Salarean.com the Preposition

8/13/2019 Salarean.com the Preposition

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THE PREPOSITION

368. Read:--

368. cUrGan 1. There is a cow inthe field. maneKar mYyk,al enAkgcMkar . 2. He is font ofthe tea.

Kat;cUlcitEt . 3. The cat jumped offthe chair. q

a elatcuHBIekAGI. In sentence 1, the word inshows the relation between two things cowand filed.

enAkgXaTI1 Bak in bgajBITMnak;TMngrvagvtBIrenaHKW cow nig field .

PhraseNounPhrasenalPrepositioNoun

.

PhraseNoun

PhraseeposionalPr

=>+

+44444 344444 21

434214434421fieldtheincowaisThere

Noun

In sentence 2, the word of shows the relation between the attribute expressed by theadjective fond and tea.

enAkgXaTI2 Bak of bgajBITMnak;TMngrvagAttributive adjective EdlsMEdgeLIgtamryKuNnamfontnig Baktea.

Attributive Adjective : KWCa KuNnamEdlbMeBjny[nampal;ehIyvaQrenABImuxnam .Predicative Adjective : KWCa KuNnamEdlQrenAeRkay to be .

sb/sthoffond(adj)

= cUlcitsb/sthIn sentence 3, the word offshows the relation between the action expressed by the verb

jumpedand the chair.

enAkgXaTI3 Bakoff bgajBITMnak;TMngrvagskmPaBEdlsMEdgeLIgtamrykiriyasBjumped CamYynigBak chair .

The words in, of, offare here used as Prepositions .

Bak in, of, off enATIenHRtUv)aneKeRbICa Prepositions .Def.A Preposition is a word place beforea noun or a pronoun to show in what relation

the person or thing denoted byitstands in regard to something else.

It CMnYs[Bak Preposition .niymny- Preposition KWCaBakmYyEdleKdak;enAxagmuxnambsBVnamedIm,IbgajfaetIbuKlbvtGVImYy

EdlsMKal;edayPreposition enaHmanTMnak;TMngGVIeTAnwgvtepSgeTot .

sthwithrelationin

toregardinstandsSth = Sth manTMnak;TMngCamYysth

(Prep.)toregardintoregardwith

= Tak;TgenAnwg / cMeBaH


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)(

shows....vt

ClauseNoun

else.somethingtoregardin

V

standsnprepositiobydenoted

S

thingorpersontherelationwhatin

>>>>>>bgaj faetIbuKl b vt(EdlsMKal;edayPreposition) manTMnak;TMngCamYynigrbs;epSgeTot .

[The word Preposition means that which is placed before.]

[BakPreposition mannyfa {GVIEdleKdak;BIxagmux }.]It will be noticed that

dUc)ankt;sMKal;eXIjehIyfa-In sentence 1, the Preposition joins a Noun to another Noun;

enAkgXaTI1 the Preposition Pab;nammYyeTAnignammYyeTot .In sentence 2, the Preposition joins a Noun to an Adjective;

enAkgXaTI2 Preposition Pab;nameTAnigKuNnam .In sentence 3, the Preposition joins a Noun to Verb.

enAkgXaTI2 Preposition Pab;nameTAnigkiriyasB.369. The noun or Pronoun which is used with a Preposition is called its Object. It is in the

Accusative case and is said to be governed by the Preposition.

369. nam b sBVnamEdleRbICamYy Preposition eKehAeQaHfa kmbTrbs; Preposition . vaenAkgAccusative Case ehIyeKniyayfavaRtUv)ankMNt;TMrg;edayPreposition .

44444444 344444444 21

44 344 214444 34444 21

PhrasenalPrepositio

ObjectP

Adverb

)ing(Gerund

Pronoun

NounnPrepositio

+

+

Thus, in sentence 1, the noun fieldis in the Accusative case, governed by the Prepositionin.

dUecH enAkgXaTI1 nam filed KWenAkgAccusative case EdlRtUvkMNt;TMrg;edayPreposition in .370. Preposition may have two or more objects; as,

370. Preposition GacmankmbTBIrbeRcInCagBIr/ dUcCaThe road runs over hilland plain. pvenHrt;kat;PMnig tMbn;valrab .

371.A Preposition is usually placed beforeits object, but sometimes it follows it; as,

371. Preposition CaTUeTA eKdak;va[enAxagmuxkmbTrbs;va b:uEnCYnkal Preposition QrenABIeRkaykmbT/ dUcCa

1. Here is the watch thatyou asked for.

.watchtheforaskedYouwatch.theisHerethat


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=> Here is the watch thatyou asked for.

or Here is the watch forwhich you asked.

2. That is the boy (whom) I was speaking of.

Whom Ca kmbTrbs;of

3. Whatare you looking at?

What CakmbTrbs; at

4. Whatare you thinking of?

What CakmbTrbs; of

5. Whichof these chairs did you sit on?

Which CakmbTrbs; onNote 1.When the object is the Relative Pronoun that, as in sentence 1, the Preposition is

always placed at the end.

sMKal;1 enAeBlEdlkmbT KWCa Relative Pronoun thatdUcCaenAkgXaTI1/ Preposition KWdak;enAcugXaCanic .

The Preposition is often placed at the end when the object is an interrogative pronoun (asin sentence 3, 4 and 5) or a Relative pronoun understood (as in sentence 2).

Preposition Cajwkjab;RtUveKdak;enAcugXa enAeBlEdlkmbTrbs;va Ca interrogative pronoun (dUcenAkgXaTI3/ TI4 nig TI5 ) bkRelative Pronoun RtUveKyl;(dUcenAkgXaTI2) .

Note 2.Sometimes the object is placed first for the sake of emphasis; as,This I insist on. He is known all the world over.

sMKal;2-CYnkalkm

bTrbs;Preposition eKdak;mkedImXaedIm,Isgt;ny/ dUcCaThisI insist on. He is known all the world over. (Informal)I insistonthis. He is known all overthe world. (Formal)

372. The Prepositions for, from, in, onare often omitted before nouns of place or time; as,

372. Preposition: for, from, in, onCajwkjab;RtUveKlubecalenAxagmuxnamR)ab;BITIkEng b namR)ab;BIeBlevla / dUcCa

We did it last week. I cannot walk a yard. Wait a minute.


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KINDS OF RPEPOSITION

(RbePTrbs;Preposition)373. Prepositions may be arranged in the following classes:--

373. Preposition GacnwgRtUverobCaRbePTdUcxageRkam (1) Simple Prepositions

(1) Preposition Fm

taAt, by, for, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.(2) Compound Prepositions which are generally formed by prefixing a Preposition (usually

a = no or be = by) to a Noun, an Adjective or an Adverb.)

(2) Preposition EdlbUkpSM EdlCaTUeTARtUvbegIteLIgedaybEnmbuBVbTeTAelI preposition (CaTUeTAKWprefix: amannyfa nob bemannyfa by) eTAelInam/ eTAelIKuNnam bkeTAelIAbverb .

About,above,

across, (kat;tam)along, (tambeNay)amidst, = among = amongst, (enAkgcMeNam/ enAcMeBl)around,before,behind,below, = beneath,

beside, (Ek,r/ eRkABI)between,

beyond, (hYsBI)inside,outside,

underneath, (xageRkam)within, (xagkg)without, (xageRkA)

(3) Phrase Prepositions(Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition.)

