One hero for two cultures :

SaladinLab in Heritage Interpretationprof. Claudio Visentin

Anaa SaleemElnara MehdiyevaElnara Huseynova

I. IntroductionII. Brief history• Ayyubid Dynasty• Saladin & Crusaders III. Popularity between

cultures• Islamic/Arabic world• Western perspectiveIV. Saladin & TourismV. Discussion

Table of Content

SALADIN

Saladin is well known to be one of the most famous Muslim military heroes & one of the greatest Kings in the world. In the late 12th century he succeeded in unifying various parts of the Middle East and Mesopotamia & in overtaking the early Crusades army through a combination of shrewd diplomacy and decisive attacks.

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Saladin ‘s BackgroundName: Yousif Ayoub Abu Al-Mouthafar. Known in Arabic (Salah ad Dien Al-Ayoubi)Originally from: KurdistanPlace and Date of Birth: Tikrit, Iraq - 1138 Religion: MuslimDescriptive Epithet: Saladin means (Righteousness

of the Faith) & Al-Malik Al-Nasir (Victorious King)He created: The Ayyubid Dynasty from 1174 to

1341; situated today in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Israel & Turkey

Death: 1193, Damascus at the age of 55/56

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Brief History • In 1163 the King of Levant (Nour

Al-Din Zengy) sent an army led by (Asad Al-Din Shrikuh) to Egypt in a response of a help call from the Minister of Egypt to aid the State’s domestic problems. Saladin went to Egypt too with the Levant’s army

• By the time Asad Al-Din Shrikuh became the Minister of Egypt and after his death Saladin took his place

• In 1171 he became the Governor of Egypt historyintroduction

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Brief History

•In 1174 Saladin became the Governor of Hijaz & Yemen (parts of what is known as the Arabian Peninsula)•After Nour Al-Din Zengy’s death in the same year - the Governor of Levant unification of his dynasty with the governors in the Turkish lands and in the west of Iraq

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Ayyubid Dynasty

Ayyubid Dynasty in his era:The Political Situation:Unified Muslim countriesUnified Jerusalem to Muslim LandsSaladin gained the respect from Crusade kings

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Social Situation:The construction & architecture have been

developed The building of new facilities : schools &

mosques The enhancement of the art of poems &

poetry

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Economic situation: More active trading between Egypt and Levant More energy on the agricultural side These continuous wars caused Economic crisis,

Starvation and Poverty two parties to make the truces

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Religious Situation:More Islamic writings were published Saladin was deeply attached to the Islamic

Religion

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Saladin & the Crusaders Crusade’s Background History:

The Crusader’s military was composed of Roman Catholics from all over Western Europe. It was launched in response to a call from the leaders of the Byzantine Empire (the eastern Roman Orthodox Empire) & its capital city was Constantinople (Istanbul now) to fight against the expansion of Muslim countries in order to protect Christian Pilgrimage in Jerusalem, moreover expand their Empire in the east

The Crusades in the Muslims East were from 1096 to 1291

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Catholic Kingdom established in the Levant in 1099

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Saladin and the Crusaders

In 1180 Saladin accomplished a truce with King Baldwin IV (King of Jerusalem) that contained the free passing and trading borders between the two parties - the Muslims & the Christians, after a long series of battles between the two sides upon The Levant area

In1182 several wars took place between the two parties

In1187 the Muslim lands had faced a conquest by the Crusaders; they crowned themselves to be Kings and Princes to those lands, this led to the need of a battle to release the land & stop harassing the Muslim caravans

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July 4th 1187 Battle of Hattin, held on Hattin Hills, Palestine

Duration 7 hours: the Muslim army -25.000

the Crusade’s - 63.000

• ended by the Muslim’s victory & the capture of (Guy of Lusignan) King of The Crusader State of Jerusalem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan

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On September 20th 1187 Saladin took back Jerusalem to the Muslims Lands. He treated the Crusaders there with mercy as he didn’t kill anyone & gave them time to go back to Europe again in 40 days with paying a Tribute of 10 Dinar for every man, 5 Dinar for every woman, and 1 Dinar for every child.

