Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 1

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT

& FUTURE(An Overview)

Alan CarterCertification Programme Manager

Aircraft Certification Department

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 2

SummaryPAST…

A few notable steps Responsible Bodies Concept of ‘Type Certification’ Certification Code Development

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 3

Summary (cont)PRESENT…

Elements of Certification• Type Certification

• Process• Certification Basis• Codes• Example Requirements• Compliance demonstration• Compliance ‘finding’

• Organisation Approval (Design & Production)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 4

Summary (cont)FUTURE…

(Likely/possible)

regulatory

developments

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 5

PAST…. (i)Notable steps

1783 H A Balloon de Rozier/D’Arlandes

[& Gas Balloon Charles]

1853? Glider; Cayley Cayley’s ‘assistant’

1903 Powered aeroplane; Flyer Wright

1924Gyrocopter; Cierva C6 [1936 Helicopter; Focke-Achgelis FA-61

Hanna Reitch]

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 6

PAST… (ii)Responsible Bodies (UK)

[1909Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics] 1914 Aeronautical Insp. Dept. 1919 Air Ministry (Dept of Civil Av.)

1937 Air Registration Board (Civil)

1972 Civil Aviation Authority 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities

(1970 UK,F,D,NL only)

2003-European Aviation safety Agency

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 7

PAST… (iii) Concept of ‘Type Certification’

1910s Self regulation 1920s/30s Direct Air Ministry approval 1937 (ARB) intro. of ‘Approved firms’ 1945-6 First ‘type approvals’/AANs [1944 Convention on Int. Civil Aviation (Chicago):

1949 Annex 8 ‘A/w of aircraft’, Pt.II Ch. 1 ’Type Certification’]

1968 First UK TCs: (Beagle Pup & Slingsby T53)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 8

PAST… (iv)Type Certification Code development

1926 AP 1208 ‘A/w Hnbk. for Civ. A/c (Air Ministry)

1945 BCAR D ‘Des. & Constr.’ (ARB) 1948- BCAR Sections• examples: D ‘Large Aeropl.’1948, C ‘Eng. & Prop’ 1949, G ‘Rotorcraft’ 1954, K, ‘Light Aeropl.’ 1966 (ARB)

1969 TSS Standards (ARB & SGAC) 1974 JAR-25 ‘Large Aeroplanes’ (JAA) 2003 EASA Certification Specifications

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 9

PRESENT… (i)Three related, required approvals

Type Certification (type design approval)

Design Organisation approval Production Organisation approval

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 10

PRESENT… (ii)TC: The elements of the process

APPLICATION

CERTIFICATION BASIS

SUBMISSION OF REPORTS

AA EVALUATION

RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION

COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

TYPE TYPE CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION

•Analyses•Structural Test•Flight Test•Flight Manual etc....

APPLICATION

CERTIFICATION BASIS

SUBMISSION OF REPORTS

Agency EVALUATION

RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION

COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

TYPE TYPE CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION

•Analyses•Structural Test•Flight Test•Flight Manual etc....

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 11

PRESENT… (iii)The ‘Certification Basis’

Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at Change 16]

• Reversions [Use of ‘older’ reqs.]• ‘Special Conditions’ (Novel design features [CCD],

Unconventional use [Steep Appr.], General experience [HIRF])• Exemptions [Non-applic. of req.]• ‘Equivalent Safety Findings’ [Not specified AMC]• Environmental Standards [Noise & emissions]

Elect to Comply Requirements

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 12

PRESENT… (iv)(Main) current Certification Codes

Aeroplanes: CS-25 (Large), 23 (Normal,Utility & Aerobatic/5700kg), VLA (Very Light/750kg), 22 (Sailplanes), BCAR S (Small Light/450kg)

Rotorcraft: CS-29 (Large), 27 (Small/3175kg), VLR (Very light/600kg), BCAR T (Light Gyroplanes/600kg)

Lighter than air: CS-31 (Balloons), CS-30 (Non-rigid airships)

Other: CS-E (Engines), P (Propellers), APU

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 13

PRESENT… (v)Cert. Code layout & content

General Flight (Perf., Contr.& Manoeuv., Trim, Stab., Stalls, Gnd.Hndl.,

Misc.) Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond.,

Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue) Design & construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.&Cargo

Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.) Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.&Access.)

Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.)

Operating Limitations & information (AFM, ..)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 14

PRESENT… (vi)Example requirements:

Factor of Safety’ (for the strength of the aircraft structure)

CS-VLA.613 & 619: … “probability of material being under strength is extremely remote” (for composites, x 1.5 if not tested ‘hot & wet’ & x 1.0 to 1.55 for production variability)

CS-31HB.25(b): … “at least x 5 for envelope design (x 2 if effective rip-stoppers)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 15

PRESENT… (vii)Example requirements (cont)

(In-flight) Gust loads applied to aircraft

CS-23.333: …The aircraft is assumed to be subjected to symmetrical vertical gusts in level flight “… of 50 fps at Vc, 25 fps at Vd …

BCAR S.333: …No gust loads…

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 16

PRESENT… (viii)Example requirements (cont)

Seat & harness provision

CS-23.785(b): “… must consist of a seat, safety belt & shoulder harness, that is designed to protect the occupant … dynamic test conditions of 23.562 …”

CS-31HB.63: “… there must be handholds of adequate strength and number”

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 17

PRESENT… (ix)Compliance demonstration

(Your bit!)

‘Load cases’/design cases Analysis

• Aerodynamic• Airframe loading• Systems safety (FMEA/SSA)

Test• Ground (Structural, func. & reliability, GVT)• Flight (Perf., handling, flutter)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 18

PRESENT… (x)Compliance demonstration (cont)

‘Compliance checklist’

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 19

PRESENT… (xiii)Compliance ‘finding’ (or ‘our bit’)

Why?• Independent check (on whether compliance

achieved)• Legal ‘finding’ requirement

How?• Sample• Reliance (where appropriate) on organisation’s

‘approval’

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 20

PRESENT… (xiv) Approval of Organisations

Industry has detail product knowledge/expertise

Authority/Agency has responsibility The two are satisfied by: ‘approval’

(accreditation) to design (through a DOA) or produce (with a POA)

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 21

PRESENT… (xv)Organisation Approval (DOA/POA)

Organisation must be able to:• Demonstrate competence in chosen

fields• Comply with regulatory requirements• Carry out privileges assoc. with approval

Both initially & through continued auditing

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 22

FUTURE… (iii)Regulatory developments

Features: EVS, SVS, smart structure/HUMS

Tilt Rotor: BA609, ‘Composite’ of CS-25/29

Civil/military programmes: A400M

Civil UAVSs: CAP 722; TC (using existing codes), DOA, POA

Environmental; Alt. fuels, blended wing-body Plus … Single ‘Worldwide’ certifications?

Safety Regulation Group

Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006

Slide 23

Any other questions?

Good luck!