(3) Preposition EdlCakenSamBak ([mannyfa] BakmYyRkumEdleKeRbImankMlaMgdUcCa PrepositionmYyBak .)

according to = eyageTAtamagreeably to = edayyl;RsbeTAtamalong with = rYmCamYyaway from = qayBIbecause of = edaysar

ofdintbyofmeansby

= tamry tammeFa)ayn

ofreasonbyofvirtueby

= because of = edaysar


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by way of = tammeFa)aynconformably to = eyagtam Gnuelamtamfor the sake of = edIm,I edIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;in accordance with = eyageTAtam RsbeTAtam = conformably to = according toin addition to =

eRkABI CabEnmeTAelIin/on behalf of = tagnam[ CMnYsmux[on my own behalf = tagnag[xnxJMpal;

in case of = kgkrNIn kgkrNIEdlin comparison to = edayeFVIkareRbobeFobeTAnig CamYynigin complance with = edayeKarBeTAtamin consequence of = CalTpln edaysarin course of = kgkMLgeBln= duringin favour of = KaMRT kan;eCIgin front of = enAxagmuxin lieu of = instead of = CMnYsin order to = edIm,Iin place of = CMnYsin/with reference to = edayniyayeyageTArk sIBI Tak;TgeTAnig GMBIwith/in regard to = sIGMBI Tak;TgeTAnig cMeBaHin spite of = eTaHbICain stead of = kgkrNIEdl kgkrNIn / RbsinebIon account of = edaysarowing to = edaysarwith a view to = kgeKalbMNgedIm,Iwith an eye to = kgeKalbMNgedIm,Iwith/in reference to = edayniyayeyageTArk Tak;TgeTAnig sIBI GMBI

with/in regard to = sIBI Tak;TgeTAnig GMBI

1. He succeeded by dint ofperseverance and sheer hard work.

Kat;TTYl)aneCaKCyedaysarEtesckIBayam nig karxMeronsuTsaFEtmg .perseverance (n) = karxitxMRbwgERbgy:agxab;xn esckIBayamsheer (adj) = complete = TaMgRsug (sgt;ny)= suTsaFsheer hard work = karxMeron eFVIkarsuTsaF


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2. In case ofneed, phone 32567.(kgkrNIcaM)ac;cUrTUrsBmkelx 32567 .)3. By virtue ofthe power vested in me, I hereby order, etc.

edaysarGMNacEdl)anpl;mk[xJMxJMtamryenHsUmecjbBaa .l.to vest sth in sb = to confer sth on sb = pl;RbKl;GVI1 ]/ GMNac [eTAsb the power vested in me

GMNacEdleK)anRbKl;[xJM hereby = tamryenH

4. In consequence ofhis illness he could not finish the work in time.

edaysarEt Kat;manCmW Kat;minGacbBab;kickar)anTan;eBleT .5. Owing tohis ill health, he retired from business.

edaysarEtsuxPaBminlKat;)andkxnecjBIkarrksIu .to retire (vi) = cUlnivtn_to retire from sth = dkxnecjBIstheg. to retire from policy. = dkxnecjBIqakneya)ay .

6. With reference toyour letter of date, we regret we cannot allow any further rebate.

eyageTAtam lixitrbs;GknaeBlfIenH eyIgmankaresaksayEdleyIgminGnuBaat[mankarbgVilR)ak;CUnvijbEnmeTot)anenaHeT .

your letter of date = lixitrbs;GknaeBlfIrebate (n) = karbgVilR)ak;[vij

7. In order toavoid litigation, he accepted Rs. 300 in full settlement of his claim from Rs.450.

edIm,w CasvagkMu[mankarvivaTKa Kat;RBmTTYlykR)ak; 300 rUBI kgkaredaHRsay[cb;sBVRKb;nUvkarTamTarykR)ak;450 rUBIrbs;Kat;.settlement (n) = karedaHRsay dMeNaHRsayin full settlement of = karedaHRsay[ cb;sBVRKb;brYcral;nUvGVI1claim (n) for sth = karTamTarGVI1

8. In course oftime he saw his mistake.

enATIbBab;yUreTAKat;emIleXIjBIkMhusrbs;Kat;.In course of time = Eventually; after sometime has passed = yUreTAyUreRkaymkbenATIbBab;

9. He died fighting on behalf ofhis country.Kat;sab;eBlRbyuTtagnam[[RbeTsrbs;Kat; .

to die doing sth = sab;eBlkMBugeFVIGVI110. On behalf ofthe staff he read the address.

tagnam[buKlik Kat;Gan GasydanenHesckIEfgkarN_sunrkfa.11. He persevered in spite ofdifficulties.

Kat;xitxMy:agxab;xn eTaHbICamankarlM)aky:agNakeday .to persevere = xitxMy:agxab;xn xitxMBayam


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12. In the event ofhis dying without an issue, his nephew would inherit the whole property.

enAkgkrNIEdlKat;sab;eTAKankUn kyrbs;Kat;nwgTTYlnUvRTBsm,tiTaMgGs;.issue (n) : 1 = bBaa; 2 = a child or childrento die without issue (Expression) = sab;edayKankUn edIm,Ibnekrmrtkto inherit (vt) = TTYlekrmrtkto inherit sth from sb = TTYlykmrtk sth BIsb

e.g. He inherit quite an amount of moneyfrom his father.

Kat;TTYlmrtkCaluymYycMnYny:agKYrsmEdrBIBukrbs;Kat;.an amount of money = luymYycMnYnquite an amount of money = luymYycMnYneRcInKYrsm

13. Instead oftalking, prove your worth by doing something.

CaCagniyay cUrGkbgaj[eXIjBItmrbs;GkedayeFVICakickarGVI1eTAemIl .to prove (vt) = bgaj Pstag

sthclause-that

proveto

worth (n) = tm Sbs worth = tmrbs;sbInstead of doing sth, sb does sth = CMnYseFVIGVI1edaymineFVIGVI1 sb EbCaeFVIGVI1Instead of going to school, he went to the cinema.

CMnYs[karmineTAeron Kat;EbrCaeTAemIlkun .14. By reason ofhis perverse attitude, he estranged his best friends.

edaysarEt\riyabfcecsmanHrbs;Kat; Kat;)aneFVI[mitPkilrbs;Kat;rsaycitGs;.perverse (adj) = Edlcecs / EdlmanHto estrange = eFVI[rsaycit eFVI[ElgsiTsal

15. He acted according tomy instructions.

Kat;eFVIskmPaBcat;viFankartamkarENnaMrbs;xJM.instruction (n) = karENnaM to act = eFVIskmPaBcat;viFankar16. Why dont you go along withyour brother?

ehtuGVIkGkgminRtUvKaCamYybgbnGkg ?go along with sb= RtUvKaCamYysb (Phrasal Verb)

e.g. Many people were arrested, along with10 cars.

mnusSCaeRcInRtUv)ancab;xn rYmCamYynigLan10eRKOg .17. In accordance withyour instructions, we have remitted the amount to your bankers.

RsbeTAtamGnuelameTAtamkarENnaMrbs;Gk eyIg)anbBanluymYycMnYnenaHeTAFnaKarikrbs;GkehIy.to remit sth to sb = epJI b bBan ]/ luy eTA[sb CaTUeTAtambu:sbanker = FnaKarik

e.g. Kindly remit the balance without delay.

sUmemtabBanR)ak;EdlenACMBak;eday\tbgg;Pam .


