Safety & Health Consultation Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, Fire Prevention Plans, and Fire...

Safety & Health Consultation

Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, Fire Prevention Plans, and

Fire Protection

Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, Fire Prevention Plans, and

Fire Protection


IntroductionIntroduction• Fires and explosions kill more than

200 and injure more than 5,000 workers each year

• There is a long and tragic history of workplace fires in this country caused by problems with fire exits and extinguishing systems

• OSHA requires employers to provide proper exits, fire fighting equipment, and employee training to prevent fire deaths and injuries in the workplace

NUMBER OF SERIOUS VIOLATIONS – FY 2014

29CF

R 19

10 S

UBP

ARTS

37(b)(4)

36(g)(2)

36(d)(1)

37(b)(2)

37(a)(3)

145

148

197

359

431

MEANS OF EGRESS [1910.33 – 39]

3

EXIT ROUTES FREE & UNOBSTRUCTED

EXIT MARKING

EXIT ROUTE UNLOCKED

EXITS – MINIMUM 28 INCHES WIDE

EXIT ROUTE SIGNS

SUBPART E


Exit RouteExit Route

• A continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety (including refuge areas)

• Consists of three parts:– Exit access– Exit– Exit discharge

1910.34


Exit RoutesBasic Requirements


• Exit routes must be permanent

and there must be enough exits

in the proper arrangement for

quick escape

• Exits must be separated by fire-

resistant materials

1910.36(a)

1910.36(b)




• Openings into an exit must be limited to those necessary to allow access to the exit or to the exit discharge

• An opening into an exit must be protected by an approved self-closing fire door that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency

1910.36(a)

1910.36(b)


Exit DischargeExit Discharge

Each exit discharge must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside that is large enough to accommodate all building occupants likely to use the exit route

1910.36(c)


Exit DischargeExit DischargeExit stairs that continue beyond the level on which the exit discharge is located must be interrupted on that level by doors, partitions, or other effective means that clearly indicate the direction of travel to the exit discharge

1910.36(c)(3)

Exit Route DesignExit Route Design

• Must be:– Unlocked and

unrestricted– Side-hinged – Adequate capacity and

height– Must meet height and

width requirements– Outdoor exit route

permitted

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.36(d) – (h)

Unlocked and UnrestrictedUnlocked and Unrestricted

• Must be able to open door from inside without keys, tools, or special knowledge.– Panic bars that lock from the outside are permitted.

• Must be free of device or alarm that could restrict emergency use if device or alarm fails.

• May be locked from inside in mental, penal, or correctional facilities.– And only if supervisory personnel are continuously on duty

and their is an emergency plan.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.36(d)

Unlocked and UnrestrictedUnlocked and Unrestricted

1910.36(d)

http://leecountync.gov/departments/fire-marshall/common-code-violations/blocking-exit-and-dumpster-too-close.bmp


Side-Hinged Exit DoorSide-Hinged Exit Door

• Must be used to connect any room to an exit route

• A door that connects any room to an exit route must swing out in the direction of exit travel if the room is designed to be occupied by more than 50 people or contains high hazard contents

1910.36(e)


Exit Route Capacityand Dimensions

Exit Route Capacityand Dimensions

• Must support the maximum permitted occupant load for each floor served

• Capacity must not decrease in the direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge

• Ceiling must be at least 7-½ ft. high with no projection reaching a point less than 6 ft.-8 in. from floor

• An exit access must be at least 28 in. wide at all points

1910.36(f) & (g)

Outdoor Exit RouteOutdoor Exit Route

• Have guardrails to protect unenclosed sides if a fall hazard exists.

• Covered if snow or ice is likely to accumulate along route.

• Reasonably straight and have smooth, solid, substantially level walkways.

• Must not have a dead-end that is longer than 20 feet.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.36(h)


Minimize Danger to EmployeesMinimize Danger to Employees

• Exit routes must be free and unobstructed

• Keep exit routes free of explosive or highly flammable materials

• Arrange exit routes so that employees will not have to travel toward a high hazard area, unless it is effectively shielded

• Emergency safeguards (e.g., sprinkler systems, alarm systems, fire doors, exit lighting) must be in proper working order at all times

Obstructed exit route

1910.37(a)

Exit Route Maintenance and Safeguards

Exit Route Maintenance and Safeguards

• Danger to employees minimized.• Adequate and appropriate lighting and

marking.• Fire retardant properties maintained.• Exit routes maintained during construction

and repairs.• Employee alarm system must be operable.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.36(a) – (e)

Lighting and MarkingLighting and Marking

• Adequately lighted. • Clearly visible and marked by a sign reading

“Exit”. • Free of decorations or signs that obscure visibility

of exit.• If direction of travel to exit is not apparent, signs

must be posted along exit access indicating direction of travel to nearest exit.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.37(b)


Exit MarkingExit Marking

Each doorway or passage along an exit access that could be mistaken for an exit must be marked “Not an Exit” or similar designation, or be identified by a sign indicating its actual use (e.g., closet).

