record the WRIA river/stream mile locations to the nearest tenth of a mile (0.0- 9999.9) and reference point numbers (0 - 9999).

Sample Method Information

Core Survey Coverage: Fill in the circle(s) correspond-ing to the method(s) applied on the segment during thissurvey. Options include transect, transect plus wettedchannel information (+ wet), and patch methods.

Transect Intervals: Record the interval distance usedbetween transects. The most common intervals are 25,50, and 100 meters.

Survey Criteria: Fill in the circle corresponding towhether the criteria and procedures used during thesurvey were TFW, Modified TFW, or Non-TFW. Formodified and non-TFW surveys, list the additions orchanges in the Survey Notes section.

Discharge Information

Record all date and discharge measurements fromForms 7.0 and 7.1 that apply to this survey. If dischargewas not taken, write “N/A” in the box.

Equipment Section

As equipment is selected for conducting the survey,document the equipment type, size, condition, measure-ment accuracy, and pre-survey calibration dates as in-dicated. Mark the appropriate circle corresponding towhether equipment is in metric or English units. Docu-ment the type of wading gear used (wet/knee/hip/chest/dry/swim/etc.). Document any other measurementequipment used during the survey.

Select wading gear to accommodate stream and surveyconditions. On most streams, having one crew memberwith chest waders is important for access to, and tak-ing measurements along the deeper parts of the chan-nels. Having only knee or hip boots for a larger streamcan result in under-estimation of unit surface areas and

residual pool depths. However, it is important to notethat use of chest waders in fast flowing streams can bedangerous. Also consider future repeatability of eachoption. For example, wading wet or swimming may beacceptable to crews one year, but may not be an optionthe next time.

Survey Notes Section

Record driving and access directions sufficient for aperson unfamiliar with the area to locate the tempera-ture station area. This section is also used to providedbrief notes related to unique survey conditions and prob-lems encountered. Note any additional parameters andmodifications made to the TFW-MP TEMP Surveyprocedure used to meet individual cooperator needs.Additional information can be included on the back ofthe form or on separate sheets of paper.

Error Checking Documentation Section

The section on documenting error checking procedures(lower right-hand corner of form) will be covered inthe Post-Survey Documentation section.

3.2.2 SHA “CHANNEL WIDTH DATA” Form 9.1;SHA “TRANSECT DATA” Form 9.2; andSHA “PATCH DATA” Form 9.3

Use copy master(s) as needed for the specified surveysto make one copy on regular white paper for additionalcopying purposes (Figure 2). Record the Stream Name/WRIA #/Unlisted Trib/Segment #/Sub-Segment Codeas documented on Form 9.0. Fill in the circle corre-sponding to whether measurement units will be recordedin meters or feet. Record the initials of the crew leadand other crew in the spaces provided in the upper right-hand corner. Leave the “Page __ of __” and “Date”spaces blank as they are recorded in the field duringthe survey.

Use these copies to make multiple field copies onto wa-terproof paper. This process eliminates the need to fillout all header information on each form. Copies can bemade single-sided or duplex.



3.2.3 SHA Criteria and Code Field Sheet

Use the copy master to make one copy on waterproofpaper (Figure 3). Laminating this sheet will prolong itsusefulness. This sheet provides all pertinent survey cri-teria and documentation codes including a complete keypiece volume matrix for quick and easy reference inthe field.

Figure 2. SHA Survey “CHANNEL WIDTH DATA”Form 9.1, “TRANSECT DATA” Form 9.2, and“PATCH DATA” Form 9.3.

Figure 3. SHA Survey “CRITERIA & CODE FIELDSHEET.”



4. Stream Discharge Measurement

Information collected in the wetted channel is highlydependent on flow conditions. For this reason, when-ever wetted channel information is collected on a streamsegment, it is essential to collect discharge informa-tion. This information will help determine whether thedischarge at the time of the survey is representative offlows during the spawning season, and whether sur-veys completed in different years can be compared. Inthe SHA Survey, a discharge measurement is alwaysneeded for the patch survey, but it is only needed forthe transect survey if the optional wetted channel infor-mation is collected. If the intent is only to use the transectsurvey to estimate potential spawning habitat in thebankfull channel, then no discharge measurement isnecessary.

Discharge measurements are taken using the TFWMonitoring Program Wadable Stream Discharge Mea-surement method (Pleus, 1999). Stream discharge mea-surements are recorded using WSDM Forms 7.0 and7.1, and the results are then copied onto SHAForm 9.0. It is important that the rest of the survey becompleted as soon after the discharge measurement aspossible. If the discharge changes substantially overthe course of the survey, then the data should be thrownout, and the segment is re-surveyed at a more stabledischarge. Repeating the discharge measurement at theend of each survey could provide helpful informationfor making this decision.



5. SHA Survey Methods

This section provides procedures for conducting theSHA Survey using either the transect or patch methodoptions. This section can be copied for crews to takeout into the field for referencing specific procedures.Forms 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 have been designed to record,organize, and track the information gathered using thesemethods.

The first step in conducting either the transect or patchsurvey is to establish transects at systematic intervalsthroughout the stream segment. Channel width infor-mation is then collected at each transect. If the transectssurvey is being done, substrate data is collected alongthe same measurement transects. If the patch survey isbeing done, patch data is collected within the wettedchannel interval between two consecutive transects.

The section is divided into three parts including: 1) chan-nel width measurement procedure; 2) SHA transectsurvey procedure; and 3) SHA patch survey procedure.The SHA Survey method will be explained as if a crewwere conducting the survey for the first time on onestream segment within a watershed. This procedure canbe applied on a watershed level by systematicallyfollowing the same methods segment by segment.

5.1 Channel Width Measurement Procedure

The SHA channel width measurement procedure is con-ducted in coordination with both the transect and patchsurveys. Channel width measurement data is recordedon Form 9.1. There are five basic steps to the channelwidth measurement procedure including: 1) establishtransect points at systematic intervals; 2) establish thetransect orientation line; 3) establish the transect andmeasure bankfull width; 4) measure wetted width (op-tional for transect survey); and 5) transect and patchsurvey options.

Step 1: Establish transect points at systematic intervals.

Table 3 shows the transect intervals recommended tocapture channel variability for various stream segmentlengths.

The first transect placement is at the lower boundaryof the stream segment or sub-segment. Place a weightedflag to identify the approximate boundary midpointwithin the bankfull channel. Record the transect num-ber in the Tran # column. Transect numbers are as-signed sequentially in ascending order starting withnumber “1.” Record transect location as measured dis-tance from the downstream segment boundary alongthe center of the bankfull channel in the Cum Dist col-umn. The cumulative distance for Tran # 1 at the lowersegment boundary is always “0”. The cumulative dis-tance for the last transect at the upper segment bound-ary is always the total distance measured between thelower and upper segment boundaries.

Cumulative Distance Measurement Technique

Cumulative distance is measured along the center lineof the bankfull channel using the following technique.After completing Step 5, anchor the end of the hip chainline to an object at the transect interval’s midpoint inthe bankfull channel. Proceed up the center of the pri-mary bankfull channel, staying midway between thebanks and following the curvature of the channel(Figure 4). Anchor the hip chain line to objects alongthe channel to maintain proper position, especially whengoing around channel meanders. Pieces of branchespushed into the gravel are useful as anchor points. Fol-low the center line within the limits of personal safetyand accessibility. The priority is to collect objectivespawning habitat data by locating measurementtransects at systematic cumulative distance intervals

Table 3. Recommended transect intervals bystream segment length.

Segment Length Transect Interval (m)

< 100 10% of length

≥ 100 - 500 25

≥ 500 - 2500 50

≥ 2500 100



taken from Table 3 (e.g., 0, 25, 50, 75, ...; 0, 50, 100,150, ...; or 0, 100, 200, 300, ...). When the intervaldistance has been reached, place a weighted flag to iden-tify its approximate boundary midpoint within thebankfull channel.