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balance (n) = luyEdlenACMBak;without delay = eday\tbgg;

Please remit the interest to my new address.

sUmemtabBankarR)ak;mkkan;GasydanfIrbs;xJM .18. There is a big tree in front ofhis house.

manedImeQIFMmYy enAxagmuxpHrbs;Kat; .19.Agreeably tothe terms of settlement, we herewith enclose our cheque for Rs. 1000.RsbeTAtamlkxNnkaredaHRsay eyIg)anPab;mkCamYysMbuRtenHnUvEskEdlmanTwkR)ak;1000rUBI.

term = lkxN / xEcgthe term of the settlement = lkxNnkaredaHRsayI enclosed herewith.. (formal)I herewithenclosed (informal)

Enclosed herewith you will find sth. (Formal)

Pab;mkCamYysMbuRtenH GknwgeXIjman sth .= I enclosed sth. (Informal)

20. By way ofintroduction, he made me some pertinent remarks.

tamry karniyaycab;epIm Kat;)anniyaycMcMNucmYycMnYn .remark = sMdIniyayto make remark = niyayto make some remark = niyayxHpertinent (adj) = cMcMNucpertinet remarks = niyaycMcMNuc

21. By means ofrope ladders they scale the wall.

tamryCeNIrExSrBYr BYkeKeLIgelICBaaMg .Ladder = CeNIr rope ladder = CeNIrExSBYrto scale = eLIg = climb up

22. For the sake of their beliefs, the Puritans emigrated to American.

edIm,ICMenOsasnarbs;xn BYk Puritan )anrt;eTArs;enA shrdGaemrik .to emigrate = eFVInirRbevsn_ cakecjeTArs;enARsukdT eFVIcMNakRsuk

23. In course ofhis researches he met with many difficulties.

enAkgkMLgeBlnkareFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;Kat; Kat;CYbkarlM)akCaeRcIn .to meet with difficulties = CYbkarlM)ak

24. He abdicated the throne in favour ofhis eldest son.

Kat;dak;raC edIm,I[buRtc,geLIgesayraC .to abdicate the throne = dak;raCthe throne = raCblg

25. He could not attend school because ofhis fathers serious illness.

Kat;minGaceTAeron)an edaysarEtBukQWFn;.


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to attend school = eTAeron26. He accepted the car in lieu of his claim for Rs. 125,000.

Kat;TTYlykLan CMnYs karTamTarykluy 125/000 rUBI.27. With a view toan amicable settlement, we offer you without prejudice Rs. 750 in full

settlement of all your claims up-to-date.

kgeKalbMNgedIm,I[mandMeNaHRsayedayemRtIPaBmYy eyIgsUmpl;[GkedaymineFVI[xUcbg;RbeyaCn_

nUvR)ak;750rUBIkgkarTUrTat;[cb;sBVRKb;nUvkarTamTarrbs;GkTaMgGs;rhUtmkdl;eBlenH .amicable settlement = dMeNaHRsayedayemRtIPaB

sth

sthdoingtoviewawithtoeyeanwith

= kgeKalbMNgedIm,Ie.g. She is talking an interpreters course with an eye togetting a job abroad.

Kat;kMBugerogvKbkERb edIm,I)ankargareFVIenAbreTs .to take course = eronvKsikSaGVI1prejudce (n) = buernicy / PaBlMeGog kareFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_b)at;bg;siTi

racial prejudice = karRbkan;BUCsasn_ karerIseGIgBUCsasn_without prejudice (Expression) = without detriment = edaymineFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_detriment (n) = karxUcRbeyaCn_ karnaM[xUcRbeyaCn_

28. On account ofhis negligence the company suffered a heavy loss.

edaysarEtkareFVsRbEhsrbs;Kat;Rkumhun)anTTYlrgnUvkarxatbg;.Negligence (n) = kareFVsRbEhsto suffer a loss = TTYlrgnUvkarxatbg;

29. Whatever he does, he does with an eye tothe main chance.

eTaHbICaKat;eFVIGVIkeday kKat;eFVIedaymaneKalbMNgsMedAeTArkkasdsMxan;mYy .whatever = GVIkeday

374. Barring, concerning, considering, during, notwithstanding, pending, regarding,

respecting, touching, and a few similar words which are present participles of verbs, are usedabsolutely without any noun or pronoun being attached to them. For all practical purposes, theyhave become Prepositions, and are sometimes distinguished as Participial Prepositions.

374. Bak Barring, concerning, considering, during, notwithstanding, pending, regarding,respecting, touching,nigBakBIrbIdUcKaEdlCa Present Participle rbs;Verb RtUv)aneKeRbIy:agdac;xatedayKanNoun b Pronoun Pab;eTAnigva . tamkarBiteTA va)ankayCa Preposition ehIyCYnkalRtUv)anEbgEckCaParticipial Prepositions .

Barring (prep.) = if there is/are not = ebIkMuEtmanConcerning = Tak;TgeTAnig sIBIConsidering = ebIBicarNaemIlGMBINotwithstanding = eTaHbICaPending = kgeBlrg;caM rhUtTal;Et


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touching

respecting

regarding

concerning

= Tak;TgeTAnig cMeBaH

For all practical purposes (Expression) = in reality

1. Barring( = excepting, apart from) accident, the mail will arrive tomorrow.

ebIikMuEtmaneRKaHfak;sMbuRtnwgmkdl;enAfEsk .2. Concerning( = about) yesterdays free, there are many rumours is in the bazar.

Tak;TgebIniyayGMBIGKIPymSilmil manPaBGacaGaramCaeRcInenAkgBiFIlk;TMnij .

sth

toregard

+

regards

on

as

regarding

Concerning

With

In

= cMeBaH / sIBI / Tak;TgeTAnig

as far as the is concerned = cMeBaH / sIBI / Tak;TgeTAnig3. Considering( = taking into account) the quality, the price is not high.

ebIBinitemIlGMBIKuNPaB tmKWminx


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7. Regarding your inquiries, we regret to say that at present we are not interested inimitation silk.

Tak;TgeTAnwgkarsaksYrrbs;Gk eyIgesaksaynwgCRmabR)ab;Gkfa bcb,nenHmincab;GarmN_nwgsURtEkgkayeT .

inquiry about. = karsaksYrGMBI.inquiry into =

karesIubGegtGMBI.

silk = sURt / imitation = karcMlgtam / kareFVIRtab;We regret to say / to inform / to tell.

eyIgmankaresaksaysUmCMrabCUn.8. Respectingthe plan you mention, I shall write to you hereafter.

Tak;TgeTAnwg KMeragEpnkarEdlGkelIkeLIg xJMnwgsresrsMbuRteTAGkbnab;BIenH .hereafter = bnab;BIenHeTA / cab;BIeBlenHteTA = after this

9. Touching(=with regard to) this matter, I have not as yet made up my mind.

Tak;TgeTAnwgbBaaenH rhUtmkdl;eBlenH xJMminTan;)aneFVIkarsMerccitenAeLIyeT .as yet (adv) = so far, up to now = rhUtmkdl;eBlenHkngmkenHto make up ones mind = eFVIkarsMerccitround (adj, adv, prep)This is a round table.

444444444 3444444444 21

444 3444 21444 3444 21

PhrasenalPrepositio

Prep

.walksHe

Noun

tabletheroundround

+

321

adv

roundisThere

375. Several words are used sometimes as Adverbs and sometimes as Prepositions. Aword is a Preposition when it governs a noun; it is an Adverb when it does not.

375. BakmYycMnYnCYnkalRtUv)aneKeRbICa Adverb nig CYnkalCa Preposition . vaCa PrepositionenAeBlEdlvakMNt;TMrg;Noun b Pronoun . vaCaAdverb enAeBlEdlvaminkMNt;TMrg; .

Adverb Preppsition1 Go, and run about.

eTAehIyrt;cuHrt;eLIg .about (adv) =

RbEhl

Dont loiter aboutthe street.

kMuedIrcuHedIreLIgtampv .

edIreRTteRTatedayK

aneKaledAtampv .about (prep) = GMBIto loiter = edIredayKaneKaledA

above (adv) = here and there: RKb;TIkEng RKb;TisTI2 I could not come before.

xJMminGacmkeTBIelIkmun .before (adv) = BImun / elIkmun

I came the day beforeyesterday.

xJMmkmSilmij .