3rd Crusade Army to Jerusalem, led by Richard Lion Heart (King of England) & Philip Augustus (King of France)

September 7th 1191 Battle of Arsuf : the Crusade’s victory but they couldn’t enter Jerusalem

Until June 1192 Saladin & Richard signed a new truce: “Jerusalem stays under Muslims Lands & it allowed Christians to practice their pilgrimage”

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Saladin and the Crusaders

شاهد ) خير لي ليكون به حاربت الذي سيفي معي ادفنواالقيامة (يوم

“Bury with me my sword, for it to bear good witness for me on the Day of Judgment”.

اعزنا ) و بالمسلمين االسالم نصر الذي لله الحمد(باالسالم “Praise is to God, for he brought victory to Islam through the faithful and was benevolent to Muslims”.

Saladin’s 2 popular says:

Saladin’s Death

died on the 4th of March 1193 at the age of 55/ 56

buried in Azizia School near The Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria

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SALADIN IN THE ISLAMIC / ARABIC WORLD

Saladin is one of the miracles of Islam impressiveThe Hero who gave Jerusalem its freedomHumble King they found only a few boxes in his cupboard after his death Victorious King stabilized country conditions of EgyptDiplomacy and Nobel Leader his forgiveness & mercy were shown when he treated the captives gently and allowed them to get their freedom by paying a Tribute after taking back Jerusalem

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Sophisticated Leader he developed the country in a sophisticated way to reach its peak at that eraLoyal he was known for keeping his promises and truces with the Crusades, one of the reasons why he gained their King’s respect like (Richard the Lionheart)One of the most generous rulers in the Islamic worldMercy and support of the vulnerable peopleSelf Confident, Brave, Passion, Fair, Courage, Gallant Knight

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SALADIN IN THE ISLAMIC / ARABIC WORLD

Saladin’ s Popularity between CulturesThe remarkable popularity among

the leaders of the world even after his death

In 1898 Wilhelm ll (Guillaume II) last German Emperor and the king of Prussia gave the Ottoman Sultan (Abdul Hamid) a coffin made of Onyx Marble in the honor of the respected Saladin

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Saladin’ s Popularity between Culturesthe Millennium Issue of Times Magazine (December 31, 1999)

dedicated a full page for an artist's image of Saladin: "When Dante Alighieri compiled his great medieval Who's Who of heroes and villains in the Divine Comedy, among the highest a non-Christian could climb was Limbo, Homer, Caesar, Plato and Dante's guide Vergil. But, perhaps what should not be most surprising in his catalog of 'Great Hearted Souls' was a figure 'solitary, set apart, “that figure was Saladin”. When Dante - the most Christ-centered verse ever penned-wrote lionizing his name, Saladin had been dead for one hundred years." This solitary figure in Dante's Divine Comedy stands today as it did in the past as a testament to his extraordinary stature.

some Christians thought that "Saladin had European blood in his veins, and was a Christian knight at heart

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I. Prevention of Christian bloodbath “After capturing Jerusalem in 1187, Saladin's civilized act in

signing the peace treaty & saving Christian blood was indeed a pious act. He not only spared the lives of 100,000 Christians, but also guaranteed their safe departure along with their property and belongings. They were given forty days to prepare for departure”

II. Releasing prisoners who were not able to pay their ransom“Part of the condition of the surrender of Jerusalem, was that each Christian pays her or his ransom. Thousands of Christians, mainly women, were not able to pay their ransom. To save them from slavery, al-Adel, Saladin's brother, Geukburi, Saladin's brother-in law and Saladin himself, instead paid their ransom out of their own pockets.This act was done in spite of the fact that some rich Christians such as the Patriarch, Heraclius and Madame la Patriarchesse of Jerusalem had so much wealth that they had currency by the load”

A Legendary Figure in the Western World

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III. Beyond justice “During the forty days respite that was given to the

Westerners to leave Jerusalem, several Christian women approached Saladin stating that their guardians (husbands, fathers or sons) had been missing. They explained to Saladin that they had no one to look after them, nor did they have any shelter. He ordered his soldiers to find their missing guardians, and that for those of them whose guardian was determined dead, they should be given a liberal compensation”