Upper Segment Boundary Transect PlacementTechnique

Transects are established until the distance between thelast transect and the upper segment boundary is lessthan one-half, and no greater than one and one-half theinterval distance. If the distance between the previoustransect and the upstream boundary is less than oneand a half intervals (i.e., < 37.5 m for a 25 m intervalfrequency), the last transect location is the upstreamboundary. If the distance is more than one and a halfintervals (≥ 37.5 m), establish transects at both the 25meter and upstream boundary locations. Always pickup used hip chain line by the end of your survey as partof keeping the stream clean and to prevent injury towildlife.

Step 2: Establish the transect orientation line.

At each transect interval point, orient and mark thetransect measurement line at a 90 degree angle to thecenter line of the bankfull channel. For multiple chan-nel situations, transects are oriented at a 90 degree angleto the centerline of the adjacent and/or side channels.

Transect Orientation Technique

Using the transect interval point flag as a focal point,orient the transect line perpendicular to an imaginaryline stretched up the center of the bankfull channel.Transect orientation can be determined using the fol-lowing technique. Hold an extended stadia rod or otherstraight pole in front of your body so that the rod isparallel to squared shoulders. Start 5 to 10 meters be-low the boundary or transect interval marker and walkupstream along the center of the bankfull channel(Figure 5). When the stadia rod crosses the transectinterval point flag, stop and use the rod as a sightingtool to identify and mark an orientation point on onebank. Repeat this process by starting above the transectmarker and walking downstream. Mark a second ori-entation point on the same bank if different from thefirst. If the difference is large (> 1 m), repeat the entireprocess. If the differences are small or can not be

Figure 4. Transect intervals are measured alongthe center line of the bankfull channel.

R ig htBa nk

Le ftBa nk

Ban

in

k

te

f

e n

ua

ne C

ll Ch

nl

rle

0 m

2 5 m

5 0 m

7 5 m

9 00

Tran # 1 LowerSegm ent Boundary

Tran # 4

Tran # 3

Tran # 2

TransectInte rvals &Orientation



resolved, use the midpoint between the two for thetransect orientation point. A line drawn from the bankmarker through the transect interval point marker formsthe basis of a transect that is oriented at a 90 degreeangle to the channel center line. Place flags or tie flag-ging on to vegetation where the line crosses the otherbank.

Step 3: Establish the transect and measure bankfull width.

Identify the edges of the bankfull channel along thetransect line, secure the measurement tape, and recordthe transect’s bankfull width in the BFW column to thenearest 0.1 meter. Do not remove the bankfull widthmeasuring tape until after Step 5.

Bankfull Channel Edge Identification Techniques

Start on the bank with the best bankfull channel edge(BFCE) indicators. BFCE identification and bankfullwidth measurement use the same criteria and protocolas found in the Reference Point Survey (Pleus andSchuett-Hames, 1998b). Apply the confidence/defaulttechnique to identify the location of the BFCE usingfloodplain level, bank morphology and composition, andvegetation indicators. Begin by observing indicatorsfrom within the bankfull channel towards its suspectededge and mark the point on the bank with a wire flag orstick where you are no longer 100% confident in beingwithin or below the BFCE elevation. Then, walk aroundto observe indicators from outside/above the bankfullchannel towards the channel’s suspected BFCE. Markthe point on the bank where you are no longer 100%confident in being on the floodplain or above the BFCEelevation. Reassess the indicators and confidence lev-els and make any adjustments. The default BFCEboundary is the point in elevation midway between theother two markings.

Follow the same procedure to mark the BFCE on theopposite bank. In situations where it is not possible toaccurately identify the BFCE along the opposite bank,use a torpedo level to extend a level line horizontallyacross the channel from the bank with good indicatorsto determine the BFCE on the bank lacking indicators.This often occurs on the outside bank of a meanderbend. Once secured, the distance between the BFCEsis the bankfull width.

Difficult Situations

LWD and Other Measurement Obstructions: Measureor estimate bankfull widths as closely as possible as ifthe obstructions did not exist and record the estimatedaccurately in the Field Notes column (e.g., +/- 0.5 m,1.0 m, 5.0 m etc.). Use the confidence/defaulttechnique for complex situations.

Beaver Ponds and Undercut banks: Where transect linecrosses a beaver pond and the water level is above theedges of the bankfull channel, the bankfull and wettedchannel widths are the same. Where a transect linecrosses an undercut bank and the bankfull channel edgeis obscured, use the confidence/default technique toidentify a measuring point.

Figure 5. Transect orientation technique using anextended stadia rod or other straight pole.

9 00

900

Bankfu ll WidthCenterline

TransectInterval

Point F lag

Bank Orientation

F lag

FLO

W

Transect OrientationTechnique



Multiple Channel Transects: Multiple channels includewetted or dry side channels connected to the primarylow flow channel, but separated by gravel bars and is-lands that are higher than bankfull height. Where mul-tiple channels are encountered along a transect line, thetransect number stays the same, but each channel’sbankfull widths are recorded on separate rows. Com-plete Steps 1-5 starting at the primary channel beforedoing the same at adjacent and side channel transects.When all portions of the channel have been measured,use the next blank row to record the calculated bankfullwidth total and circle it. Only the totals are entered intothe database for that transect number.

Large Obstructions: In rare situations, large obstruc-tions or crew safety may prevent even an objective es-timation of bankfull width measurement at the intervalpoint. The rule for adjusting the transect location isthat no two transects can be placed closer than a half-interval distance. If the closest viable point downstreamis less than half an interval from the previous one, goupstream of the obstruction to the first viable point.Resume the systematic interval placements from thispoint. Cumulative distances reflect the placement ofthe adjusted transects along the bankfull channel cen-ter line. If the obstruction exists at a segment bound-ary, transect adjustments must be made so that mea-surements are taken at the nearest point within the seg-ment boundaries. Adjustments are NOT reflected in thecumulative distance readings, but are identified in theField Notes column. If the nearest viable point formaking an objective estimation is more than a half-interval distance from the segment boundary, asubjective estimation is allowed.

Step 4. Measure wetted width (optional for transect survey).

Identify and measure the widths of all wetted portionsalong the bankfull channel transect line (width underthe bankfull width measuring tape) and record them tothe nearest 0.1 meter in the Wetted Width (Measure-ments) column brackets. These measurements are notrequired to be at a 90 degree angle to the wetted chan-nel center line. Calculate the total wetted width for thetransect by adding together all individual wetted widthmeasurements and record to the nearest 0.1 meter inthe Wetted Width (Total) column.

Identification Technique

From the thalweg out, the wetted edge is the point wherethe substrate particles are no longer completely sur-rounded by water or the water is restricted to small,isolated pockets. Refer to the TFW Habitat Unit Sur-vey (Pleus et al., 1999) for more detailed informationon identifying wetted channel edge boundaries. If con-ducting the Transect Survey, use a stadia rod held plumbwith the wetted edge to mark their locations along thetape with a clip or flagging.


Measurement Obstructions: Measure or estimate wet-ted widths as closely as possible as if the obstructionsdid not exist and record the estimated accurately in theField Notes column (e.g., +/- 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 5.0 m etc.).Use the confidence/default technique for complexsituations.

Multiple Channel Transects: Where multiple channelsare encountered along a transect line, the transect num-ber stays the same, but each channel’s wetted widthsare recorded on separate rows. Complete Steps 1-5 start-ing at the primary channel before doing the same atadjacent and side channel transects. When all portionsof the channel have been measured, use the next blankrow to record the calculated wetted width total and circleit. Only the totals are entered into the database for thattransect number.

Step 5. Transect and patch survey options.

Depending on whether the transect and/or patch sur-veys are being conducted, different options arepresented.

Transect Survey: Do not remove the bankfull widthmeasuring tape and skip to the “SHA Transect SurveyProcedure” section. When the transect survey has beencompleted on that transect, return to this section andrepeat Steps 1-5. Repeat this process until the end ofthe segment.

Patch Survey: Mark the location of the transect lineacross all wetted channels (including multiple channelsituations) with flagging and remove the bankfull widthtape. If this is the lower segment boundary transect,repeat Steps 1-5 to establish and collect channel width



data at the next transect interval. If this is the nextsequential interval transect, skip to the SHA Patch Sur-vey Procedure section and conduct the patch surveybetween the last and present transect lines. When thepatch survey has been completed, return to this sectionand repeat Steps 1-5 to establish and collect channelwidth data at the next transect interval. Repeat thisprocess until the end of the segment.