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3 Has he come in?

etIKat;cUlmkehIybenA?Is he inhis room?

4 The wheel came off.

kg;rbUtecj .to come off = rebH / rbUt

The driverjumped offthe car.

GkebIkbrelatecjBIrfyn.

5 Let us move on.ts;eyIgbndMeNIreTAmuxeTot .on (adv) = bneTAmuxto keep on =to move on =

The book lies onthe table.esovePAenAelItu.

6 His father arrived soon after.

Bukrbs;Kat;)anmkdl; Pambnab;BIenaHPam.soon after (adv) = bnab;BIenaHPam

Aftera month he returned.

bnab;BI1Ex Kat;)anRtLb;mkvij .

7 Take this parcel overto the post office.

cUrykRbGb;enHeTAkan;kariyalyeRbsNIy_.to take sth over to.. =

ykGVI1eTAkan;eNaH

He rules overa vast empire.

Kat;RKb;RKgdwknaMelIGaNacRkdFMeFg .

over here = mkeNH

_lyeRbsNIyenAkariyaHaemrikeNaenAshrdG

enAeNaH

==

=

etcoffice,posttheto

USthein

thereover

empire = GaNacRk / cRkPB8 I have not seen him since.

xJMmin)anCYbKat;esaHcab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk .I have not slept sinceyesterday.

xJMedkminlk;esaHcab;taMgBIfmSilmij .

376. We have seen that the object to a Preposition is a Noun or Pronoun. Sometimes, however,the object to a Preposition is an Adverb of Time or Place (See 340); as,

376. eyIg)aneXIjehIyfa kmbTrbs; Preposition KWCa Noun b Pronoun . b:uEnCYnkalkmbTrbs;Preposition KWCaAdverb of Time bAdverb of Place (cUremIlelx340); dUcCa

eg. We will organize the party in the house43421

Prep

ofinstead .here/gardentheinPlaceofADVPlaceofADV

4342144 344 21

eyIgnwgerobcMBiFICb;elogenApHCMnYsenAkgsYnc,arenH .=partya

organiseto

holdto erobcMeFVIBiFICb;elog

to arrange the table = erobcMtuto prepare yourself = erobcMxn1. I will be done

{

byPrep

{

ADV

then ( = that time). KiteTAdl;RtwmeBlenaH xJMcaj;e)akeK)at;eTAehIy.


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by (prep) + cMNuceBlevla = Rtwm / minhYsBIby then = RtwmeBlenaHby December = mkdl;RtwmExF

to do sb (usually passive) = to cheat

Sb is done. Sb

cajle)akeK .to do sb for (doing) sth = to arrest sb for doing sth : cab;xnsb BIbTGVI1to do sb (]/ Cagkat;sk;) = cab;epIm kat;sk;[sb2. Since then(= that time) he has not shown his face.

cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkKat;Elgbgajecjmux .Since (adv) = cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk

(prep/conj) = cab;taMgBISince (adv) = on its own :

EtgSince (prep) + NounSince (conj) + Clause

eg. I have lived here321

ADV

since . OR I have321

ADV

since lived here.

3. Come away{

Prep

from 43421

PlaceofADV

there ( = that place).

cUrecj[qayBIkEngenaH .4. He must have reached there by

43421

ADV

now ( = this time).

Kat;R)akdCa)aneTAdl;TIenaHehIyebIKitdl;RtwmeBlenH .by now = Kitmkdl;RtwmeBlenHmust = R)akdCa (eRbIsMrab;niyaysan: Deduction)eg. You must be sleepy. GkgR)akdCagguyedkehIy .

You must be hungry. GkgR)akdCaXanehIy .5. How far is it from

{

Prep

from 321

ADV

here ( = this place)?

etIBIenHeTAmancMgayb:unan?

from here = BITIenHHow far is it? etImancMgayb:unan?

6. It cannot last321

prep

last 321

ADV

here . vaminGacenAzitezr)anCaerogrhUtenaHeT .

eg. He will not lastlong. Kat;enAminyUreT .


14/34

377. Sometimes the object to a Preposition is an Adverbial Phrase; as,

377. CYnkalkmbTrbs;Preposition KWCakenSamAdverb ; dUcCa/

1. Each article was sold{

prep

at {

ADV

over{

ADJ

a pound.

muxTMnijnImYyRtUv)aneKlk;kgtMlCagmYyepan .over (adv) = more than : Cagover a pound = CagmYyepan

=+ pricefor

atsthsellto lk;GVI1kgtMlfb:unan

{.poundaoverat

PhraseADVprep

444 3444 21

Article =

muxTMnij eRbICanamminGacrab;)anFurniture (n) = uncount nounNOT: a furniture

=furnitureofarticlea

ofpiecea eRKOgsgarwmmYymux

a piece of43421

noununcount

news = BtmanmYy

a news story = BtmanmYy2. The noise comes from across the river.

sMelghwglWecjmkBIeRtIymag .3. He was not promoted to the rank of a colonel till within a few months of his resignation.

Kat;minRtUv)aneKtemIgzannrskiCavresnIykbnab;BIKat;laElgBItMENg)anBIrbIEx .rank = zannrskito promote sb = temIgzanzannrskito promote sb to the rank of a colonel = temIgzannrski[sbeTACavresnIykwithins a few months of his resignation = bnab;BIKat;laElgtMENg)anBIrbIExwithin (prep) = enAkgrgVg;eBleg. within three days = kgrgVg;eBlbIfresignation (n) = karlaElgBItMNg

Until further order = rhUtdl;manbTbBaaCafIUntil further notice = rhUtdl;mankarCUndMNwgCafI

The chair is not genuine antique. Im afraid youve been done.

ekAGIhwgminEmnvtburaNsuTsaFeT . xJMxacEtGkgcaje)akeK .


15/34

He got donefor speeding. Kat;RtUvcab;xnBIbTebIkhYsel,n .The barbe said he would dome next.

Cagkat;sk;niyayfa bnab;mkeTot Kat;nwgkat;sk;[xJM.4. I sold my car for under its half cost.

xJMlk;Lanrbs;xJMmin)anBak;kNalfedImrbs;vapg .

to sell sth for + money = lk;GVI1kgtmfb:un

an= to sell sth at + moneyto buy sth for + money = TijGVI1kgtmfb:unan

5. He swore from dawn{

Prep

till .nighttheintofar

PhraseADV

444 3444 21.

Kat;eCrRbeTctaMgBIRBlwmrhUtdl;yb;eRCA .Dawn = RBlwmRsagtill far into the night = rhUtdl;yb;eRCA

6. He did not see her till43421

(ADV)NP

daysfewa 43421CaeKalADV

ago .

Kat;min)anCYbnageTrhUtdl;BIrbIfmunenHeTIb)anCYb ... not till + point in time = Tal;EteTIb..

7. He did not see her till a few days ago.

Kat;min)anCYbnagTal;EtBIrbIfmuneTIbCYb . bTal;EtBIrbIfmuneTIbKat;)anCYbnag .8. I was thinking

321

Prep

about 4444 34444 21

ClauseNoun/PhraseADV

mcumvent hihow to cir .

xJMkMBugKitfaetIRtUveKcBIKat;edayrebobNa .to circumvent = eKcevsBI Bn/ bBaa/ nrNamak;/>>>>.. thinking

321

Prep

about 44444 344444 21

Prep)of(ObjectntAbridgemeClauseNoun

himcircumventtohow .