1910.37(b)(5)

Fire Retardant PropertiesFire Retardant Properties

• Fire retardant paints or solutions must be renewed as often as necessary to maintain their fire retardant properties.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.37(c)

Construction and RepairsConstruction and Repairs

• During new construction, employees must not occupy a workplace until exit routes are completed and ready for employee use.

• During repairs or alterations, employees must not occupy a workplace unless exit routes are available and existing fire protections are maintained, or until alternate fire protection is furnished.


Operable Alarm SystemOperable Alarm System• Install and maintain an

operable employee alarm system that has a distinctive signal to warn employees of fire or other emergencies, unless employees can promptly see or smell a fire or other hazard in time to provide adequate warning to them.

• Employee alarm system must comply with 1910.165.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.37(e)

Psychological HazardsPsychological Hazards• Lack of information

• Panic

• Confusion

Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards

• Fire

• Toxic vapors

• Threats

• Storms

• Other safer location

Emergency Action PlanEmergency Action Plan• An employer must have an

emergency action plan whenever an OSHA standard in this part requires one.

• An emergency action plan (EAP) must be in writing kept at the workplace and available to employees when required.

• If an employer has 10 or fewer employees, may be communicated verbally.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.38(a) – (b)

Emergency Action PlanElements

Emergency Action PlanElements

• Must have procedures for:– Reporting a fire or other emergency– Emergency evacuation– Employees who operate critical operations– Account for employee post evacuation– Employees performing rescue or medical duties– Name or job title of every employee who may

be contacted about the EAP

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.38(c)

Alarm System and TrainingAlarm System and Training

• Maintained and distinctive sounds based on an emergency.

• Employer must designate and train employees for a safe and orderly evacuation.

• Employer must review plan with employees:– Development and/or initial hiring– Job change– Plan change

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.38(d) – (e)

Fire Prevention PlanFire Prevention Plan

• An employer must have a fire prevention plan when an OSHA standard in this part requires one.

• A fire prevention plan must be in writing, kept at the workplace, and available to employees for review.

• If an employer has 10 or fewer employees, it may be communicated verbally.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.39(a) – (b)


Fire Prevention PlanFire Prevention Plan

The plan must include: • A list of the major fire hazards and handling,

storage, and control procedures• Names or job titles of persons responsible for

maintenance of equipment and systems to prevent or control ignitions or fires

• Names or job titles of persons responsible for control of fuel source hazards

• Training for all employees who have responsibilities in the plan

1910.39

Employee InformationEmployee Information

• An employer must inform employees upon initial assignment to a job of the fire hazards to which they are exposed.

• An employer must also review with each employee those parts of the fire prevention plan necessary for self-protection.



Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable Fire Extinguishers

NUMBER OF SERIOUS VIOLATIONS – FY 2014

29CF

R 19

10 S

UBP

ARTS

FIRE PROTECTION [1910.155 – 165]

31

EXTINGUISHERS – PROVIDED & ACCESSIBLE

EXTINGUISHERS – ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CHECKS

EXTINGUISHERS – VISUAL MONTHLY INSPECTIONS

SUBPART L

EXTINGUISHERS – TRAINING PROGRAM

EXTINGUISHERS – INITIAL & ANNUAL TRAINING157(g)(2)

157(g)(1)

157(e)(2)

157(e)(3)

157(c)(1)

149

170

175

197

336


PurposePurpose

Portable fire extinguishers are used to begin

fire extinguishment in the EARLY stages of

its development to minimize loss.


Portable Fire ExtinguishersExemptions


Where the employer has implemented a written fire safety policy which requires the immediate and total evacuation of employees from the workplace upon the sounding of the fire alarm…

Has an Emergency Action Plan and Fire Prevention Plan meeting 1910.38 and extinguishers are not provided by the employer…

1910.157(b)(1)




Where the employer has an emergency action plan meeting 1910.38, which designates certain employees authorized to use available fire extinguishers, other employees evacuate, employer is exempt from the distribution requirements.

1910.157(b)(2)


Portable Fire ExtinguishersGeneral Requirements


• Provide portable fire extinguishers

• Mount• Locate• Identify• Readily accessible

without injury

1910.157(c)(1)


Properly Mounted?Properly

Mounted?


Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable Fire Extinguishers

If portable fire extinguishers are provided for employee use, the employer must mount, locate and identify them so workers can access them without subjecting themselves to possible injury.

Blocked extinguisher

1910.157(c)(1)




• Only approved fire extinguishers shall be used.