5.2 SHA Transect Survey Procedure

The SHA transect procedure requires collecting infor-mation on dominant substrate within the bankfull chan-nel and along the transects established in the channelwidth measurement procedure. Transect Survey fielddata is recorded on Form 9.2. If desired, data on sub-strate located within the wetted portion of the channelcan be recorded separately from that outside the wettedportion of the channel. If the wetted portion is sepa-rated out, this requires taking a discharge measurement(see Stream Discharge Measurement section) and col-lecting wetted channel width information on Form 9.1as described in the Channel Width MeasurementProcedure section above.

There are two basic steps to the transect survey proce-dure including: 1) identify and mark areas dominatedby individual particle size classes; 2) identify and marksize class boundaries; and 3) record size class widthdata. After completing Steps 1-3, return to the ChannelWidth Measurement Procedure section to establish thenext transect.

Step 1: Identify and mark areas dominated by individual particle size classes.

This step is divided into three tasks. The first task is toidentify dominant size class areas along the transect.The second task is to identify the boundary betweeneach size class area. The third task is to record the sizeclass code and width of each size class along thetransect.

Dominant size class identification technique

Once a transect has been established, inspect the areaalong the tape and identify areas of dominant substratethat intersect the transect directly below the bankfullwidth tape. When determining the dominant substrateparticle size class, it is important to focus on the sur-face area occupied by each particle size class - not thenumber of individual particles. Dominance is wheremore than half of the surface area is made up of a singlesize class. The greater area taken up by larger particlesmeans fewer of them are required to be considered domi-nant. Pick up representative dominant particles andmeasure them to determine size class. Mark the ap-proximate center of each size class along the transectthat meets the minimum criteria. Start with the easiestareas to identify and tie two pieces of flagging (or color-coded clothespins) on the tape to mark those points(Figure 6).

Size class codes of 1 to 6 are assigned to areas of sub-strate equal to or greater than one square meter(1.0 m2) that is dominated by a single size class(Table 4). Size classes 2 and 3 (shaded rows) are mostoften used by salmonids for spawning. Minimumsurface area criteria can be interpreted as either 0.5

Table 4. Transect survey particle size class criteriaand codes based on the Wentworth scale.

Particle Size Class Size Range(mm) Size Class Code

Silt/Sand < 8 1

Small Spawning Gravel ≥ 8 - 64 2

Large Spawning Gravel ≥ 64 - 128 3

Boulders ≥ 128 4

Bedrock ≥ 1 m2 (exposed) 5

Other (LWD, Clay, Peat, etc.) ≥ 0.5 m 6



meter wide and 2.0 meters in length, or 1.0 meter wideand 1.0 meter long. Dominant areas that are less than0.5 meters wide where they intersect the tape do notqualify and are not marked as part of the identificationprocess at this point.

Size class codes and their particle size classes include:1) silt/sand; 2) small spawning gravel; 3) large spawn-ing gravel; 4) boulders; 5) bedrock; and 6) other fac-tors. Particle size is determined by measuring acrossits b-axis using calipers or a ruler (Figure 7). Of thethree axes that define the dimensions of a particle, theb-axis is intermediate between longest and shortest axes.After some practice, it is often possible to determinethe size class of a particle without using a measuringdevice unless it is near a size class boundary. Estimatesrequire checking periodically to ensure accuracy.

Step 2. Identify and mark size class boundaries.

The boundaries between size classes are often transi-tional areas, not clearly defined lines. The transitionalareas can be defined using the confidence/default tech-nique. Return to the easiest size class area marker firstand move one flag at a time outwards to the point where100 % confidence is lost that the flag is still within thatsize class area (Figure 8). Go to the marker at the adja-cent size class area and repeat the process with thatflag towards the first area. The space between the flagsis the transitional area between size classes. Flags that

define a transitional area of 0.5 meters or greater mustbe assessed to see if they constitute a separate size classcategory. The default size class boundary is the pointhalfway between the two flags. Move the flags togetherat that point.

Figure 6. Example of identifying and marking areas along the transect dominated by individual particle size classes.

Figure 7. Particle size is determined by measuringacross its b-axis using a caliper or ruler.

A

C

B-Axis Measurement

Interm ediate Axis

Shortest Axis (Th ickness)

Longest Axis (Leng th)

0 mm 6 1 mm

B



Lumping rules for non-qualifying size class areaboundaries

After patch boundaries have been identified, there areoften areas left over that do not meet minimum sizeclass surface area criteria. The most common placesare along the edges of the channel (Figure 9). In thesesituations, the non-qualifying area must be lumped, oradded to an adjacent qualifying size class area usingthe following rules:

Rule 1: Channel edge areas are lumped into the adja-cent qualifying size class area.

Rule 2: Within channel areas of spawning gravel (size(size class codes 2 and 3) are lumped with adjacentqualifying spawning gravel size class areas;

Rule 3: Within channel areas of non-spawning gravel(size class codes 1, 4, 5, and 6) are lumped with adja-cent qualifying non-spawning gravel size class areashaving the closest numerical value; and

Figure 8. Identify and mark size class boundaries using criteria and confidence/default technique.

Figure 9. Apply lumping rules in areas that do not meet minimum size class surface area criteria.



Rule 4: Within channel areas bounded on both sidesby either qualifying spawning or non-spawning gravelsize classes are lumped with the adjacent qualifyingsize class having the next lowest or closest numericalvalue.

Rule 1 example: A sandy area (class 1) along the edgeof the channel that is less than 0.5 meters wide alongthe transect must be lumped with the adjacentqualifying area regardless of size class.

Rule 2 example: A non-qualifying area of small spawn-ing gravel (class 2) bounded on one side by a qualify-ing area large spawning gravel (class 3) and on theother by a qualifying area of boulders (class 4) must belumped with the large spawning gravel area.

Rule 3 example: A non-qualifying area of large woodydebris (class 6) bounded on one side by a qualifyingarea of large spawning gravel (class 3) and on the otherby a qualifying area of sand (class 1) must be lumpedwith the sand area.

Rule 4 example: A non-qualifying area of small spawn-ing gravel (class 2) bounded on one side by a qualify-ing area of sand (class 1) and on the other by a qualify-ing area of bedrock (class 5) must be lumped with thesand area. A non-qualifying area of sand (class 1)bounded on one side by a qualifying area of smallspawning gravel (class 2) and on the other by a quali-fying area of large spawning gravel (class 3) must be

lumped with the small spawning gravel area.


Measurement Obstructions: Measure or estimatebankfull widths as closely as possible as if the obstruc-tions did not exist and record the estimated accuratelyin the Field Notes column (e.g., +/- 0.2 m, 0.5 m, 1.0m, etc.). Use the confidence/default technique forcomplex situations.

Step 3. Record size class width data.

Record the width measurements to the nearest 0.1 meterand size class code for each qualifying size class areaalong the transect tape (Figure 10). Width measure-ments are recorded in the Width column and particlesize class codes are recorded in the Size Class (1-6)column. Optional wetted channel information is re-corded in the Dry Wet (D-W) column. Size classes thatare intersected by wetted channel edges are divided intodry (D) and wet (W) widths (minimum 0.1 meter width).

Tape 1/Tape 2 technique (optional)

The Tape 1/Tape 2 technique provides an efficient andaccurate way for documenting and calculating size classwidths across the transect tape. Working from the zeroend of the tape, sequentially record the beginning andending distances of each size class to the nearest 0.1

Figure 10. Procedure for measuring size class widths and identifying o0ptional wetted channel boundaries.



meter along the transect tape (Tape 1 and Tape 2 (Op-tional) columns) identified in Step 1 or 2. Tape 1 dis-tances always identify the boundary closest to the tape’szero end. Tape 2 distances are repeated in the next row’sTape 1 column. This reflects that the ending point ofthe last size class boundary is the beginning point ofthe next. Size class width is calculated by subtractingeach row’s Tape 1 reading from its Tape 2 reading.


Wide or complex transects: In situations where thenumber of qualifying size class areas is greater thanone transect box can record, continue recording sizeclass width measurements in the next box using the sametransect number.

