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8

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7

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6

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5

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4

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3

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2

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1

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SAFETY &ENGINEERING.

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WHAT IS SAFETY???• State of being "safe" • The condition of being protected against

• Physical• Social• Spiritual• Financial• Political• Emotional• Occupational• Psychological• EducationalOther types or consequences of failure,

– Damage– Error– Accidents– Harm or any other event which could be considered

non-desirable

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Types of safety• Normative safety• Substantive safety• Perceived safety

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Normative safety• Normative safety is a term used to describe

products or designs that meet applicable design standards.

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Substantive safety• Substantive safety means that the real-world

safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.

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Perceived safety• Perceived safety refers to the level of comfort

of users. For example, traffic signals are perceived as safe, yet under some circumstances, they can increase traffic crashes at an intersection. Traffic roundabouts have a generally favorable safety record, yet often make drivers nervous.

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WHAT IS SAFETY ENGG.??

• Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering.

• Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed even when pieces fail.

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• A failure is "the inability of a system or component to perform its required functions within specified performance requirements", while a fault is "a defect in a device or component, for example: a short circuit or a broken wire".

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FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS

• Failure mode and effects analysis" (FMEA), • Considers what happens if each block of the diagram fails. • Draws up a table in which failures are paired with their

effects and an evaluation of the effects. – The design of the system is then corrected– Table adjusted until the system is not known to have

unacceptable problems. • It is very helpful to have several engineers review the

failure modes and effects analysis.

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IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY!!

 

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SAFETY..!! The Reason why people

sleep well…• Any active process is more or less associated with the

risk:-

•of injuring or killing people,•of destroying nature•of damaging investments.

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Risks and responses• Safety is generally interpreted as implying a

real and significant impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property.

• The most common individual response to perceived safety issues is insurance, which compensates for or provides restitution in the case of damage or loss.

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System safety and reliability engineering

• System safety and reliability engineering is an engineering discipline.

• Continuous changes in technology, environmental regulation and public safety concerns make the analysis of complex safety-critical systems more and more demanding.

GENERAL & PARTICULAR GENERAL & PARTICULAR FACTS.FACTS.

• Who built Titanic?

• Where was she built?

• What date did Titanic crash into an iceberg?

• Why is it strange that Titanic collided with an iceberg?

• The designers were– William Pirrie– Thomas Andrews

Why was TITANIC drowned?

• Captain E. J. Smith said years before the Titanic's voyage,

• "I cannot imagine any condition which would cause a ship to

founder. Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that."

PEC CODE OF CONDUCTPEC CODE OF CONDUCT Article 4Article 4 A member shall have utmost regard for the safety, health A member shall have utmost regard for the safety, health

and welfare of the public in the performance of his and welfare of the public in the performance of his professional duties and for that purpose he shallprofessional duties and for that purpose he shall

regard his duty to the public welfare as paramount;regard his duty to the public welfare as paramount; not undertake, prepare, sign, approve or authenticate any not undertake, prepare, sign, approve or authenticate any

plan, design or specifications which are not safe for the plan, design or specifications which are not safe for the safety, health, welfare of a person or persons, or are not in safety, health, welfare of a person or persons, or are not in conformity with the accepted engineering standards and if conformity with the accepted engineering standards and if any client or an employer insists on such unprofessional any client or an employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, he shall notify the authorities concerned and conduct, he shall notify the authorities concerned and withdraw form further service on the project; and withdraw form further service on the project; and

point out the consequences to his client or the employer if point out the consequences to his client or the employer if his engineering judgment is over-ruled by any non-technical his engineering judgment is over-ruled by any non-technical person.person.

CODE OF CONDUCT contd…CODE OF CONDUCT contd…

Article 7Article 7 A member shall express an opinion of A member shall express an opinion of

an engineering subject only when an engineering subject only when founded on adequate knowledge, founded on adequate knowledge, experience and honest conviction.experience and honest conviction.