.sayto whatknowtdon'

sayshouldwhatknowtdon'

ntAbridgemeClauseNoun

ClauseNoun

44 344 21

444 3444 21

I

.II

(manSubject I dUcKaeTIbGacbRBYj)an)

444444 3444444 21

OBJECT

not.orhousethebuyto

choos.to

problem.thesolveto

go.to

say.to

knowtdon'

eT.Gt;ijpHenHbfaetIRtUvTwhether

which

how

where

what

I


16/34

378. A clause can also be the object to a Preposition; as,

378. Clause kCakmbTrbs;Preposition Edr/ dUcCa1. Pay careful attention

{

Prep

to 4444 34444 21

)of(ObjectClauseNoun to

saytogoingamIwhat .

cUykcitTukdak;edayRbugRbytcMeBaHGVIEdlxJMnwgniyay .

Pay attention to : ykcitTukdak;

sthdoingto

Gerund/NounPay

+

+

2. There is no meaning{

epPr

in44 344 21

)of(ObjectClauseNoun in

sayyowhat .

Gt;mannyGVIesaHenAkgGVIEdlGkniyay .379. The object to a Preposition, when it is a relative pronoun, is sometimes omitted; as,

379. kmbTrbs;Preposition enAeBlEdlvaCaRelative Pronoun CYnkalRtUveKlubecal/ dUcCa/1. He is the man

444 3444 21

ClauseAdjective

forlookingwasI . [Here whomis understood.]

Kat;KWCamnusSEdlxJMkMBugrk . [enAkgXaenHwhomRtUveKlubecal.]{

.forlookingwasI(whom)mantheisHePrep

for

43421

ofObject

(Relative Pronoun Gaclubecal)anenAeBlEdlmantYnaTICaObject.)He is the man. I was looking for the man. (XaBIrminTan;bRBYjbBalCaXaEtmYy.)

2. These are the good rules43421

bRBYjClauseADJ

byliveto . [Here whichis understood.]

enHKWCac,ab;TMlab;dlEdleKGaceKarBtamedIm,IeKarBtam .[enAkgXaenHwhichRtUveKlubecal.]

to live by sth = rs;enAtam/ rs;RsbtamGVI1/ eKarBtam ]> c,ab;/ TMlab;/ eKalkarN_to live by the rule = rs;enAtamc,ab;TMlab;

He refuses to live by the rules othersbyset

CLAUSEADJ

4444 34444 21

Passive

Mrg;bRBYjmkBIT

.

Kat;bdiesFminRBmrs;enAtamc,ab;TMlab; Edldak;kMNt;edayGkdT .set = kMNt;to refuse to do sth = bdiesFminRBmeFVIGVI1


17/34

These are the good rules. You can live by the good rules.

enHKWCac,ab;TMlab;dl . GkGacrs;enARsbtamc,ab;TMlab;enH .

These are the good rules . You can live44 844 76

which

ulesthe good rby .

=> These are the good rules by which live.canyou

by 321

)Obj(

which live.to

liveto .by TaMgenH KWCac,ab;TMlab;dl EdleKGaceKarBtamedIm,IeKarBtam .

*** (Subject You (=people: eK) niyaysMedAeTArkmnusSTUeTA. dUecHenAeBl SubjectminniyaysMedAeTArkbuKlNaCak;lak;kgnyTUeTA eKGaclubecal.)***

enAeBleyIgelIkby

eTAcugXawhich

RtUveKlubecaledaysarvamantYnaTICaObject

.This is the knife. You can cut bread with the knife.

enH KWCakaMbit . GkGackat;nMbugedayeRbIkaMbitenH .

eg. This is the knife . You can cut bread48476

which

the knifewith .

=> This is the knife with which bread.cutcanyou

with 321

)Obj(

which bread.cutto

breadcutto .with

to drink tea froma cup = pwkEtedayeRbIEBgto cut sth witha knife = kat;GVI1edayeRbIkaMbitThis is a room to live in.

44444444 344444444 21

444 3444 214444 34444 21

PhrasenalPrepositio

ObjectP

PronounRelative

ClauseNoun

Adverb

)ing(Gerund

Pronoun

NounnPrepositio

+

+


18/34

380. Prepositions are very commonly used in composition with verbs, to from new verbs.Sometimes they are prefixed; as,

380. Preposition CaTUeTARtUv)aneKeRbIbUkpSMCamYyVerb edIm,IbegItCaVerb fI. CYnkalPreposition RtUveKeRbICaPrefix; dUcCa/

1. Outbid

to outbid = [fx


19/34

9. Withhold

to withhold (vt) = minpl;;]>karyl;RBm/ karGnuBaateg. to withhold ones content = minpl;karyl;RBm

10. Withstand

to withstand (vt) = Fn;nwg / GacTb;Tl;nwg

eg. The bunker is designed to withstanda nuclear blast.Rtg;eshwgRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedIm,IFn;nwgbedIm,IGacTb;Tl;nwgkarpHnuyekEGr .Bunker = Rtg;esFMto be designed to do sth = RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedIm,Ieg. The room is designed fora conference. bnb;enHRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedIm,IRbCMu.

More frequently Prepositions follow the verbs and remain separate; as,

jwkjab;CagenH Preposition KWQrenAxageRkayverb ehIyenAdac;edayELkBIKa/ dUcCa/follow = enAxageRkay

1. Boast of

{

ObjVerbPhrasal

sthofboastto43421

= niyayGYtGMBI

to boast sth = manemaTnPaBEdlmanGVI1

=(n)tsachievemen

mentsaccomplish smiTipl GVIEdlsMerc)an

He boasted ofhis accomplishments. Kat;niyayGYtGMBIsmiTiplrbs;Kat; .2. Laugh at

Everyone laughed athim. RKb;KaesIccMGkdak;Kat; .to laugh at = esIccMGk

3. Look forHe looked forhis watch everywhere.

Kat;rkemIlnaLikarbs;Kat;enARKb;TIkEng .to look for sth = rkGVI1CaBiessGVI1Edl)at;

4. Send for

Please send forRama. sUmR)ab;Rama [mkCYbpg .to send for sth = [eKdwkCBanykmk[ b mkdl;pH ]>TMnijEdlTij/ [eKykmk[


20/34

RELATIONS EXPRESSED BY PREPOSITIONS

( TMnak;TMngEdlbBaak;tamryPreposition )

381. The following are some of the most common relations indicated by Prepositions:--

381. xageRkamenH KWCaTMnak;TMngmYycMnYnenAkgcMeNamTMnak;TMngTUeTAbMputEdlbBaak;edayPreposition;

dUcCqa/ (1) Place; as,(1) TIkEng/ dUcCa/ [CaTMnak;TMngEdlPreposition bgajKWmannyfaTIkEng.]

1. Went

44 344 21

321

Placeof

worldthe

ADV

epPr

about .

eTARKb;TIkEngkgBiPBelak. b eFVIdMeNIredIrBaseBjBiPBelak .2. Ran acrossthe road. rt;qgpv .

to run across the road = rt;qgpv .3. Leaned againsta wall. EpkCBaaMg .

Hw lean against the wall. Kat;EpkeTACBaaMg .4. Fell amongthieve. Fak;cUleTAkgFak;xncUleTAkg cMeNamBYkecar .5. Quarrelled amongthemselves.

eQaHTas;ETgKag eQaHTas;ETgkgcMeNamBYkeK .to quarrel with sb = eQaHKaCamYysbto quarrel over sth = eQaHKaGMBIedaysarGVI1to quarrel among themselves = eQaHKag

6.Atdeaths door. Citsab; dl;ekagTVarmrN7.Athwartthe deck.

athwart = across / deck : karRkalnavakaNUtk)a:l;.l.8. Stood beforethe door. QrenAxagmuxTVar9. Stood behindthe curtain. QrenABIxageRkayvaMgnn10. Lies belowthe surface. enABIxageRkamp]>pTwk11. Sat besideme.

to sit besidesb = GgyEk,rCab;sb12. Plies betweenMumbai and Alibag. eFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgBIcenaHMumbai eTAAlibag.

to ply = eFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIg eFVIdMeNIreTAmk=eFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgeTAmkBIMumbai eTAAlibag ehIyBIAlibag eTAMumbai .s13. Stand byme.