5.3 SHA Patch Survey

The SHA Patch Survey is conducted by beginning atthe downstream boundary of the segment and collect-ing information on individual spawning habitat patchesin the interval between the last and present transect.Information from the SHA Patch Survey is recordedon Form 9.3. Data is only collected on wetted channelareas meeting the spawning habitat criteria. Workingupstream prevents turbidity caused by walking in thestream channel from reducing visibility. This surveyrequires a discharge measurement prior to collectingdata and the collection of wetted channel informationduring the channel width measurement procedure de-scribed above. Due to stream flow variability, it is im-portant that discharge, channel width measurements,and patch data be collected as close in time as possible.

There are three basic steps to the patch survey proce-dure including: 1) patch identification; 2) patch andsub-patch boundary identification; and 3) patch sur-face area measurement. After completing Steps 1-3,return to the Channel Width Measurement Proceduresection to establish the next transect.

Step 1: Patch Identification.

Identify spawning habitat patches and record the patchnumber in the Patch # column and either an S for small(≥ 8-64 mm) or an L for large (≥ 64-128 mm) domi-nant spawning gravel size class code in the DOM SG(S-L)column for each patch. Patch numbers are recorded

sequentially in ascending order starting with number“1.”. A patch is defined as one connected (contiguous)spawning habitat area in the wetted channel that meetsthe minimum criteria and is comprised of either smallor large dominant spawning gravel.

Patch Identification Criteria

To identify a spawning habitat patch, there are fiveparameters to evaluate: 1) dominant substrate size; 2)substrate depth; 3) water depth; 4) water velocity; and5) patch size. Each of these parameters must meet theminimum criteria in Table 5 for a patch to qualify. Thinkof the first four parameters as shapes on separate piecesof clear plastic outlining the area that meets each mini-mum criteria. The patch would be the area covered bythe intersection of all four parameter shapes(Figure 11). If the area covered by the patch meets theminimum size criteria (1 m2), then it is included as aspawning habitat patch in this survey.

The minimum criteria for identifying a spawning habi-tat patch was selected as recommended by Schuett-Hames and Pleus (1996). These minimum criteria arebroad due to the extensive variation in reported valuesboth within stocks and between stocks and species(Burner, 1951; Smith, 1973; Bjornn and Reiser, 1991;and Kondolf and Wolman, 1993).

Patch Identification Techniques

Dominant substrate size and substrate depth are thefirst parameters to consider when identifying spawning

Table 5. Minimum criteria for spawning habitatpatch parameters.

Patch Parameter Minimum Criteria

Dominant Substrate Size ≥ 8 – 128 mm

Substrate Depth ≥ 23 cm

Water Depth ≥ 10 cm

Water Velocity > Slack

Patch Size ≥ 1 m2



habitat patches. To qualify as spawning habitat, morethan half of the surface area of a patch is made up ofeither small spawning gravel (≥ 8 - 64 mm) or largespawning gravel (≥ 64 - 128 mm). Substrate depth isevaluated with a quick visual assessment. It is assumedthis criteria is met unless there is visible evidence to thecontrary, such as where there are indicators that sug-gest an underlying outcrop of bedrock, a layer of im-permeable clay, or where large boulders limit the depthof spawning gravel.

Water depth and velocity are relatively simple to evalu-ate. A 10 cm (0.1 meter) mark on wading boots or astadia rod can be used to quickly determine whetherthe minimum criteria for water depth is met. To sim-plify area measurements, patch boundaries can be ex-tended to the wetted channel edge in situations wherethe minimum water depth is met within 0.5 meters fromthe edge for stream segments that average < 10 mbankfull width or within 1.0 meters from the edge forstream segments that average 10 bankfull width. Thewater velocity criteria simply requires that the watercovering the patch be flowing. Floating a leaf or small

twig on the surface can help detect motion. Surfacemovement from wind is not sufficient to meet the cri-teria. If in doubt, assume the water is not flowing andmove on.

After a patch of spawning habitat has been delineatedusing all four criteria, it is then evaluated with the mini-mum size criteria (1 m2). Minimum surface area crite-ria can be interpreted as either 0.5 meter wide and 2.0meters in length, or 1.0 meter wide and 1.0 meterlong. Often, only one parameter may prevent a patchfrom qualifying. For example, a patch could be quicklyrejected because the area covered by spawning gravelwas too small or because water covering it was notflowing.

Step 2: Patch and sub-patch boundary identification.

Identify and mark patch and/or sub-patch boundariesand record its sub-patch number (SUB Patch #), down-stream transect number association (DWN Tran #),and whether it is located in a side channel (SIDE Chan(Y-N)).

The boundary of one contiguous patch is where anyone of the parameters fails to meet the minimum crite-ria. For example, boundaries are located where thedominant substrate changes to a different size class,the depth is less than 10 cm, or where the water nolonger moves. Within a contiguous patch, sub-patchboundaries are possible for a variety of purposes. Wirestake flags are useful for marking patch and sub-patchboundaries.

Sub-Patches

The sub-patch system allows large and complex patchesto be broken into sub-patches at reference point andside channel boundaries, for accurate surface mea-surement purposes, and for identifying and character-izing cooperator-defined parameters. Divided contigu-ous patches use the same patch number, but are as-signed unique sub-patch numbers which are recordedsequentially in ascending order starting with number“1” (e.g., 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 3-1, 3-2, etc.).

Figure 11. Example of different parameters viewedas layers and designation of a SHA patch where allfive parameters intersect.

1

2

3 4

Laye r 1 = Dom inant Substrate S izeLaye r 2 = Sustrate DepthLaye r 3 = Wate r DepthLaye r 4 = Wate r Veloc ity

SHAPatc h> 1 m

2

> 0 .5 m



Downstream transect and side channel association

Record the number of the nearest downstream transectassociated with the patch location along the channel.Patches split by transect line boundaries are given thesame patch number, but different sub-patch numbers.Record a “Y” (yes) or “N” (no) to identify whether apatch or sub-patch is located in a side-channel. Patchessplit by side channel boundaries are given the samepatch number, but different sub-patch numbers.

Patch boundary identification techniques

Start by working out from the center of the patch untilany one of the parameters fails to meet the minimumcriteria. After placing a marker at this point, continueto follow the boundary and place more markers untilthe shape of the overall patch has been outlined. If theboundary is lost, return to where all criteria are easilymet, and work back out toward the boundary.

Patch boundaries end at any linear object that com-pletely separates the spawning gravel. For example,an embedded log cutting through a patch of spawninghabitat effectively acts as a boundary and creates twopatches. Each patch must meet minimum criteria indi-vidually to be included in the survey. However, objectsthat only project partly into, or span the substrate atany point, are included in the measurable patch area.Extend patch boundaries only where criteria can bevisually confirmed. Do not guess whether a patch ex-tends into deep water or under cut banks or log jams.Do not measure what is not visible, but be sure to usethe Field Notes column to describe factors affectingthe accuracy of measurement data.

In situations where patch boundaries are not clearlydefined, use the confidence/default technique. From aknown area of patch, move outwards to the point where100 % confidence is lost that you are still within thepatch. From the known outside area, move towards thepatch area until 100 % confidence is lost that you arestill outside the patch. The space between the flags isthe transitional area between two patches or between apatch and non-patch area. The default patch boundaryis the point halfway between the two flags. Place a flagat that point and repeat the technique as needed todefine the entire patch boundary.

Step 3: Patch surface area measurement.

Patch length (Length (Total)) and width (Width (Av-erage)) measurements are recorded for each sub-patch. These parameters will be used as the basis ofsurface area calculations in the database.

Surface area measurement techniques

Measuring spawning habitat patches requires takingsingle or cumulative length (PATCH Length Measure-ments) and several width measurements (PATCH WidthMeasurements). The most common length is placedso the area of the shape is entirely encompassed within90 degrees of the endpoints (Figure 12). Width mea-surements are taken perpendicular to the baseline atsystematic intervals. A pacing technique is used to iden-tify systematic width measurement intervals. The num-ber of paces per width measurement varies with thesize of the patch (Table 6).