IV. "Victory is changing the hearts of your opponents by gentleness and kindness."- Saladin“ In September 1192, during the siege of Acre, king Richard the Lionheart gained a lasting respect for Saladin. When Richard fell sick, Saladin sent him his own physician to treat him. Along with this health care, he frequently sent him ice to cool down his fever and plum fruits that were necessary for his recovery”

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V. A pure chivalric romance “During an offense made by King Richard against a Muslim squadron under Saladin's son al Zaher, King Richard's horse was killed and the King of England was down on the ground. Observing this scene, Saladin sent him two remounts so that he would not be at a disadvantage”

VI. Recovery of a snatched child “During the siege of Acre, a Christian woman came to Saladin's camp weeping and wailing insisting that her child was snatched away by his soldiers. He himself returned the child to his mother and had them mount on the back of a mare to be returned safely to their camp”historyintroducti

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VII. Romance in the freedom of religion“Through an interpreter, Saladin used to communicate with virtually all the prisoners of war. During the siege of Acre several soldiers were captured. Among them was an old man who was so old that he was toothless and could hardly walk. Saladin questioned him as to why he was there. The old man said that he had no thought but to make a pilgrimage to the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem. Having heard this Saladin provided a horse for him and ordered that he be escorted to Jerusalem to fulfill his worship dream”

VIII. Mischief is not tolerated“Among the captures in the battle of Hettin were Crusade leaders such as King Guy of Jerusalem, Raymond of Syden, and Raymond of Chatillon. King Guy and Raymond of Syden were released and escorted to safety, but Raymond of Chatillon of the Kerak Castle who had often ambushed emissaries, pilgrim and merchant caravans, burned crops and destroyed fruit trees and vegetation was not spared. Before his execution, however, Saladin gave him the chance to become a Muslim and repent, but he refused”

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• The French historian Rene Grousse described Saladin saying: “…It is equally true that his generosity, his piety, devoid of fanaticism, that flower of liberality and courtesy which had been the model of our old chroniclers, won him no less popularity in Frankish Syria than in the lands of Islam’’.

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Saladin as a character has appeared in many movies & series. For example : the Arabic movie ( Al Nassir Saladin) and the English movie (Kingdom of Heaven)

The epics poems and novels have been written about him in both languages Arabic and English such as The Talisman ( Tales of Crusaders) in 1825

Documentary Movie Kingdom of Heaven

Movies & Literature

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Saladin and

Tourism

Azizia School located in Damascus, Syria graves of the heroes Saladin and Nour

Al-Din Zengy nearby the Umayyad Mosque - the

Grand Mosque of Damascus is one of the largest, oldest and holiest mosques in the world

it holds a tomb which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist

Syria

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Statue of Saladin

• built in 1993, by architect Abdallah al-Sayed

located far away from his burial site, precisely next to the historical citadel of Damascus

shows Saladin atop his horse with his soldiers protecting him on all sides

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ArchitectureCitadel of Saladin(Cairo), which is known as

(Mohammed Ali castle) today. Saladin started to build this castle but he died before its completion

the citadel contains the fourteenth century hypostyle al-Nasir Mohamed mosque and the Suleyman Pasha Mosque

• Saladin Castle (Cairo)today known as Mohammed Ali castleSaladin started to build this castle but he died before its completionthe Castle contains al-Nasir Mohamed & the Suleyman Pasha Mosques

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Saladin Castle (Taba) located in Pharaoh Island in The Red Sea ,Taba, Egypt built by The Crusade’s & later named after Saladin the island is surrounded by amazing coral reefs

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JordanBaqoura Villageonly Local city and not open for tourists the city is where Saladin’s army got ready for Hattin Battle

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Ajlun Castle stands upon Auf

Mountain near Ajloun, Northern Jordan

Saladin ordered his assistance to build this castle to prevent Crusader expansions.

a view of The Ajlun Mountains, the Dead Sea & Palestine

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the Castle of Kerak

located in Kerak, Jordan a large Crusader castle

built in 1142controlled by Ayyubid

after the capture of Jerusalem

museums inside & it is open touristic place

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Places Saladin Castle (Cairo)

Castle of Kerak

Umayyad Mosque

Ajlun castle

Saladin Castle (Taba)

Excellent 78 7 29 3 3

Very good 43 22 3 4 3

Average 14 10 0 1 0

Poor 1 0 0 0 0

Terrible 0 0 0 0 0

Total 136 39 32 8 6

’’…one of the most beautiful mosques of the city. The area offers a perfect view.