21/34

to stand by sb = QrenAEk,r sb14. Rain comes from the clouds. ePgFak;mkBIdMuBBk .15. Inthe sky.

in the sky = enAelIemX16. Fell intoa ditch.

ditch = samePaH CaRKlukenAsgxagpv/ RKlukto fall intoa ditch = Fak;cUleTAkgfkTwkrWRKlukrWsamePaH

17.321

beto

=

Lies near his heart. enAEk,rRTUgebHdUgKat; .18. Kolkata is onthe Hooghly.

On eRbICamYydgpv/ CamYydgswg/ Ten>>>>eg. Phnom Penh is onthe Mekong River.

RkugPMeBj enAelIdgenAtamdg TenemKg.

19. The cliff hangs overthe sea. RcaMgPMenABIelIsmuRT .cliff = RcaMgPM cMeNaTPM

20. Tour roundthe world. kareFVIdMeNIrCMuvijBiPBelak .tour (n) = kareFVIdMeNIr ; to tour (v) = eFVIdMeNIr

21. March throughthe town. edIrdEgtamTIRkug .to march = edIrdEg / through = kat;tam

22. Came tothe end of the road. mkdl;cugpv .the end of the road = cugpv

23. Put pen topaper. dak;biuccuHelIRkdas .to put pen to paper (Expression) = to start to write : cab;epImsresr

24. Travelled towardsNasik. eFVIdMeNIreq lain = edk sitenAto lie > lied > lied = niyaykuhkto lay > lied > lain = dak; Tukto lay sth underthe table

26. Climbed upthe ladder. eLIgCeNIr .to climb up a ladder = eLIgkaMCeNIr Ladder = kaMCeNIr esI/ eQI


22/34

27. Lies uponthe table. enAelItu .28. Withinthe house. enAkgpH within = enAxagkg29. Stood withoutthe gate. QrenAxagekagTVarrbg .

(2) Time; as,

(2)

eBlevla/ dUcCa[Prepositional Phrase

R)ab;BIeBlevla]

1.Afterhis death. bnab;BIKat;sab;.2.Atan early date. kgeBlbriecTmYyy:agqab; .

date = kalbriecT

possibledateearlyanat

datepossibleearlyanat

= kgkalbriecTdqab;rhstamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an

possibledateearliestheat

datepossibleearliesttheat= kgkalbriecTdrhstamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an eRbITUeTACag

3. Arrived beforeme. mkdl;munxJM .4. Behindtime. (Expression) = Late : yWteBl5. Bythree oclock. RtwmminhYsBIem:ag36. Duringthe whole day. kgkMLgeBleBjmYyf.7. Formany years. Gs;ryeBlCaeRcInqaM

(Adverb of duration eRbICamYyPresent Perfect.)8. From1stApril. BIfTI1Exemsa .9. Inthe afternoon.

PART OF THE DAY eRbICamYyINInthe morning.Inthe afternoon.Inthe evening.

enAeBlmanAdjective bMeBjny[IN RtUvdUreTACa ON

On43421

ADJ

Sunday morning.

Onthe morning444 3444 21

morningPhrasePrep

bMeBjny[3Mayof .

On a{

adj

cold morning.

a dak;edaysarvaminc,as;la;mindwgCaRBwkNamYy .


23/34

OnSunday night.

On thenight

dak;the mkBImaneBlevlaCak;lak;(Noun + of Phrase eRbICamYy article THE.

10. Sat watching for on intothe night.

GgyemIlTal;Etdl;yb;eRCA .froming-verb

standto

sitto++

eg. to sit watching TV = GgyemIlTUrTsSn_For into the night (Expression) = late into the night : dl;yb;eRCAON (adv) = bn

11. Lived under the Moghuls.

to live under= rs;enAeRkam

Under Pol Pot = eRkamrbbb:ulBtto live under the Monghuls = rs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkm:ugehal .

12. On Monday.eg. In + month; In + year; In + season; At + hour.

13. Pendinghis return. kgeBlrg;caMkarvilRtLb;rbs;Kat; .Pending (prep) = (1) until: rhUtdl;

eg. Pending further orders : rhUtdl;manbTbBaaCafI(2) kgeBlrg;caM

eg. Pending his trail : kgeBlrg;caMkarkat;eTasKat;14. Sinceyesterday. cab;taMgBIfmSilmij .15. Lasted throughthe night. manryeBleBjmYyyb;.

to last (vt) = manryeBl eRbICab;)anThe meeting will last(for) three days. kicRbCMumanryeBlRbRBwteTA3f .This shirt will last3 years. GavenHnwgeRbICab;)an3qaM .He will not lastlong.

Kat;enAminyUreT Citsab;/ CiteTARsukvij/ CitFak;BIGMNac .through the night = eBjmYyyb;

16. Throughoutthe year. eBjmYyqaM mYyqaMeBj .throughoutmy life = eBjmYyCIvitrbs;xJMthroughouthis life = eBjmYyCIvittbs;Kat;


24/34

worldtheoverall

acroos

throughout

= BaseBjBiPBelak TUTaMgBiPBelak

throughout 2000 = kgryeBlmYyqaM2000eBjmYyqaM200017. Wait tilltomorrow. rg;caMrhUtdl;fEsk .18. Ten minutes totwelve. xVHdb;em:ag12 .19. Towardsevening. kgeBleq


25/34

This is a cup to drink tea from. enHKWCaEBgpwkEt .

(4) Manner; as,

(4) rebob / dUcCa/1. Dying byinches. Citsab;

He is dying. Kat;Citsab; Kat;kMBugEtdkcgaman; .byinches (adv) = xusEtbnicThe car missed me by inches. LanhwgebIkxusxJMEtbnic .

2. Fought withcourage. RbyuTedayGg;Gackahan.withcourage = edaykahan edayGg;Gackahan

3. Worked withearnestness. eFVIkaredaym:t;ct;withearnestness = courageously = edaym:t;ct;earnest (adj) / earnestly (adv) = with earnestness

4. Won withease. QHy:aggayRsYlwith ese = easily = edayRsYl y:aggayRsYl

(5) Cause, reason, purpose; as,

(5) mUlehtu/ eKalbMNg/ dUcCa1. Laboured forthe good of humanity. xitxMeFVIkaredIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;mnusSCati.

to labour = eFVIkargareFVIBlkmy:agxaMg/ (Fig.) = xitxMforthe good of = edIm,IesckIl edIm,IRbeyaCn_dl;

2. Died offever. sab;edaysarCMgWRKun .to die ofsth = sab;edaysarsthto die ofhunger/starvation = sab;edaysarkarGt;Xanto die of fever = sab;edaysarCMgWRKunto die fromwounds = sab;edaysarrbYs

death frombird flu = karsab;edaysarCmWpasaybkSI3. The very place fora picnic.kEnghwgehIysMrab;Picnic .

picnic = karedIrelgkMsaneTAjaMu)ayenAeRkApHThat is the verybook I want to buy.That is the verybook I am looking for.

This verymorning = RBwkenHEtmg4. Did it forour good. eFVIvaedIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;eyIg .