Spawning habitat patches are often complex shapesthat are difficult to measure. The key is to position thebaseline in a location that provides the easiest perpen-dicular width measurements. In situations where thepatch is very long and goes around a bend or gravelbar, the baseline follows the general curvature of thepatch. It may also be useful to break the patch intoseveral smaller units that can be measured separatelyand added together later (with the help of the data-base) to estimate the total patch area. Similar to habi-tat units, patch surface area is divided at referencepoint boundaries.

Table 6. Guideline for minimum number of pacesper width measurement for various patch lengths.

Patch Length (m)Minimum # Paces

per WidthMeasurement

< 2.5 – 5 1

≥ 5 – 10 2

≥ 10 – 20 3

≥ 20 4+



Figure 12. Patch length and average width measurement techniques.

Patch Length Patch Width

W -1

W -2

W -3

W -4W -1

W -2

W -3

W -4

W -1

W -2

W -3

W -2

W -3

W -4

W -1

W -2

W -3

W -4

W -1

W -2

9 0 0

P a tch # 5S u b -P a tc h # 1


Pat

ch #

5S

ub-

Pa t

c h #

3


P a tch # 8 # 1S u b -P a tc h


Wetted C

hannel Edg e

Wetted C

hannel Edge

W -1



Baseline and width measurements are most accuratewhen all spawning habitat patch boundaries are easilyaccessible. Natural obstacles, such as log jams anddense vegetation, combined with field equipment limi-tations and safety concerns, may prevent access to somevisible patch boundaries. In these situations, measure-ments are taken or estimated as accurately as possible,and specific difficulties should be recorded as field notesto indicate reduced confidence in the measurement.These measurement limitations are part of thevariability of any field survey.



6. Post-Survey Documentation

After completion of the field portion of the SHA Sur-vey, field forms need to be organized, supplemental in-formation and calculations completed, and all formsand information error checked before the data are readyto be entered into the database. This includes dischargesurvey forms and information. The objective of thesetasks is to organize the data to ensure that this surveycan be repeated the same way in the future by differentcrews.

6.1 Finalizing Survey Forms

Organize the forms and check for missing sheets. Sys-tematically check each SHA Survey form for complete-ness. All blanks and boxes should contain informationor a “/” to designate that no information is available orneeded. The following list provides guidance on somecommon tasks.

All Forms: Complete Page __ of __ numbering relatedto form type. Count the number of total pages sepa-rately for Forms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3. The page num-bers are filled in as used during the survey (e.g., Page 1of __, Page 2 of __, Page 3 of __, etc.). Forms thathave been copied on both side of one sheet of paperwill count as two separate pages. The total number ofpages for that form type are filled in at the end of thesurvey (e.g., Page 1 of 6, Page 2 of 6, Page 3 of 6,etc.). Organize the field forms by type and then by pagenumber for easy reference. It is common to havedifferent totals for each type.

Form 9.1: Calculate cumulative distances that werenot completed in the field. Calculate multiple channeltotal bankfull and wetted widths for error checkingpurposes.

Form 9.2: Calculate widths based on Tape 1 and 2distances not completed in the field.

Form 9.3: Calculate patch total lengths and averagewidths that were not completed in the field.

6.2 Error Checking

Error checking of field forms is a very important taskand sufficient time should be taken for its completion.It is best done during or immediately after data collec-tion because it becomes more difficult to reconcile dis-crepancies and track down correct information as timepasses. Contact the TFW-MP for assistance indetermining how to handle missing data fields.

Review all field forms and material compiled duringthe SHA Survey. Have a second person look them overfor completeness, legibility and errors. Every page ofevery form requires error checking for legibility, com-plete and consistent header information, obvious mea-surement and transcription errors, and calculation er-rors. Work systematically through each section andwhen completed, put your initials and date in the ErrorChecked by box at the bottom of each page. If the per-son error checking the data is not a crew member, theirfull name and task should be recorded in the SurveyNotes section of Form 9.0. When all field forms relat-ing to a temperature station have been error checked,record the initials of the responsible crew and datecompleted.



7. Data Management

The TFW Monitoring Program offers data managementservices to help cooperators quickly analyze data col-lected with the program methods and to produce stan-dard monitoring reports. The heart of the service is adatabase system housed at the Northwest Indian Fish-eries Commission. This database calculates parameters,produces reports and archives electronic versions ofthe data. The database is also an important archive ofmonitoring data that can be used for developing studydesigns and identifying control or reference sites. Thissection describes the process for data preparation, dataprocessing and archiving, and data analysis.

7.1 Data Preparation

Before data entry can occur for the SHA Survey, somepreparation must be done. The following materials areneeded:

♦ completed and error-checked Forms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2,and 9.3 as needed for each segment,

♦ a data entry system;

♦ a set of data entry system instructions and an“Ambsys” data dictionary; and

♦ a copy of completed Stream Segment IdentificationForm 1.0

Before the data entry process can begin, an entry sys-tem must be selected. Choose a data entry system fromthe list below and request a free copy and user’s manualfrom the TFW Monitoring Program. The database hasthree entry system options for survey data. These are:

♦ Microsoft Excel 4.0 pre-formatted spreadsheets;♦ Lotus 1-2-3 (vers. 3) pre-formatted spreadsheets; and♦ Microsoft Access 7.0 pre-formatted entry forms

Refer to Appendix D for an example of the Excel pre-formatted spreadsheet. Select a spreadsheet format ifyour data requires conversion from English to metricunits. Replace all English unit measurements with met-ric equivalents. Read the instructions for the data entrysystem and the Ambsys data dictionary, noting the field

types and data constraints (what type of data can beentered into each field).

7.2 Data Processing, Products and Archiving

Open the section of the entry system pertaining to theSHA Survey on your computer. You must complete theheader, width, transect and/or patch detail forms. Fol-lowing the entry system instructions, enter the data fromForms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 as directed. After the datahas been entered and the session saved, error check thedata entry. The most efficient process for this time-con-suming activity is to have one person read the data offthe screen and another check it with the original fieldform. Save the file a final time once the accuracy of theentered data is verified. When completed, record theinitials of the responsible crew and date on Form 9.0.

Data can be sent to the TFW Monitoring Program us-ing several different methods. Copies of all survey fieldforms and other documentation are required forarchiving and can be hand delivered, mailed, or faxedto the program. An original or copy of a USGS topo-graphic map is also required and can be hand deliv-ered, mailed, or faxed. Maps must have upstream anddownstream segment boundaries marked along thestream. If a photocopy of the map is used, make surethe township, range, section, contour intervals, mapname, and publishing date are identified. The electronicversions of the data can be sent via e-mail, CD, or on afloppy disk. After the program receives the electronicfiles, the data is imported into the database by aTFW-MP staff person.

Safe and efficient archiving is also provided throughData Management Services. The data generated by in-dividual cooperators is archived electronically in thedatabase system. Hard copies of the field forms, topo-graphic maps and supplemental information arearchived at the TFW-MP facility to meet quality as-surance needs and to reduce the chance of loss due topersonnel changes or destruction. Access to coopera-tor data can be limited by request. Call for informationon the data access policy.



7.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data collected during the SHA Survey is used to gen-erate summary reports that present analyzed resultsderived from calculations done by the database. Theresults of data analysis are available in SHA transectand/or patch survey segment summary reports. Thecalculations that are performed by the database for thetwo surveys are described below, followed by somesuggestions for interpretation of the results.

7.3.1 SHA Transect Survey Segment SummaryReport

A Transect Survey Segment Summary Report uses in-formation from Forms 9.0, 9.1, and 9.2. The reportcovers one stream segment and is divided into headerinformation, and surface area and percent of channelby substrate size class summary sections.

7.3.2 SHA Patch Survey Segment Summary Report

A Patch Survey Segment Summary Report uses infor-mation from Forms 9.0, 9.1, and 9.3. The report cov-ers one stream segment and is divided into header in-formation, surface area of wetted spawning habitat,spawning habitat patch count by surface area size class,and spawning habitat patch information summarysections.

7.3.3 Data Interpretation

Information on spawning habitat availability can be in-terpreted in the biological context of the salmonid spe-cies utilizing the stream segment and in the geomor-phic context of the relationship between spawning habi-tat availability, stream channel characteristics, andwatershed conditions. The following recommendationsfor data interpretation are intended to provideinformation that is useful in both contexts.

