Safety Topic 1_Introduction to Safety.pdf

7/25/2019 Safety Topic 1_Introduction to Safety.pdf

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Introduction to

Occupational Safety and

Health

Mjema, E.A.M


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International Labour

Organisation Statistics

Every three minutes a worker

somewhere in the world dies from an

occupational accident or from anoccupational disease.

Every second at least three injuries

are caused worldwide by anoccupational accident.


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Key Trend

Data on occurrence of occupationalaccidents in the industrialized

countries shows that there has been asignificant reduction in the absolutenumber of fatal accidents and in thedeath rate per 100,000 workers while

the number of injuries resulting fromoccupational accidents has notdecreased significantly.


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Reasons for the Decline

in Fatalities

Growing awareness of matters of safetyand health among workers andmanagement.

Safer machinery and equipment are beingused.

Hazardous jobs have been eliminated byincreased mechanisation and automation

and

New legislation has imposed strictersafety requirements for machinery andequipment.


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The Safety Situation in

the Developing

Countries

The rate of fatal occupational accidents is

several timeshigher than in industrialized

countries, and

The sectoral pattern of the occurrence of

fatal accidents is the same as in

industrialized countries with higher ratesin the construction and in the mining

industry than in the manufacturing sector.


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Reasons for the Poor

Situation in Developing

Countries

Serious lack of safety awareness amongmanagement and workers.

Much of the machinery and equipment isnot fitted with the proper safety guards

Lack of personal protective equipment.

Poor housekeeping and

There is a vast informal sector where theyoung, least skilled and least experiencedare employed and exposed to hazardous

working conditions.


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The Cost of Accidents

Direct costs include the salaries paid toinjured workers during their absence fromwork, the costs for medical treatment andany compensation to which an injuredworker is entitled because of the loss ofhis earning capacity.

In Tanzania, the Workmen's CompensationOrdinance (Cap.263), which wasintroduced in 1949 (and since thenamended several times), rules for suchcompensation.


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During temporary incapacity (i.e. absencefrom work), after an accident 50 per centof the salary is to be compensated butmost employers continue to pay the fullsalary, especially to their permanent staff.

In the case of full permanent incapacitythe compensation is 54 monthly earningswith a maximum of Tshs. 108,000/= (in1985).


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The indirect costswhich are more difficultto estimate include the costs for time lost(i.e. the costs for idle machinery includingoverhead costs and the value of lost

production) by the injured worker andother personnel, the damage to machinerytools and other equipment and anyincidental costs because of interferencewith normal operations.

Indirect costs are several timesas high asthe direct costs; factors of between 2 and4 have been mentioned.


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Safety Awareness and

Accident Prevention

Efforts

On an international level by theInternational Labour Organisation

On the national level by Governmentagencies, professional associations,safety councils and educationalinstitutions

Within factories (or other businessentities) through the commitment ofmanagement and the involvement of theworkers and their representative


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Main Definitions

Accidentis an unplanned and undesirableevent that interrupts an intended ongoingactivity and that may resul t in in jury orproperty damage.

Hazardis a condition with the potential ofcausing injury to personnel, damage toequipment or structures, loss of material,or lessening of ability to perform a

prescribed function. Danger express a relative exposure to a

hazard. A hazard may be present, butthere may be little danger because of

precautions taken.


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Main Definitions

Damage is the severity of injury orphysical, functional or monetary loss thatcould result if control of a hazard is lost.

Risk is indicated by the probability of an

accident times the damage in moneyterms, lives, or operating units.

Safety is "freedom from hazards".However, it is practically impossible to

completely eliminate all hazards. Safety istherefore a matter of relative protectionfrom exposure to hazards


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Man-Machine System

Why and how do accidents occur?

What real goes wrong and lead to

accidents?

Understanding of man-machine

system interaction can help respond

to these questions


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Man-Machine System

Man

Machine

detect signalprocess

informationdecides

responds

display signal

operates

receivesresponse


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Man-machine System

An accident-free flow willbeachieved, if the loop is not disturbed.

A disturbance of the loop, which canresult in an accident, can be caused

either by human failure or by machine

failure.


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Man-machine System

The proper functioning of the loop depends on

the following working conditions: the workplace: the conditions of machines,

equipment, tools, and work methods

the worker: her/his education, training,

attitude and experience the inputs: materials, energy

the outputs: semi-finished goods, finalproducts, by-products, waste

the environment: climatic conditions (heat,noise, dust, illumination) and social factors(condition and terms of employment, relations

between worker and supervisor orcolleagues)


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Accidents due to Unsafe

Acts vs. Unsafe

Conditions

In a study of 75,000 accidents, it

was established the muchquoted 88:10:2 ratio, meaningthat out 100 accidents 88 werecaused by unsafe acts, ten byunsafe conditions while twowere due to conditions whichcould not have been prevented.


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HAZARD ANALYIS


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Hazard Classification

Mechanical hazards- sliding motions of

machines, rotating parts, run-in or nip points,rolling objects, impacts by flying objects,sharp corners, poorly finished surfaces, etc.