26/34

for sbs good = edIm,IRbeyaCn_b esckIlrbs;sbto do sth for sbs good = eFVIGVI1edIm,IesckIlb kuslsl;sbto do sth for the good of sb = eFVIGVI1edIm,IRbeyaCn_dl;sb

5. Suffered fromgout. ekItCMgWRbRKIvkac .

to suffer froma disease = ekItqgCmWgout = RbRKIvkac;

6. Died fromfatigue. sab;edaysarGs;kMlaMg .fatigue = karehvht;Gs;kMlaMg

7. Does it from perversity. eFVIvaedaysarEtcitcecs .do sth fromperversity = eFVIGVI1edaysarcitcecsmanHperverse (adj) = cecs / manH

8. Retired throughfear of an ambush.

dkfyedaysarxaccUlExSeRtomeKxackarBYnsak;vayRbharxaceKBYnsak;vayRbhar.to retire at (vi) = dkfy ]> kgTB

sthoffearfor

through= edaysarkarPyxacGVI1

ambush (vt) = BYnsak;vayRbhar dak;ExSeRtoman ambush (n) = karsak;vayRbhar

9. Concealed it throughshame.

to conceal (vt) = to hide, to cover up = biT)aMgshame (n) = karGam:as;throughshame = edaysarEtkarGam:as;

10. Lost his purse throughnegligence. )at;kabUbluyedaysarEtkareFVsRbEhs.through negligence= edaysarEtkareFVsRbEhspurse (n) = kabUbluy

11. Shivers withfever. jak;edaysarEtRKun .to shiver (vi) = jr bjak;edaysarRKun/ rgar

12. Took medicine forcold. elbfaMedaysarEtedIm,IBa)almanCmWpasay .to take medicine = elbfaM

(6) Possession; as,

(6) kmsiTi/ dUcCa


27/34

1. There was no money onhim. Kat;Gt;manluydab;tamxneT .

sb.onmoneynohaveTo

isThere= Gt;manluyCab;tamxn

Do youhave money onyou? etIGkgmanluyCab;tamxnxHeT?

.himonmoneynohadHe

wasThere

Kat;Gt;manluydab;tamxneT .Ihave no money onme. xJMGt;manCab;luytamxneT .Do you bring alongyour umbrella? etIGkmanykqRtmkCab;tamxneT?

onewithsthbringto

sthalongbringto= manykGVI1Cab;tamxn

Have you broughtyour umbrella withyou?

etIGkgmanykqRtmkCab;tamxneT?2. The mosque ofOmar.

mosque = viharGIusamtemple = viharsasnaRBHBuT

3. A man ofmeans. Gkman .means (n) = money, wealth

a man of means = a wealthy man = Gkman4. The boy withred hair. ekgRbugEdlmansk;BNRkhm.

(7). Measure, standard, rate, value; as,

(7). rgVas;/ sg;da/ GRta/ dUcCa/1. He charges interest atnine percent. Kat;ykkarR)ak;cMnYn9PaKry.

to charge interest = TarykkarR)ak;to charge = Tarf

2. Stories like these must be taken atwhat they are well.

erOgdUcCaerOgTaMgGs;enHRtUvEsVgyl;tamtMlrbs;va.3. Cloth is sold bythe yard. RkNat;RtUv)aneKlk;KitCaYard .

4. I am taller than you bytwo inches. xJMx


28/34


29/34

to do sth from gratitude = eFVIGVI1edaysarEtkardwgKuNmancitktBagratitude (n) = kardwgKuN ktBataFm

4. Light emanates fromthe sun. BnWecjmkBIRBHGaTit.

fromstemto

fromflowto

fromspringto

fromcometo

fromemanateto = = bNalmkBImkBI

5. Fromlabour health, from health contentment springs.

esckIrIkrayekItecjmkBIsuxPaB suxPaBekItecjmkBIkareFVIBlkm.Contentment springfromhealth, health (spring) fromlabour.

esckIrIkrayecjbNalmkBIsuxPaB/ suxPaBecjbNalmkBIkareFVIkargar.mansuxPaBmanesckIsb,ayrIkray/ eFVIkargarnaM[mansuxPaB.***enAkgPasaGg;eKskalNaeKeRbI Verb (Spring) dUcKaCaelIkTIBIr Verb (Spring)enaHRtUveKlubecal.=> Contentment springs from health, health from labour.

OR44 344 21

PhrasenalPrepositio

labourFrom (springs).springstcontentmen

.tcontentmensprings

VerbSubject

SubjectVerb

4342144 344 21

44 344 2143421

healthFromhealth,

eg. I have two books. My friend (has) two (books).=> I have two books my friend two.

karsresrEbbenH eKehAfa Ellipsis .

6. This is a quotation fromMilton. enHKWCasMdIdkRsg;BIMilton.Quotation = esckIdkRsg; sMdIdkRsg;

7. His skill comes frompractice. CMnajrbs;Kat;KW)anmkBIGnuvt.Note.It will be seen that the same preposition, according to the way in which it is used,

would have its place under several heads.

sMKal;>-dUc)aneXIjRsab;ehIyfa Preposition EtmYydEdl eyageTAtamrebobeRbIrbs;va vaGacmankEngrbs;vaenAkgcMNucCaeRcIn.

(*** Under several heads = mannyfa enAkgcMNucCaeRcInKWBIcMNucTI (1) Place, dl;cMNucTI(9) Inference, motive, source, or origin TaMgenHehAfaHead . bmannyfa CacMNg;eCIgFMdUcmanenAkgcMNucTI (1) Place CaedIm.

382. The following Prepositions requirespecial notices:--

382. Preposition xageRkamenHTamTar[mankarkt;sMKal;CaBIess-(1)We can use inor atwith the name of cities, towns or villages. In most cases inis used.

We use inwhen we are talking about a place as an area; we use atwhen we see it as a point.


30/34

(1) eyIgGaceRbIPreposition in b at CamYyeQaHTIRkug b PUmi. enAkgkrNICaeRcIneKeRbI in .enAkgkrNICaeRcIn eKeRbI in . eyIgeRbI in enAeBlEdleyIgniyayGMBITIkEngmYy faCatMbn;mYy/ ehIyeyIgeRbIatenAeBlEdleyIgemIl eXIjTIkEngenaH faCacMNucmYy .

1. We stayed inMumbai for five days. eyIgsak;enAMumbai ryeBl5f.

2. Our plane stopped atMumbai on the way to Iran. (Mumbai = Mumbai Airport)ynehaHrbs;eyIgQb;sMuctenAMumbai kgdMeNIreq>>>>from. =kgdMeNIreq>>>>>>>back from. =kgdMeNIrRtLb;mkBI>>>>>>>>

3. How long have you lived inthis village?

etIGkrs;enAkgPUmienHGs;ryeBlyUrb:uNaehIy?

New York.towaytheonisHe

waytheonisHe= Kat;kMBugeFVIdMeNIreTANew York .

(2)We use atto talk about group activities and shops/workplaces.

(2) eyIgeRbI Preposition at edIm,IniyayGMBIskmPaB/ niyayBIhaglk;dUr b niyayGMBIkEngeFVIkar .

1. Did you see Shobha atthe party?

etIGkman)aneXIjShobha enAkgBiFICb;elogeT?(Party KWCaGroup activities: skmPaBmnusSCaRkum)2. There werent many people at the meeting?

minmanmnusSeRcInb:unaneTenAkgkarRbCMu?3. I saw him at .

shopsbaker'the

sbaker'the43421

=

eg. I went to43421

housesuncle'my

suncle'my

=

last night.

(3)We use inwith the names of streets and atwhen we give the house-number.

(3) eyIgeRbI Preposition in CamYyeQ

aHpv ehIyeyIgeRbI Preposition at enAeBleyIgR)ab;elxpH .

He lives inChurch Street. Kat;rs;enApvChurch Street .He lives at 45 Church Street. Kat;rs;enApHelx45 pvChur Street .