Spawning habitat availability data are commonly in-terpreted based on spawning gravel size preferences ofthe species or stocks present in each stream segment.Small-bodied salmonids are defined as species that aretypically less than 35 cm long when mature, includingresident rainbow, resident cutthroat, anadromous

cutthroat, bull trout (dolly varden), brown trout, brooktrout, and kokanee, and are expected to only use smallspawning gravel (8 mm-64 mm). Large-bodied salmo-nids are typically greater than 35 cm when mature, in-cluding pink, chum, coho, sockeye, steelhead, andchinook salmon, and are expected to only use both smalland large spawning gravel (8 mm-128 mm).

The two SHA Surveys collect different types of infor-mation. The transect survey estimates the area of po-tential spawning habitat and the percentage of the chan-nel dominated by the two size classes of spawning gravelin each monitoring segment. This information can beused as an indicator of relative spawning habitat avail-ability for comparing stream segments, characterizinga watershed, or identifying segments for more inten-sive monitoring. The patch survey provides more de-tailed information on the actual spawning habitat avail-able in each segment at a discharge representative ofthe spawning season.

Spawning habitat patch data can be used to estimatecarrying capacity for various species or stocks in eachstream segment. Carrying capacity estimates are basedon the area of available spawning habitat, the numberof potential spawning sites, and the number of eggsthat could be deposited at each site (Reeves et al., 1989;Nickelson et al., 1992). This information can be usedto determine if the amount of spawning habitat mightbe limiting salmonid production, but needs to be inter-preted in the context of other factors limiting produc-tion at various stages in the life cycle. The procedure isto estimate the number of spawning sites available atthe survey discharge using a minimum redd size for thespecies or stock of interest. Minimum redd size can betaken from the literature (such as Burner, 1951) or es-tablished by local studies. The total area of spawninghabitat with the appropriate spawning gravel size couldbe divided by the minimum redd size to estimate thenumber of spawning sites available in each stream seg-ment. A more accurate estimate could be achieved witha frequency distribution of the number of spawningpatches by size class, so patches that fall below theminimum redd size could be excluded. These resultsare interpreted with caution due to the wide range offactors that can influence production.

Limited research indicates that spawning gravel sizeand abundance varies with stream channel characteris-tics and watershed conditions. The most important fac-tors influencing substrate size include stream power,



sediment supply, and hydraulic roughness produced bybed form and LWD (Buffington, 1995). This issue iscritical for successful interpretation of spawning habi-tat availability in the context of Watershed Analysis,so further study is needed to improve interpretationcapabilities. In the meantime, the data analysis recom-mended here provides a means of quantifying the rela-tive abundance and size class distribution of spawninggravel within stream segments, and comparing relativespawning habitat availability between stream segments.



8. References

Allen, K.R. 1969. Limitations on the protection ofsalmonid populations in streams. Pages 3-20IN: T.G. Northcote (ed.). Salmon and troutin streams. H.R. MacMillan lectures infisheries. Univ. British Columbia.Vancouver.

Benda, L., T.J. Beechie, R.C. Wissmar and A.Johnson. 1992. Morphology and evolutionof salmonid habitats in a recently deglaciatedriver basin, Washington State, USA. Can.Jour. fish. Aquat. Sci 49: 1246-1256.

Bjornn, T.C. and D.W. Reiser. 1991. Habitatrequirements of salmonids in streams. Pages41-82 IN: W.R. Meehan (ed.). Influences offorest and rangeland management onsalmonid fishes and their habitats. AmericanFisheries Society Special Publication 16.Bethesda.

Briggs, J.C. 1953. The behavior and reproductionof salmonid fishes in a small coastal stream.Fish Bull. No. 94. Calif. Dept. Fish andGame. Sacramento.

Buffington, J. M. 1995. Effects of hydraulicroughness and sediment supply on surfacetextures of gravel-bedded streams. M.S.Thesis. Univ. of Washington. Seattle.

Burgner, R.L. 1991. Life history of sockeye salmon(Oncorhynchus nerka). Pages 1-118 IN: C.Groot and L. Margolis (eds.). Pacificsalmon life histories. University of BritishColumbia Press.

Burner, 1951. Characteristics of spawning nests ofColumbia River salmon. USDA Fish andWildlife Service. Fisheries Bulletin 61Volume 52. Washington, D.C.

Chambers, J.S., G.H. Allen and R.T. Pressey. 1955.Research relating to study of spawninggravels in natural areas. Annual Report1955. Wash. Dept. Fish. Olympia.

Collins, B. and T. Dunne. 1990. Fluvialgeomorphology and river-gravel mining: aguide for planners, case studies included.Special Pub. 98. California Department ofConservation Division of Mines andGeology. Sacramento.

Crisp, D.T. and P.A. Carling. 1989. Observationson siting, dimensions, and structure ofsalmonid redds. J. Fish. Biol. 34:119-134.

Curry, R.A., J. Gehrels, D.L.G. Noades and R.Swainson. 1994. Effects of river flowfluctuations on groundwater dischargethrough brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis,spawning and incubation habitats.Hydrobiologia 227:121-134.

Duncan, S.H. and J.W. Ward. 1985. The influenceof watershed geology and forest roads on thecomposition of salmon spawning gravel.Northwest Science 59(3):204-212.

Heard, W.R. 1991. Life history of pink salmon(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Pages 119-230IN: C. Groot and L. Margolis (eds.). Pacificsalmon life histories. University of BritishColumbia Press.

Hoopes, D.T. 1972. Selection of spawning sites bysockeye salmon in small streams. FisheryBulletin 70(2):447-458.

Hunter, J.W. 1973. A discussion of game fish in theState of Washington as related to waterrequirements. Wash. Dept. of Game.Olympia.

Keller, E.A. and F.J. Swanson. 1979. Effects oflarge organic material on channel form andfluvial processes. Earth Surface ProcessesVol. 4: 361-380.



Kondolf, G.M., G.F. Cada, M.J. Sale and R.Felando. 1991. Distribution and stability ofpotential salmonid spawning gravels in steepboulder-bed streams of the eastern SierraNevada. Transactions of the AmericanFisheries Society 120:177-186.

Kondolf, G.M. and M.L. Swanson. 1993. Channeladjustments to reservoir construction andgravel extraction along Stony Creek,California. Environmental Geology21:256-269.

Kondolf, G.M. and M.G. Wolman. 1993. The sizesof salmonid spawning gravels. WaterResources Research 29(7):2275-2285.

Leman, V.N. 1993. Spawning sites of chum salmonOncorhynchus keta: micro hydrologicalregime and viability of progeny in redds.Journal of Ichthyology 33:104-117.

McFadden, J.T. 1969. Dynamics and regulation ofsalmonid populations in streams. Pages 313-328 IN: T.G. Northcote (ed.). Symposiumon salmon and trout in streams. Univ. Brit.Col. Vancouver.

McNeil, W.J. 1964. Redd superimposition and eggcapacity of pink salmon spawning beds.Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21:1385-1396.

Miller, R.J. and E.L. Brannon. 1982. The origin anddevelopment of life history patterns inPacific salmonids. Pages 296-309 IN: E.L.Brannon and E.O. Salo (eds.). Proceedingsof the salmon and trout migratory behaviorsymposium. Univ. Wash. Seattle.

Nickelson, T.E., M.F. Sclozzi, S.L. Johnson, andJ.D. Rodgers. 1992. An approach todetermining stream carrying capacity andlimiting habitat for coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch). Pages 251-260 inL. Berg and P.W. Delaney (eds.) Proceedingsof the coho workshop, Nanaimo, B.C.

Platts, W.S. and W.F. Megahan. 1975. Time trendsin riverbed sediment composition in salmonand steelhead spawning areas: South ForkSalmon River, Idaho. Pages 229-239 IN:Transactions of the 40th North AmericanWildlife Conference. Wildlife Mngt. Inst.

Platts, W.S., R.J. Torquemada, M.L. McHenry andC.K. Graham. 1989. Changes in salmonspawning and rearing habitat from increaseddelivery of fine sediment to the South ForkSalmon River, Idaho. Trans. Amer. Fish.Soc. 118: 274-283.

