KIRWAN INSTITUTE RESEARCH REPORT Opportunity THE GEOGRAPHY …
Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership =...
Transcript of Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership =...
![Page 1: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety
Laura FruhenUniversity of Aberdeen
![Page 2: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline• What is leadership?• Leadership and safety
– Full range Leadership– Leader-Member-Exchange
• Top Level Leadership and Safety– Leadership activities– Safety Intelligence
![Page 3: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is leadership?
![Page 4: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fleishman et al (1991)
![Page 5: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is leadership?• Leadership =
“[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated individuals who hold formal leadership roles in organizations”
(Kelloway & Barling, 2010; p. 261)
• Leadership =“…the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives”
(Yukl, 2002 ; p. 7)
![Page 6: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Trait Definition of Leadership
Leadership is determined by•Height
•Intelligence•Extraversion•Masculinity•Dominance
•Etc
(e.g. Lord et al. 1986)
Process Definition of Leadership
Leader
Followers
Interaction
![Page 7: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Theoretical approaches to leadership
• The Trait Approach (1920-1930)– Leaders’ characteristics are different from non-
leaders• The Behavioural Approach (1950s)
– Behaviour leaders engage in• The Contingency Approach (1970s)
– Takes the situation into account• New Leadership Approaches
![Page 8: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Leadership and Safety: What do we know?• Leadership style has an
impact on safety (e.g. Kelloway, Mullen & Francis, 2006; Clarke & Ward, 2006)
• Two examples – The full range leadership
model (Bass, 1985)
– Leader-member exchange (Dansereau, Cashman, & Graen, 1973)
![Page 9: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Leadership and Safety: The full range of Leadership Model
(Bass, 1985)
Transformational Leadership
Transactional leadership
Laissez Faire Leadership
![Page 10: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Leadership and Safety: The full range of Leadership Model
(Bass, 1985)
Transformational Leadership
Transactional leadership
Laissez Faire Leadership •Lowest level of leadership•Absence of leadership
![Page 11: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Leadership and Safety: The full range of Leadership Model
(Bass, 1985)
Transformational Leadership
Transactional leadership
Laissez Faire Leadership
•Contingent reward•Management by exception
![Page 12: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Leadership and Safety: The full range of Leadership Model
(Bass, 1985)
Transformational Leadership
Transactional leadership
Laissez Faire Leadership
•Idealised influence•Inspirational motivation•Intellectual stimulation•Individualised consideration
![Page 13: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The full range of Leadership Model and Safety
• Transformational Leadership Safety – (e.g. Zohar, 2002)
• Laissez faire leadership Safety– (e.g. Zohar, 2002)
• The effects of transformational leadership style on performance are stronger in maximum contexts (Lim & Ployhart, 2004).
+
-
![Page 14: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Leadership and Safety: Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
(Danserau, Graen & Haga, 1975)
• LMX focuses on the relation of the leader to each of their followers– Followers are divided into in-group and
out-group members• Task of the leader:
– drive the relationship from a tentative first stage to a deeper more meaningful one
![Page 15: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Leader Member Exchange
L
F1
L
F4
L
F5
L
F6
L
F3
L
F2
In Group Out Group
![Page 16: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and Safety
• LMX safety citizenship behaviour
• LMX safety citizenship role definitions– These relations are moderated by safety
climate(Hofmann, Morgeson & Gerras, 2003)
+
+
![Page 17: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
So far, • Leadership has been established as
related to safety at lower organisational levels
What about Senior level leadership?
![Page 18: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Are Senior managers positions different?
![Page 19: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Senior Managers and Safety
• Senior Managers:– change and improve existing corporate culture (German
Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation, 2004)
– One of the most frequent employed safety climate factors (Guldenmund, 2000)
– Commitment is one of the main drivers of employees safety performance (Michael, Evans, Jansen & Haight, 2005)
• Only 5% of leadership literature focuses on senior management (Horn & Zaccaro, 2003)
![Page 20: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Can interpersonal theories also be applied to senior leadership?
Executive leaders operate at a system wide and indirect level and in some cases never meet all their followers
Interpersonal theories of leadership do not readily apply to executive forms of influence
Horn & Zaccaro (2003)
Zaccaro (2001)
Strategic Leadership research should focus on the “substance in relation to leadership“ Day &Lord (1988)
![Page 21: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Senior leadership and safety programsHarper et al. (1996)
Can you guess what patterns
were described in the
questionnaire?
![Page 22: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• The quality of face-to-face contact between managers and employees
• Perceived friendly communication
• being interested in the employee as an individual
• inquiring the employee’s health and general welfare or that of their family
• The attitude that the cost of safety detracts from productivity
• being explicit that they are in the business of safe production
• showing that production without safety is unacceptable
Personable communication Priority given to safe production
![Page 23: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Another way of looking at senior managers and safety: Safety Intelligence
• Skills and traits of senior executive managers in relation to safety
• Abilities and Understanding regarding– Information – Safety risks to the
organization– Decision making
(Kirwan, 2008)
![Page 24: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What we don’t know so far!
• What are the characteristics of the people at the top of an organisation who achieve high quality safety performance?
![Page 25: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Skill Based Leadership Modeladapted from Mumford et al. (2000)
![Page 26: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Investigation of Safety IntelligenceQuestionnaire study
Aim: What constructs identified from the literature review are really relevant?
Sample: • Subject matter experts (n=38)
– senior managers – other managers that frequently interact with CEOs
Measures• Questionnaire with two open questions
![Page 27: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
How would you answer these two questions?
– ‘What kind of person would you like an ideal CEO to be regarding his or her effect on safety?’
– ‘What behaviour would you like an ideal CEO to demonstrate regarding his or her effect on safety?’.
![Page 28: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How did we analyse the data?
• Qualitative content analysis (Mayring, 2000)– Carried out by two independent coders – Interrater Agreements:
• Behaviours: Kripp α = .664• Characteristics: Kripp α = .776
![Page 29: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Derived from Literature
Emerged from Dataset
Social Competence X
Safety Knowledge X
Problem Solving X
Personality XMotivation/ Safety Prioritisation
X X
Leadership X
Results of Questionnaire Analysis
![Page 30: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Results of Content Analysis (Percentage)
05
101520253035
BehaviourCharacteristics
![Page 31: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
For further Exploration: Interview Study
Sample: • CEOs and Board members (N =9)Measures• Exploratory Semi Structured Interview
– Open questions & Probing questions– Scenarios
Analysis• Qualitative content analysis
– Carried out by two coders– Krippendorf’s α = 0.725
![Page 32: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Results interview studyHow do you show your commitment to safety?– engagement in terms of ‘talking about safety and
publishing material about safety’– being ‘clear about one’s safety goals and safety itself’ – having safety on the top of the agenda– being proactive– be safe– give positive feedback and rewards
![Page 33: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The next step…Aim: How do the identified constructs
affect safety outcomes?Sample: • CEOs and Board members (n = 12-
15 ANSPs)Measures• Semi Structured Interviews
– Open questions– Scenarios
• Questionnaires• Outcome Variables
– Management commitment
![Page 34: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
From your point of view• How would you transfer findings
regarding senior managers and safety into the organisation?
![Page 35: Safety Intelligence: Senior Leadership and Safety B Kirwan...What is leadership? • Leadership = “[…] constituting a process of social influence that is enacted by designated](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042203/5ea39019171caf6299639326/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Thank you for your attention!