PEC CODE OF CONDUCT contd..PEC CODE OF CONDUCT contd..

Article 8Article 8 A member shall undertake engineering A member shall undertake engineering

assignments only when he possesses proper assignments only when he possesses proper qualifications, training and experience. He shall qualifications, training and experience. He shall engage or advise for engaging of the experts and engage or advise for engaging of the experts and specialists whenever the client's or employers' specialists whenever the client's or employers' interest are best served by such service.interest are best served by such service.

A member shall not discourage the necessity of A member shall not discourage the necessity of other appropriate engineering services, designs, other appropriate engineering services, designs, plans or specifications or limit-free competition by plans or specifications or limit-free competition by specifying materials of particular make or model.specifying materials of particular make or model.

PEC CODE OF CONDUCTPEC CODE OF CONDUCT contd… contd…

Article 18Article 18 A member shall report unethical A member shall report unethical

professional practices of an engineer professional practices of an engineer or a member with substantiating or a member with substantiating data to the Pakistan Engineering data to the Pakistan Engineering Council and appear as a witness, if Council and appear as a witness, if required.required.

Safety MeasuresSafety Measures Root cause analysisRoot cause analysis

to identify causes of a system failure and to identify causes of a system failure and correct deficiencies correct deficiencies

Visual examination for dangerous Visual examination for dangerous situationssituations such as emergency exits blocked  such as emergency exits blocked because they are being used as storage because they are being used as storage areas areas

Visual examination for flawsVisual examination for flaws such as  such as cracks, peeling, loose connections.cracks, peeling, loose connections.

SAFETY MEASURES CONTD…SAFETY MEASURES CONTD… Chemical analysisChemical analysis

o X-ray analysis to see inside a sealed object X-ray analysis to see inside a sealed object such as a weld, a cement wall or an airplane such as a weld, a cement wall or an airplane outer skin.outer skin.

Destructive testingDestructive testing o ((EngineeringEngineering) Intentional operation of ) Intentional operation of

equipment until it fails, to reveal design weaknesses. A equipment until it fails, to reveal design weaknesses. A method of testing a material that degrades the sample method of testing a material that degrades the sample under investigation under investigation

Stress testingStress testing o Subjects a person or product to stresses in Subjects a person or product to stresses in

excess of those the person or product is excess of those the person or product is designed to handle, to determining the designed to handle, to determining the "breaking point"."breaking point".

OTHER METHODS….OTHER METHODS….

o Implementation of Implementation of standard protocols standard protocols and proceduresand procedures so that activities are  so that activities are conducted in a known way.conducted in a known way.

TrainingTraining o of employees, vendors, product users of employees, vendors, product users

Instruction manualsInstruction manuals o Instructional videosInstructional videos demonstrating proper  demonstrating proper

use of productsuse of productso Examination of activities by Examination of activities by

specialistsspecialists to minimize physical stress or  to minimize physical stress or increase productivityincrease productivity

Government regulationGovernment regulation  o so suppliers know what standards their so suppliers know what standards their

product is expected to meet.product is expected to meet. Industry regulationIndustry regulation

o so suppliers know what level of quality is so suppliers know what level of quality is expected. Industry regulation is often expected. Industry regulation is often imposed to avoid potential government imposed to avoid potential government regulation.regulation.

o Self-imposed regulationSelf-imposed regulation of various types. of various types.o Statements of EthicsStatements of Ethics by industry  by industry

organizations or an individual company so its organizations or an individual company so its employees know what is expected of them employees know what is expected of them

Drug testingDrug testing Physical examinationsPhysical examinations  

o To determine whether a person has a To determine whether a person has a physical condition that would create a physical condition that would create a problem.problem.

o Periodic evaluationsPeriodic evaluations of employees,  of employees, departments, etc.departments, etc.

o Geological surveysGeological surveys to determine whether  to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc. the ground is at a potential building site, etc.