Pleus, A.E. 1999. TFW Monitoring Programmethods manual for wadable streamdischarge measurement. Prepared for theWashington State Dept. of NaturalResources under the Timber, Fish, andWildlife Agreement. TFW-AM9-99-009.DNR #111.

Pleus, A.E., and D. Schuett-Hames. 1998a. TFWMonitoring Program methods manual forstream segment identification. Prepared forthe Washington State Dept. of NaturalResources under the Timber, Fish, andWildlife Agreement. TFW-AM9-98-001.DNR #103.

Pleus, A.E., and D. Schuett-Hames. 1998b. TFWMonitoring Program methods manual for thereference point survey. Prepared for theWashington State Dept. of NaturalResources under the Timber, Fish, andWildlife Agreement. TFW-AM9-98-002.DNR #104.

Pleus, A.E., D. Schuett-Hames, and L. Bullchild.1999. TFW Monitoring Program methodsmanual for the habitat unit survey. Preparedfor the Washington State Dept. of NaturalResources under the Timber, Fish, andWildlife Agreement. TFW-AM9-99-003.DNR #105.



Reeves, G.H., F.H. Everest and T.E. Nickelson.1989. Identification of physical habitatslimiting the production of coho salmon inwestern Oregon and Washington. USDAFor. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rpt. PNW-GTR-245.Pac. Northwest Res. Stat. Portland.

Schroder, S.L. 1973. Effects of density on spawningsuccess of chum salmon Oncorhynchus ketain an artificial spawning channel. MSThesis. Univ. of Wash. Seattle.

Schuett-Hames, D., and A.E. Pleus. 1996. TFWAmbient Monitoring Program literaturereview and monitoring recommendations forsalmonid spawning habitat availability.Prepared for the Washington State Dept. ofNatural Resources under the Timber, Fish,and Wildlife Agreement. TFW-AM9-96-002.DNR #83. 32 p.

Semenchenko, N.N. 1989. Mechanisms of innatepopulation control in sockeye salmon. Jour.Ichthyology 28(3):149-157.

Smith, A.K. 1973. Development and application ofspawning velocity and depth criteria forOregon salmonids. Transactions of theAmerican Fisheries Society 102(2):312-316.

Sowden, T.K. and G. Power. 1985. Prediction ofrainbow trout embryo survival in relation togroundwater seepage and particle size ofspawning substrate. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.114:804-812.

Vaux, W.G. 1962. Interchange of stream andintragravel water in a salmon spawningriffle. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.Spec. Sci. Rpt. Fisheries No. 405.Washington, D.C.

Washington Forest Practices Board (WFPB), 1996.Washington Forest Practices - BoardManual: standard methodology forconducting Watershed Analysis underchapter 222-22 WAC. Version 3.1. Preparedby the Dept. Nat. Resources Forest PracticesDiv. Olympia.

Webster, D.A. and G. Eiriksdottir. 1976. Upwellingwater as a factor influencing choice ofspawning sites by brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.105:416-421.

Wendler, H.O. and G. Deschamps. 1955. Loggingdams on coastal Washington streams.Washington Department of FisheriesResearch Papers Vol.1, No. 3. Olympia.

9. Appendixes

Appendix AForm 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 Copy Masters

Appendix BExamples of Completed Field Forms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3

Appendix CSHA Criteria and Code Field Sheet Copy Master

Appendix DData Management Examples

Appendix EStandard Field and Vehicle Gear Checklist Copy Master



Appendix A

Form 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3 Copy Masters

(Keep original copy master with manual)



Page

___

of

___

SH

A S

UR

VE

YF

OR

M 9

.0D

ate

___

___

/ ___

___

/ ___

____

___

WR

IA #

_

__ _

__ .

___

___

___

___

__

_ __

_ __

_S

egm

ent #

___

____

___

__

____

Sub

-Seg

men

t

TF

W M

onito

ring

Pro

gram

Nor

thw

est I

ndia

n F

ishe

ries

Com

mis

sion

, 673

0 M

artin

Way

E.,

Oly

mpi

a, W

A 9

8516

(360

)438

-118

0fo

rms\

99\F

9-0.

p65

HE

AD

ER

IN

FO

RM

AT

ION

Equ

ipm

ent

Typ

eS

ize

Con

dA

ccu-

Pre-

Post

-M

etri

c

Stre

am N

ame

7/12

/99

RB

Unl

iste

d T

rib

Surv

ey N

otes

(Lea

d)

Nam

eA

ffil

iati

on

(Rec

.)

Cre

w L

ead:

Yea

r of m

ost r

ecen

t SH

AT

rain

ing

___

___

QA

Rev

iew

___

___

Survey Crew

For

m 9

.0

Err

or C

heck

ed b

y: _

____

Dat

e: _

__ /

___

/ ___

_

All F

ield

For

ms

Err

or C

heck

ed b

y: _

____

Dat

e: _

__ /

___

/ ___

_

All

Dat

a E

ntry

cont

inue

d pa

ge _

__

Stud

y D

esig

n In

form

atio

n

Par

tial

/Oth

er S

urve

y L

ocat

ion

WR

IA R

iver

Mile

:fr

om _

___

to _

___

Surv

ey C

over

age

WH

L(W

hole

)

100

%

SUB

(Sub

-sam

ple)

___

___%

PRT

(Par

tial

)

_

____

_%PS

B(P

artia

l Su

b-sa

mpl

e)

___

___%

Surv

ey L

engt

h

Beg

in S

urve

y D

ate

___/

___/

____

_

Per

cent

age

Sam

ple

Met

hod

Info

rmat

ion

Cor

e

Tra

nsec

tT

rans

ect

+ W

et

Tra

nsec

t Int

erva

ls

Dis

char

ge In

form

atio

nD

ate

__ /

__ /

____

__ _

_.__

__

Dat

e __

/ __

/ __

__

__

__.

__ _

_

Dat

e __

/ __

/ __

__

_

_ __

.__

__

CM

S

TFW

Mod

. TFW

Page

___

of

___

Stre

am N

ame

Cre

w L

ead

___

__

SH

A S

UR

VE

YF

OR

M 9

.1D

ate

___

___

/ ___

___

/ ___

____

___

WR

IA #

_

__ _

__ .

___

___

___

___

_

__ _

__ _

__S

egm

ent #

___

____

___

__

____

Sub

-Seg

men

t

TF

W M

onito

ring

Pro

gram

Nor

thw

est I

ndia

n F

ishe

ries

Com

mis

sion

, 673

0 M

artin

Way

E.,

Oly

mpi

a, W

A 9

8516

(360

)438

-118

0E

RR

OR

CH

EC

KE

D b

y: _

____

Dat

e: _

__ /

___

/ ___

_fo

rms\

99\F

9-1.

p65

CH

AN

NE

L

Tra

nW

idth

Fie

ld N

otes

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Wid

th M

easu

rem

ents

(

)

(

)

(

)

(Sin

gle

or C

umul

ativ

e on

ly)

ME

TE

RS

Dis

tC

UM

WE

TT

ED

Wid

thW

idth

Mea

sure

men

ts

(

)

(

)

(

)

(Sin

gle

or C

umul

ativ

e on

ly)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Fie

ld N

otes

7/10

/99

RB

Unl

iste

d T

rib

BF

WT

ran

Dis

tC

UM

WE

TT

ED

BF

W

Page

___

of

___

Stre

am N

ame

Cre

w L

ead

___

__

SH

A S

UR

VE

YF

OR

M 9

.2D

ate

___

___

/ ___

___

/ ___

____

___

WR

IA #

_

__ _

__ .

___

___

___

___

_

__ _

__ _

__S

egm

ent #

___

____

___

__

____

Sub

-Seg

men

t

TF

W M

onito

ring

Pro

gram

Nor

thw

est I

ndia

n F

ishe

ries

Com

mis

sion

, 673

0 M

artin

Way

E.,

Oly

mpi

a, W

A 9

8516

(360

)438

-118

0E

RR

OR

CH

EC

KE

D b

y: _

____

Dat

e: _

__ /

___

/ ___

_fo

rms\

99\F

9-2.

