1. 1 to 1.5 degreesFahrenheit per houruntil the body reachesthe environmentaltemperatures

A general rule is that the deceasedbody will lose heat at a rate of:

2. 24 hours and 36 hours Rigor mortis manifests itselfwithin the first ____ hours anddisappears within ___ hours.

3. 212 What is the boiling point of wateron the Fahrenheit scale?

4. Absorption Passage of alcohol across the wallof the stomach and small intestineinto the bloodstream

5. Accelerant Any material used to start orsustain a fire

6. Acid A compound capable of donating ahydrogen ion [H+] to anothercompound

7. Acid phosphatase An enzyme found in highconcentration in semen

8. Agglutination The clumping together of red bloodcells by the action of an antibody

9. Alcohol The most widely used and abuseddrug

10. Algor Mortis Postmortem changes that cause abody to lose heat

11. Allele Any of several alternative forms ofa gene located at the same point ona particular pair of chromosomes.

12. Alpha ray A type of radiation emitted by aradioactive element. The radiationis composed of helium atomsminus their orbiting electrons

13. Alveoli Small sacs in the lungs throughwhose walls air and other vaporsare exchanged between the breathand the blood

14. Amelogenin gene A genetic locus useful fordetermining gender

15. Amino acids The 20 common building blocks ofproteins; are linked to form aprotein

16. Amorphous solid A solid in which the constituentatoms or molecules are arranged inrandom or disordered positions.There is no regular order in thistype of solid

17. Anabolic steriods Steroids that promote musclegrowth

18. Anagen phase The initial growth phase during which thehair follicle actively produces hair

19. Analgesic A drug or substance that lessens oreliminates pain

20. Anthropometry A system of identification of individuals bymeasurement of parts of the body,developed by Alphonse Bertillon

21. Antibody A protein that destroys or inactivates aspecific antigen; found in the blood serum

22. Anticoagulant A substance that prevents coagulation orclotting of blood

23. Antigen A substance, usually a protein, thatstimules the body to produce antibodiesagainst it

24. Antiserum Blood serum that contains specificantibodies

25. Arch A class of fingerprints characterized byridge lines that enter the print from oneside and flow out the other side

26. Atery A blood vessel that carries blood away fromthe heart

27. Atom The smallest unit of an element; notdivisible by ordinary chemical means;made up of electrons, protons, andneutrons plus other subatomic particles

28. Atomic MassNumber

The sum of the number of protons andneutrons in the nucleus of an atom

29. AtomicNumber

The number of protons in the nucleus of anatom

30. Autopsy The medical dissection and examination ofa body in order to determine the cause ofdeath

31. Base A compound capable of accepting ahydrogen ion [H+]

32. Becke line A bright halo that is observed near theborder of a particle immersed in a liquid ofa different refractive index

33. Beta ray A type of radiation emitted by a radioactiveelement. The radiation consists of electrons

34. Binocular Describes a microscope with two eyepieces

35. Birefringence A difference in the two indices of refractionexhibited by most crystalline materials

36. Bit Short for binary digit; taking the form ofeither a one or a zero; is the smallest unit ofinformation on a machine

37. Black powder Normally, a mixture of postassium nitrate,carbon, and sulfur in the ratio of 75/15/10

Saferstein CriminalisticsStudy online at quizlet.com/_7jw6q

38. Bookmark A feature that enables a computer user todesignate favorite sites for fast and easy access

39. Bore The interior of a firearm barrel

40. Breechblock The rear part of a firearm barrel

41. Broadband Describes any kind of Internet connection,with a download speed of more than 56 kilobitsper second

42. Browser A program that allows access to websites

43. Buccal cells Cells derived from the inner cheek lining

44. Buccal swab A swab of the inner portion of the cheek; cheekcells are usually collected to determine the DNAprofile of an individual

45. Byte A group of eight bits

46. Caliber The diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm;usually expressed in hundredths of an inch ormillimeters - for example, .22 caliber and 9 mm

47. Capillary A tiny blood vessel across whose wallsexchange of materials between the blood andthe tissues takes place; receives blood fromarteries and carries it to veins

48. Carbon The element that is contained in all organicsubstances

49. Catagenphase

A transition stage between the anagen andtelogen phases of hair growth

50. Catalyst A substance that accelerates the rate of achemical reaction but is not itself permanentlychanged by the reaction

51. Celsiusscale

The temperature scale using the melting pointof ice as 0 and the boiling point of water as100, with 100 equal divisions or degressbetween

52. CentralProcessingUnit [CPU]

The main [microprocessor] chip within thecomputer; also referred to as the brain of thecomputer; handles most of the operations [codeand instructions] of the computer

53. Chain ofcustody

A list of all people who came into possession ofan item of evidence

54. Charreddocument

Any document that has become darkened andbrittle through exposure to fire or excessiveheat

55. Chemicalproperty

Describes the behavior of a substance when itreacts or combines with another substrate

56. Choke An interior constriction placed at or near themuzzle end of a shotgun's barrel to control shotdispersion

57. Chromatography Any of several analytical techniques forseparating organic mixtures into theircomponents by attraction to a stationaryphase while being propelled by a movingphase

58. Chromosome A rodlike structure in the cell nucleus,along which the genes are located; iscomposed of DNA surrounded by othermaterial, mainly proteins

59. Classcharacteristics

When evidence can be associated onlywith a group and never with a singlesource

60. Cluster A group of sectors in multiples of two; thesize varies from file system to file systemand is typically the minimum spaceallocated to a file

61. Combustibleliquids

Most common accelerants

62. Combustion Rapid combination of oxygen withanother substance accompanied by theproduction of noticeable heat and light