Electrical hazards- static electricity, bare

electrical installations, high tension andvoltages cables.

Chemical hazards- fire, explosion,corrosion, contamination by toxic substances,

etc. Physical hazards- air pollution, climate,

illumination, noise and vibration, radiation


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Hazard Classification

Biological hazards- virus, bacteria, fungi,

contagious diseases Physiological hazards- Physically heavy

work load, unsuitable tools and equipment,unsuitable working methods

Psychical and social hazards-Unsatisfactory workplace and workingenvironment, personal problems, familyproblems, problem working with colleague,

etc.


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Job Safety Analysis Job Safety Analysis (JSA), is applied to

make the job safer and to preventaccidents.

JSA deals with a particular job out of themany jobs in a unit, which is analysed by

asking a number of questions such as: Who performs the job? (Qualification requirement

for the performance of that particular job).

Which is the task of each worker? (Division ofwork).

Which tools and equipment are utilized to carryout the job?


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Job Safety Analysis

Which are the hazards inherent in thejob?

Which unsafe acts or conditions

could cause an accident?

How can a worker avoid risks?

Which is the PPE needed to be used

by the worker?


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Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is a method foridentification of risks in work systems.

In risk assessment the hazards of asystem are identified and the probability

of the occurrence of an accident and theexpected effects are assessed.

Hazards of the work system are identifiedusing JSA, and regarding the probability

of occurrence of accidents, it may besufficient to distinguish between low,medium and high probability.


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Risk Assessment

The emphasis of risk assessment ison identifying unsafe conditions andon setting priorities in hazard

control. Accidents which are rated with a low

probability of occurrence but whoseeffects are widespread with severeconsequences need particularattention because once they happenthey cam be catastrophic.


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Failure Mode and Effect

Analysis FMEA)

The basic idea of FMEA is to break down asystem into its components.

For each component the possible modesof failure are identified and their effects on

personnel, hardware and system aredescribed.

A further step in FMEA is to determine theprobability of failure and severity of failure

The probability of the occurrence of afailure can be rated based on existingrecords, calculated by a system analysisor estimated based on good judgment.


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HAZARD CONTROL


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The Possibilities of

Hazard Control

Control Through

Element Hazard Man Effectiveness

Elimination of the hazard - x

Removal of man from the

exposure to the hazard

x -

Isolation of the hazard x x

Protection of man x x least effective

Most effective


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The Human Factor

One of the most importantfactors in the cause of

accidents and in theirprevention is the attitude ofthe worker, which is referredto as the "human factor" inoccupational safety.


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Attitudes Towards Safety

WHY DO WORKERS DO A JOB

IN AN UNSAFE WAY WHEN

THEY COULD DO IT IN A

SAFE WAY?

The unsafe way is seen as easier, lesstroublesome and even safer

The unsafe way is seen as the best one

Unaware of the safe working practice

Safety precautions may be considered tobe unnecessary constraints,

Bravadodangerous show of bravery


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General Attitude of

Workers: External Locus of

Control

In Tanzania, workers are often

unaware of the possibilities of

accident prevention and consideraccidents as unavoidable afflictions

that have to be suffered.

Much can be done to change thisattitude by placing suitable emphasis

on safety awareness and training.


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he Workers

Environment and

Frequency of Accidents

The worker's environment is animportant psychological factor to beconsidered in occupational safety.

It has been observed that thefrequency of accidents is influencedby the general atmosphere


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What makes a Poor

Work Environment?

bad relations between employers and

workers

dissatisfaction of the workers withsalaries, working hours and working

conditions

poor industrial relations and care forthe workers' welfare


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What makes a Good

Work Environment?

Reasonable salaries

Good human relations

Good understanding betweenmanagement and labour

Correct decisions on questions ofpromotion, well-cared-for work-

places, good sanitary facilities andwelfare services


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Peace of mind is

another important

psychological factor in

occupational safety

It is not only dependent on

conditions at the workplace but on

living conditions outside the

company as well.


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Peace of mind

Living in inadequate housing andproblems in the family will adverselyinfluence a worker's attitude towards his

job what is likely to increase the rate of

accidents. Another factor is insecurity of

employment. When workers fear dismissalthey may well be in an unbalanced state of

mind which will make them more liable tohavean accident.


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Fatigue and Boredom

What is fatigue?

What Causes fatigue?

The degree of the influence of fatiguewill depend on the interest, which aworker takes in his job: fatigue will befelt less by a worker who is interested inhis work than by a worker who lacks thisinterest.


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Fatigue and Boredom

What is boredom? Refers to loosing interested on what one is

doing

It depends to a high degree on whether he

likes his work or not which is again influencedby the working environment

Elements, which will contribute to augmenthis interest in and satisfaction from his job,such as responsibility for the work,appreciation by management, being keptinformed about developments in thecompany, will also tend to decrease hisliability to accidents


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The Impact of Fatigue

and BoredomResearch has shown that the greater thefatigue and boredom, the greater the risk ofan accident.

Fatigue and boredom will reduce a worker'sattention and his speed of action as well asthe care, which he takes over his work.