p65

TR

AN

SEC

T D

AT

A

Tra

n

Tap

eT

ape

Wid

thC

lass

Fiel

d N

otes

(D -

W)

ME

TE

RS

SIZ

E

(1 -

6)

Dry

Tap

eT

ape

Wid

thC

lass

Fiel

d N

otes

(D -

W)

SIZ

E

(1 -

6)

Dry

Tap

eT

ape

Wid

thC

lass

Fiel

d N

otes

(D -

W)

SIZ

E

(1 -

6)

Dry

Tap

eT

ape

Wid

thC

lass

Fiel

d N

otes

(D -

W)

SIZ

E

(1 -

6)

Dry

Zer

oR

BZ

ero

RB

Zer

oR

BZ

ero

RB

7/10

/99

RB

Unl

iste

d T

rib

(Opt

iona

l)(O

ptio

nal)

(Opt

iona

l)(O

ptio

nal)

Tra

nT

ran

Tra

n

Page

___

of

___

Tra

n

Stre

am N

ame

Cre

w L

ead

___

__

SH

A S

UR

VE

YF

OR

M 9

.3D

ate

___

___

/ ___

___

/ ___

____

___

WR

IA #

_

__ _

__ .

___

___

___

___

_

__ _

__ _

__S

egm

ent #

___

____

___

__

____

Sub

-Seg

men

t

TF

W M

onito

ring

Pro

gram

Nor

thw

est I

ndia

n F

ishe

ries

Com

mis

sion

, 673

0 M

artin

Way

E.,

Oly

mpi

a, W

A 9

8516

(360

)438

-118

0E

RR

OR

CH

EC

KE

D b

y: _

____

Dat

e: _

__ /

___

/ ___

_fo

rms\

99\F

9-3.

p65

PAT

CH

DA

TA

DW

N

Pat

chP

atch

SGDO

M

Len

gth

Wid

th M

easu

rem

ents

Wid

thF

ield

Not

es

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Len

gth

Mea

sure

men

ts

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(Sin

gle

or C

umul

ativ

e on

ly)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

ME

TE

RS

Cha

n(Y

- N

)

SID

E

(S -

L)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

PAT

CH

PAT

CH

SUB

7/10

/99

RB

Unl

iste

d T

rib

Appendix B

Completed Examples ofForms 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3



Appendix C

SHA Criteria & Code Field Sheet Copy Master




SHA Survey Criteria & Code Field Sheet

Lumpers & Splitters> Disregard wetted depth criteria and lumppatch width to the wetted edge where theminimum water depth is within:** 0.5 meters (Segment Mean BFW < 10 m); or** 1.0 meters (Segment Mean BFW ≥ 10 m)

> Split patch units: use same Patch # and nextsequential Sub-Patch # :** at Reference Points** where they cross into a side channel** where splitting can significantly improvesurface area measurement accuracy

> QA Note: Patch boundary ID is largestvariability factor between crews. To reduce:1) Do easy parts first2) Use confidence/default technique3) Mark boundaries with weighted or wire flags

Approximate B-Axis Size Classes(NOT FOR MEASUREMENT USE)

64 mm8 mm

128 mm

0

Side Channel CriteriaChannel must be Separated from Primary LowFlow Channel by an Island

Island:1) length of the island above the bankfull channelis 2 times the estimated bankfull width; and2) vegetated by two or more perennial plants thatare greater than 2 meters in height.

TFW Monitoring Program - July 1999 APPENDIX C

f:\manual99\sha\shacode.p65

Segment Length Transect Interval (m)

< 100 10% of length

≥ 100 - 500 25

≥ 500 - 2500 50

≥ 2500 100

7/10/99

Particle Size Class

Silt/SandSmall Spawning GravelLarge Spawning Gravel

BouldersBedrock

Other (LWD, Clay, Peat, etc.)

123456

Minimum Patch Criteria

Dominant Substrate SizeSubstrate Depth

Water DepthWater Velocity

Patch Size

≥ 8 to < 128 mm≥ 23 cm≥ 10 cm> Slack≥ 1 m2

< 8≥ 8 to 64

≥ 64 to 128≥ 128

≥ 1 m2 Exposed≥ 0.5 m

Code #

< 2.5 to 5 m≥ 5 to 10 m≥ 10 to 20 m

≥ 20 m

1 step2 steps3 steps4 steps

Size Range(mm)

Patch Length Minimum # Pacesper Width Meas.

Small (S) Spawning Gravel Size: ≥ 8 to < 64 mmLarge (L) Spawning Gravel Size: ≥ 64 to < 128 mm

A

C

B-Axis Measurement

Interm ediate Axis

Shortest Axis (Th ickness)

Longest Axis (Leng th)

0 mm 6 1 mm

B

Appendix D

Data Management Examples

D-1: Excel Header, Width, Transect, and Patch Data Entry SheetsD-2: SHA Transect Survey Segment Summary ReportD-3: SHA Patch Survey Segment Summary Report





**Examples show column headers only for each type entry fileTFW Monitoring Program

Spawning Habitat Availability Survey Header Form 9.0 shahd.xls

wria basin

wria stream

trib segm sub segmbegin survey date

end survey date

begin river mile

end river mile

begin ref pt

end ref ptsurvey length

>>>>survey

coveragesurvey percent

leader first

name

leader last name

leader affil

recorder first

recorder last

recorder affil

field notes

disch 1 date

disch 1 flow

>>>>disch 2

datedisch 2

flowdisch 3

datedisch 3

flow


Spawning Habitat Availability Survey - Width Data Form 9.1 shawdata.xls

wria basin

wria stream

trib segm subsegmbegin survey date

survey date

transect num

cumula-tive

distance

down-stream refpt

bankfull width

wetted width


Spawning Habitat Availability Survey Data - Transect Method Form 9.2 shatdata.xls

wria basin

wria stream

trib segm subsegmbegin survey date

transect num

beg tape reading

end tape reading

trans unit width

sub-strate size class

dry/wet field notes


Spawning Habitat Availability Survey Data - Patch Method Form 9.3 shapdata.xls

wria basin

wria stream

trib segm sub segmbegin survey date

survey date

patch num

sub-patch num

dwn rfpside

channel (y/n)

dominant subs (S/L)

avg length

>>>>avg

widthfield notes

APPENDIX D - 1EXAMPLE: Excel Data Entry

Spreadsheet Fields



APPENDIX D - 2



APPENDIX D - 3

Appendix E

Standard Field and Vehicle Gear Checklist Copy Master






Appendix E

STANDARD FIELD GEAR

� Field clip board/form holder� Survey Forms (on waterproof paper)� Copy of survey methods� Maps- topographic and road� Pencils & erasers� Permanent ink marker� Calculator� 150 mm ruler� Pocket field notebook

� Survey Vest� Compass� Safety whistle� Spring clips (2)� Vinyl flagging� Pocket knife/multi-purpose tool

� Backpack or canvas tote bag� First aid kit� Water bottle and/or filtration system� Food/energy bars� Rain gear� Leather gloves� Safety glasses� Bug repellant� Sun screen� Small flashlight or headlamp� Matches/fire starter� Emergency blanket� Snake bite kit (eastern Washington)

STANDARD VEHICLE GEAR

� Waterproof plastic tote box� Backup fiberglass tape� Comprehensive first aid kit� Rain tarp� Rope (100 ft.)� Extra water� Extra food� Extra dry clothes� Extra batteries� Spare tire/jack/tire iron� Tire sealant/inflater� Tow strap� Come-along winch� Fire shovel� Fire extinguisher� CB radio (to monitor logging activity)� Cell phone/VHF radio� Brush cutter� Ax/bow saw/chain saw� Tire chains

For remote work, extra survival & safetygear is recommended.

This gear list is provided as a guideline for outfittingfield crews and is not intended to cover all situations.Local conditions may require additional or differentgear.

SALMONID SPAWNING HABITAT AVAILABILITY SURVEY · TFW Monitoring Program Manual - November 1999...

Documents

Transcript of SALMONID SPAWNING HABITAT AVAILABILITY SURVEY · TFW Monitoring Program Manual - November 1999...