A must-see for all tourists”“… the most amazing part of Cairo, the Islamic art through history and the

amazing architecture”Saladin Castle (Cairo)

“There are many medieval castles jotted about Europe all with wonderful history attached but you will be hard pressed to find a place that tops this one. A much underrated gem I believe which gets overlooked…”

The Castle of Kerak “Not every day you have a chance to stand in one country and to be able

to look at 3 other countries. That's how I felt when I visited the Castle for the first time. Israel Jordon and Saudi is few hundred meters away “

Saladin Castle (Taba)“This is a very huge historical place just stay and think and take picture, very

very exciting and peaceful...you dont want to say goodbye... Its history is unique with roman and Christian influences”

Umayyad mosque“I really enjoyed wandering in the labyrinth-like castle, in the mysterious

lights, climb in the top and see a full panorama of Tuscany-like landscape”Ajlun Castle

Tourists’ Reviews

Discussion

Can we really consider Saladin as the greatest king in the world as he showed his power and control in a diplomatic way?

Does the world need a leader such as Saladin who spread peace between religions?

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If the Saladin Itinerary was created would it have the success?

1. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre2. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land . Thomas E. Levy Chapter 29 Settlement and Society formation in Crusader Palestine.Chapter 30 Between Cairo and Damascus: Rural Life and urban Economics in the holy Land during the Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman Periods.3. http://books.google.ch/books?id=-etsKv-

4V2oC&pg=PA512&lpg=PA512&dq=Crusader+and+Ayyubid+Period&source=bl&ots=tGa1idq2gi&sig=S80rjDc2Alq-zfszmQOtWBLRkHg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UtmKT-KLOYmdOvCz5cIJ&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Crusader%20and%20Ayyubid%20Period&f=false

4. Saladin and the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. STANLEY LANE.. Chapter V Saladin's Youth: 1138-1164

5. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11317040 Ibn Katheer. Al-Bedaya wa Al-Nehaya (the begging and the end of history) Book , part 8, 574 AH time.6. http://archive.org/details/alhelawy07 Ibn Al-atheer. Al-Kamel fe Al-tarekh (the complete history) Book 12, edition 3. Saladin7. http://www.islamicbook.ws/tarekh/alkaml-032.html Baha’a Al-Din Bin Shadad. Seyrat Salah Al-Din (Saladin story).8. http://www.maktbtna2211.com/book/1587 9. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/primarysourcesthirdcrusade.html10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajlun_Castle13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel

References

14. http://www.egypt4tours.net/ar/article.php?id=108#.T52CiIHQTQs15. http://itlalala.blogspot.com/2008/02/blog-post_6659.html 16. George Jabour article, Intellectual symposium at the Library of Bashar Al-Asad, Damascus, Syria. http://www.discover-syria.com/news/735 17. http://www.islamic-study.org/saladin_(salahu_ad-deen).htm The Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies in California, USA18. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/damascus-umayyad-mosque19. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294011-d561047-Reviews-Umayyad_Mosque-Damascus.html20. http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g297557-d1559503-Reviews-Salah_El_Din_s_Castle-Taba_Red_Sea_and_Sinai.html21. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294201-d553171-Reviews-or10-Mohamed_Ali_Mosque_Citadel_of_Saladin-Cairo.html#REVIEWS22. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1396864-d555314-Reviews-Ajlun_Castle_Qala_at_ar_Rabad-Ajlun_Ajlun_Governorate.html23. http://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g293987-d555747-Reviews-Kerak_Castle-Dead_Sea_Region.html