(4)We use onwhen we think of a place as a surface.

(4) eyIgeRbIPreposition onenAeBlEdleyIgKitfa kEngNamYyCap.


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to think of sthas sth = KitfaGVI1CaGVI1 cat;Tuk GVI1 faCa GVI1Sthis though of as sth

1. The dog is lying onthe floor. EqedkenAelIkMral\d.Floor cat;TukdUcCaSurface .

2. Put this picture onthe wall.

cUrdak;rUbenHenAelICBaaMg .(5) Tillis used of timeand tois used of place; as,(5) Till RtUv)aneKeRbIniyayGMBIeBlevla ehIyto RtUv)aneKeRbIniyayGMBITIkEng/ dUcCa/

1. He slept tilleight oclock. Kat;edkrhUtdl;em:ag 8 .2. He walked tothe end of the street. Kat;edIrsMedAeTAcugpv .

(6) Withoften denotes the instrumentand bythe agent; as,

(6) WithCajwkjab;vabBaak;GMBI]bkrN_ehIyby bBaak;BIGkeFVIGMeBI/ dUcCa/1. He killed two birds withone shot. Kat;sMlab;stVBIreday)aj;EtmYyRKab;.

shot = kar)aj; / one shot = )aj;mYyRKab;2. He was stabbed bya lunatic witha dagger.

Kat;RtUv)anmnusSqtmak;cak;nwgkaMbit.to stab = cak;nwgkaMbitlunatic = mnusSqtdagger = kaMbit TahanGaemrikkaMg

(7) Sinceis used before a noun or phrase denoting some pointof time, and is preceded bya verb in the perfecttense; as,

(7) Since RtUv)aneKeRbIenAxagmuxnam b kkenSamBakmYyEdlsMKal;cMNuceBlevlaNamYyehIyRtUv)annaMmuxedayVerb enAkgkalPerfect; dUcCa/

1. I have eaten nothing sinceyesterday.

xJMGt;manjaMuGVIesaHtaMgBIfmSilmij .2. He has been ill sinceMonday last.

Kat;QWtaMgBIfcnmunemH .3. I have not been smoking sincelast week.

xJMxanCk;)arItaMgBIGaTitmunmk .

(8) Inbefore a noun denoting a period of time, means at the end of; withinmeans beforethe end of; as,

(8) In eRbIenAxagmuxnamEdlsMKal;BIeBlevla/ mannyfa enAcugbBab;n/ withing mannyfamuncugbBab;n/ dUcCa/

1. I shall return inan hour. Tal;EtRKb;mYyem:ageTIbmk.xJMnwgRtLb;mkvijkgeBlmYyem:ageTot .2. I shall return withinan hour. kgeBlmYyem:agmkeBlNak)an.


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xJMnwgRtLb;mkvijkgrgVg;eBlmYyem:ageTot .(9) Besidemeans at (or by) the side of, while besides means in addition to; as,

(9) Beside mannyfa enAEk,rcMENkbesides mannyfa eRkABI/ dUcCa/1.

{{

.VerbSubjectPhrasenalPrepositio

layhericeungatheredthe4444 34444 21

Beside Kat;enAEk,rRsUvEdlminTan;RbmUl.

OR { 4444 34444 21321

PhrasenalPrepositioVerbSubjectriceungatheredthelayHe beside .

Ungathered rice = RsUvEdlminTan;RbmUlTukdak;2. Besideshis children, there were present

4444 34444 21

Noun

nircesandnephewshis .

eRkABIkUnrbs;Kat;kyRbugnigkyRsIrbs;Kat;kmanvtmanenATIenaHEdr .

321

ADV

there 321

Verb

were 43421

ADJ

present 44 344 21

Subject

nephewshis .

44 344 21

Subject

nephewshis 321

Verb

were 43421

ADJ

present 321

ADV

there .

3. Besidesbeing fines, he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment.

eRkABIRtUveKpak Kat;RtUveKkat;eTas[Cab;Kuk .to fine sb for sth = pakBinysb BIbTGVI1to fine sb + money + for sth = pakBinysb cMnYn b:unan BIbTGVI1to sentence (vt) = kat;eTas dak;eTasto sentence sb to sthto sentence sb to death =

to sentence sb to death = kat;eTassb RbharCIvit

ntimprisonmeyears'5

prisoninyears5

ntimprisonme

ADV

Sth

444 3444 21

321

bMeBjny[eRbICa

= kat;eTas[sb Cab;Kuk5 qaM

ntimprisonmelife

ADJ

modifierNoun

43421

eRbICa

= kat;eTassb dak;KukGs;mYyCIvit

a (5 years) term of imprisonment = kat;eTassb dak;KukmYyry to imprison (vt) = dak;Kuk

Sb was sentence to death = Sb RtUveKkat;eTasRbharCIvit .

Note.Be careful not to use besidefor besides.

cMNaM> cUrRbytkareRbIbeside nig besides .


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PREPOSITIONS WITH FORMS OF TRANSPORT

( Preposition EdleRbICamYykardwkCBan )383. We use by+ noun when we talk about means of transport. We do not use theor a/an

before the noun.

383. eyIgeRbI Preposition by bUk Noun enAeBledleyIgniyayGMBImeFa)ayeFVIdMeNIr .

eyIgGt;eRbIthe

bka/an

enAxagmuxNoun

enaHeT .Means of transport = meFa)aydwkCBanmeFa)ayeFVIdMeNIr

1. We traveled bytransport. (not: by the/atrain)

eyIgeFVIdMeNIredayCiHrfePIg .2. We say by bicycle by car/ taxi/bus/train, by boat/ ship/ plane, by air/sea.

eyIgniyayfa edayCiHkg; edayCiHLan edayCiHtak;sIu edayCiHLanRkug edayCiHrfePIg edayCiHTUk edayCiHk)a:l; edayCiHynehaH edayCiHTUk/k)a:l;/kaNUt .

by car NOT: cara

theby

I arrive here in his car. xJMmkTIenHedayCiHLanKat;.We do not use bywhen the reference is to a specific bicycle, car, train, etc.

eyIgGt;eRbI Preposition by eTenAeBlEdlkarniyaysMedAeTArkkg;/ Lan/ rfePIg.l.Cak;lak;NamYy.

reference (n) = karniyaysMedAeTArk1. Suresh went there on my bike. (not: by my bike)

Suresh eTATIenaHedayCiHkg;xJM.on my bike= edayCiHkg;xJM

He went there by bicycle.on my bicycle.

eyIgeRbIon edaysareyIgsMedAkg;BiessNamYyehIyBiessedaysarmy .

He went there by taxi. Kat;eTATIenaHedasarCiHtak;sIu.in a yellow taxi. Kat;eTATIenaHedayCiHtak;sIuBNelOgmYy .

2. We traveled in Mr. Joshis car. (not: by Mr. Joshi car)

3. They came in a taxi.BYkeKmkedayCiHtak;sIumYy .

Ill go on by bus. on the 7.30 bus.

on (Article/Adj) bicycle. bus.

We use onto mean a specific bicycle, bus, train, ship or plane, and in to mean a specificcar, taxi, van, lorry or ambulance.


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eyIgeRbIPreposition on niyaysMedAeTArkkg;/ eTArkLanRkug/ rfePIg/ nava b ynehaH ehIyeyIgeRbIPreposition inenAeBlEdleyIgniyaysMedAeTArkcar, taxi, van, lorry bLaneBT .

ON (Article/ADJ) + NOUNWe say on foot(not by foot).

He goes to the office on foot. ( = He walks to the office.)

Kat;edIreTAeFVIkar . KareTAeFVIkaredayedIr b ef

IreCIg .

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