1910.157(c)(2)



• Employer shall not provide or make available in the workplace portable fire extinguishers using: – Carbon tetrachloride, or– Chlorobromomethane extinguishing agents

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.157(c)(3)

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http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=14611&supst=enlarge




Portable fire extinguishers are maintained in a fully charged and operable condition and kept in their designated places at all times except during use.

1910.157(c)(4)


Selection and DistributionSelection and Distribution

• Distribute portable fire extinguishers for use by employees on Class A fires so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 75 feet

1910.157(d)(2)


• Employer may use:– Uniformly spaced standpipe

systems or hose stations connected to a sprinkler system instead of Class A fire extinguishers.

– Systems must provide total coverage of area to be protected and employees must be trained annually in use.




• Distribute portable fire extinguishers for use by employees on Class B fires so that the travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 50 feet or less

1910.157(d)(4)



• The employer shall distribute portable fire extinguishers used for Class C hazards on the basis of the appropriate pattern for existing Class A or Class B hazards

1910.157(d)



• Distribute Class D portable fire extinguishers so that the travel distance from the combustible metal working area to any extinguishing agent is 75 feet

1910.157(d)(6)


Classes of Fire FuelsClasses of Fire Fuels• Class “A” - Ordinary combustibles

– Wood, paper, cloth, rubber, many plastics– Characteristic - leaves ash

• Class “B” - Flammable or combustible liquids– Gasoline, oil, grease, tar, oil based paint,

lacquer, flammable gas

A

B


Classes of Fire FuelsClasses of Fire Fuels

• Class “C” - Energized electrical

equipment– Wiring, fuse boxes, circuit breakers, machinery,

appliances• Class “D” - Combustible metals

– Magnesium

C

D


Classes of Fire FuelsClasses of Fire Fuels

• Class “K” Cooking materials– Cooking oils, fat, grease K


Typical Picture SymbolsTypical Picture Symbols

• Class “A” – Ordinary Combustibles

• Class “B”– Burning Liquids/Gases


Typical Picture SymbolsTypical Picture Symbols

• Class “C”– Energized Electrical

Equipment

• Class “K”– Cooking Materials


Portable Fire Extinguishers Selection and Distribution

Portable Fire Extinguishers Selection and Distribution

• Class “A” fire extinguisher – Ash• Class “B” fire extinguisher – Boil• Class “C” fire extinguisher – Circuit• Class “D” fire extinguisher – Dense• Class “K” fire extinguisher - Kitchen

1910.157(d)


Stored-pressure WaterStored-pressure Water• Size

– 2 1/2 gallon

• Application– Class A

• Operating Principle– Air Pressure

Range Discharge time30-40 ft. 1 minute


Dry ChemicalDry Chemical

• Size – 5 - 20 lb.

• Application– Ordinary Base

• Classes B & C– Multipurpose

• Classes A, B, & C• Expellent Principle

– Stored Pressure or Gas Cartridge


Dry ChemicalDry Chemical

Size Range Discharge time (lbs.) (feet) (seconds)

5 8 - 12 10 - 15

10 10 - 15 15 - 20

20 5 - 20 10 - 25


Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide• Size

– 10 lb.• Application

– Classes B and C• Operating Principle

– Liquefied Compressed Gas

Range Discharge time

3 - 8 ft. 8 - 30 seconds


Wet ChemicalWet Chemical• Size

– 1.59 gallons• Agent Type

– Potassium Acetate,• Application

– Class K• Operating Principle

– Air Pressure

Range Discharge time8 -12 ft. 75 - 80 seconds


Portable Fire ExtinguishersInspection, Maintenance and TestingPortable Fire Extinguishers

Inspection, Maintenance and Testing

• Employer responsible• Portable fire extinguishers

– Annual visual inspection– Maintenance check

• Record date and retain record for one (1) year after last entry or the life of the shell whichever is less

• Provide alternate protection when removed from service for maintenance, testing, and recharging

1910.157(e)


Portable Fire ExtinguishersHydrostatic Testing


• Ensure testing is performed by trained personnel with suitable equipment and facilities

• Maintain evidence for OSHA of hydrostatic testing with a certification record

1910.157(f)




• Stored pressure water 5 years• Wet chemical 5 years• Dry chemical 12 years• Carbon dioxide 5 years

1910.157(f)

Training and EducationTraining and Education• Where employer has provided portable fire

extinguishers for employee use– Employer shall provide training on fire

extinguisher use and hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting.• Initially and annually thereafter


1910.157(g)(1) – (2)

Training and EducationTraining and Education• Employees who have been designated to

use fire fighting equipment as part of an emergency action plan– Employer shall provide training in use of

appropriate equipment to designated group.• Initially and annually thereafter


1910.157(g)(3) – (4)


Your Questions?Your Questions?

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