Accidents are often not so much related tophysical fatigue as to the mental attitude


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Worker Experience and

Inexperience

The frequency of accidents among

newcomers is relatively high.

This may be explained by their lack ofexperience and by the fact that they are not

yet familiar with the working environment

and that their attention is distracted by the

many new impressions.


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Worker Experience and

Inexperience

The familiarity of experienced workerswith the working environment and withtheir job often has an adverse effect on

their accident rate as is shown by the highnumber of accidents on electric circuitswhich befall electricians.

Man tends to neglect safety measures and

to become careless if no seriousaccidents have happened for some time,assuming that there was less risk than hehad been told.


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Accident Proneness

Statistics show that certain workershave no accidents while others whoare exposed to the same risks haveseveral accidents during the sameperiod.

These latter ones are usually

described as "accident prone".


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Causes of Accident

Proneness

Influence of such person factors asdistraction, nervousness and taking risksout of bravado in order to show off.

A person's physical condition andpsychological factors.

Example: A person might not be aware ofa reduced faculty of sight or hearing and itis up to a medical examination to identifysuch handicaps and either correct them orsuggest a suitable alternative workplacefor the person concerned.


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Causes of Accident

Proneness

There are degrees of accident proneness that are

influenced by psychological factor while one

disadvantageous factor such as vanity may notparticularly dangerous

A combination of several such factors e.g. vanity,

carelessness, nervousness, probably will be more

dangerous. People who are aware of their predispositions can

do much to keep them under control


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Compliance with safety

and health standards


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Providing a hazard-free

working place

To provide a hazard-free working placemeans to consider safety and healthstandards when building a new plant or

when procuring new machines orequipment and to maintain these in a safeworking condition.

The best way to ensure compliance with

these standards is to consider themalready in the planning or evaluating stageof a project and not only as anafterthought when it has almost beencompleted.


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Advance safety

inspection

When a plant or a factory is to be built or extendedthe owner of the establishment can be required tosubmit the plans for the project to the competentauthority for the registration or approval.

When the plans have to be approved the authoritywill scrutinize them to ensure compliance withsafety and health standards.

Such an advancesafety inspection" is therefore aneffective means to provide a hazard-free workingplace later when the project will he implemented.


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Procurement of

Facilities

Machines and equipment must

comply with safety and health

standards These standards must be considered

when designing, constructing,

procuring and installing the facility.


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To consider safety

aspects in the design

stage means to

choose the appropriate materials;

choose the appropriate design;

observe the relevant standards andregulations;

choose appropriate colours and symbolsfor machine controls and displays and toarrange them for efficient and error-freeoperation.


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When constructing the

facility

It is essential that the compliance with thedesign is ensured and that no one-sidedalterations are made.

For facilities, which are to be procured,

clarify whether: the facility could be a hazard for the personnel

or the environment;

environmental conditions in the procuring

company require additional precautions; the facility complies with internal safety

standards of the procuring company.


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Periodic Safety

Inspections

For operating plants, it is necessary tocarry out periodic safety inspections.

The purpose of these inspections is to:

ensure that workplaces remain free ofhazards;

- ensure that hazards which cannot beeliminated are isolated

- ensure that personal protective equipment is

used when and where required- ensure that safe working practices are applied

- follow up on previous safety measures.


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Periodic safety checks

In addition to the periodic safetyinspections, it can be expedient to carryout periodic checks at weekly, fortnightlyor monthly intervals.

These are carried out by the supervisor ofthe respective area with the aim to ensurethat safety precautions which could easilybe neglected in everyday operations are

maintained. A checklist similar to the one used for

safety inspections can be compiled, listingthe items to be checked and the

corresponding safety precautions.


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Safety education

Purpose of Safety Education:- accept safety as being part of

occupational activities;

- recognize hazards and take action toprevent accidents;

- encourage safe working practices.


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Enforcement and

enthusiasm Need to make sure that the plant has a

safety management structure for, amongother things, enforcing the safety andhealth standards

This enforcement also includesconsidering safety as an integral part ofplanning procedures; to include safetymatters in managerial reporting and to

consider safety when assessing theperformance of a profit centre, departmentor workshop; to discuss safety matterswith the workers representatives and to

promote safety rules and regulations.


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Enforcement and

enthusiasm

Compliance and enforcement should beachieved through education andpersuasion rather than through coercive

measures such as reprimands or fines. Enthusiasm will grow out of the expertise

which has been acquired and out ofsuccesses which have been achieved.

These must be supported by additionalinputs such as appreciation,encouragement, rewarding and furthereducation.


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END OF THE

PRESENTATION

Thank you for listening


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DISCUSSION TOPICS

What should be the main elements of health /andsafety organization?

Sometimes health and safety issues require

mainly common sense. But why does it seem tobe a huge task to control the number and severityof occupational health and safety accidents?

It is argued that any health and safety programmewhich does not involved the operational workers

will not have the desired impact. Comment Many people claim that funding is the main

constraint. How critical is the role of financing toadequate safety management

Safety Topic 1_Introduction to Safety.pdf

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