63. Comparison The process of ascertaining whether twoor more objects have a common origin

64. ComplementaryBase Pairing

The specific pairing of base A with T andC with G in double-stranded DNA

65. Compound A pure substance composed of two ormore elements

66. Concentricfracture

A crack in a glass that forms a roughcircle around the point of impact

67. Condenser The lens system under the microscopestage that focuses light onto the specimen

68. Confirmationtest

A single test that specifically identifies asubstance

69. Continuousspectrum

A type of emission spectrum showing acontinuous band of colors all blendinginto one another

70. Cookie A file placed on a computer's hard diskdrive by websites the user has visited

71. Cortex The main body of the hair shaft

72. Cotton The most prevalent plant fiber

73. Crystalline solid A solid in which the constituent atomshave a regular arrangement

74. Cuticle The scale structure covering the exteriorof the hair

75. Deflagration A very rapid oxidation reactionaccompanied by the generation of a low-intensity pressue wave that can disruptthe surroundings

76. Delta rays NOT a type of radiation

77. Density A physical property of matter that isequivalent to the mass per unit volume ofa substrate; Density = mass/volume

78. Density-gradienttube

A glass tube filled from bottom to topwith liquids of successively lighterdensities; used to determine the densitydistribution of soil

79. DeoxyribonucleicAcid [DNA]

The molecules carrying the body'sgenetic information; is double strandedin the shape of a double helix. This is theabbreviation.

80. Depressant A substance that depresses the functionsof the central nervous system; calmsirritability and anxiety and may inducesleep

81. Depth of focus The thickness of a specimen that isentirely in focus under a microscope

82. Detonating cord A cordlike explosive containing a core ofhigh explosive material, usually PETN;also called primacord

83. Detonation An extremely rapid oxidation reactionaccompanied by a violent disruptive effectand an intense, high-speed shock wave

84. Digital imaging A process through which a picture isconverted into a series of squareelectronic dots known as pixels. Thepicture is manipulated by computersoftware that changes the numericalvalue of each pixel.

85. Dispersion The separation of light into itscomponent wavelengths

86. Distancedetermination

The process of determining the distancebetween the firearm and a target, usuallybased on the distribution of powderpatterns or the spread of a shot pattern

87. DNA Replication The synthesis of new DNA from existingDNA

88. Domain A human readable name andabbreviation for a website

89. Download The transfer of a file through an Internetconnection from a remote computer to auser's computer

90. Dynamite, RDX Examples of high explosives

91. e-mail [electronicmail]

The service that is most commonly usedin conjunction with the Internet

92. Egg The female reproductive cell

93. Ejector The mechanism in a firearm that throwsthe cartridge or fired case from thefirearm

94. Electorphoresis[Biology]

A technique for separating moleculesthrough their migration on a supportmedium while under the influence ofan electrical potential

95. Electromagneticspectrum

The entire range of radiation energyfrom the most energetic cosmic rays tothe least energetic radio waves

96. Electron A negatively charged particle that isone of the fundamental structuralunits of the atom

97. Electron orbital The path of electrons as they movearound the nuclei of atoms

98. Electrophoresis A technique for separating moleculesthrough migration on a supportmedium while under the influence ofan electrical potential

99. Electrophoresis isrelated to whichtype ofchromatographicprocess?

Thin-layer chromatography

100. Element A fundamental particle of matter;cannot be broken down into simplersubstanced by chemical means

101. Emission Light emitted from a source andseparated into its component colors orfrequencies

102. Endothermicreaction

A chemical transformation in whichheat energy is absorbed from thesurroundings

103. Energy The combined ability or potential of asystem or material to do work

104. Enzyme A type of protein that acts as a catalystfor certain specific reactions

105. Epithelial cells The outer layer of skin cells

106. Erasure The removal of writing, typewriting,or priniting from a document usuallyaccomplished by either chemicalmeans or an abrasive instrument

107. Erythrocyte A red blood cell

108. Examples ofglowingcombustion

red-hot charcoal, burning cigarette

109. Examples ofidentification in aforensic setting

Drug analysis, species determination,and explosive residue analysis

110. Examples of lowexplosives

Black powder; smokeless powder

111. Excited state The state in which an atom absorbsenergy and an electron moves from alower to a higher energy level

112. Excretion Elimination of alcohol from the body in anunchanged state

113. Exemplar An authentic sample used for comparisonpurposes, such as handwriting

114. Exothermicreaction

A chemical transformation where heatenergy is liberated

115. ExpertWitness

An individual whom the court determines topossess knowledge relevant to the trial thatis not expected of the average layperson

116. Explosion A chemical or mechanical action resultingin the rapid expansion of gases

117. Extractor The mechanism in a firearm by which acartridge of a fired case is withdrawn fromthe chamber

118. Eye piece lens The lens of a microscope into which theviewer looks; same as the ocular lens

119. Fahrenheitscale

The temperature scale using the meltingpoint of ice as 32 and the boiling point ofwater as 212, with 180 equal division ordegrees between

120. Field of view the area of the specimen that can be seenafter it is magnified

121. File slack The area that begins at the end of the lastsector that contains logical data andterminates at the end of the cluster

122. Finishedsketch

A precise rendering of the crime scene,usually drawn to scale

123. Firearmsidentification

A discipline mainly concerned withdetermining whether a bullet or cartridgewas fired by a particular weapon; should notbe confused with ballistics

124. Firewall Hardware of software designed to protectintrusions into an Internet network

125. Flammablerange

The entire range of possible gas or vapor fuelconcentrations in air that are capable ofburning

126. Flash point The minimum temperature at which a liquidfuel produces enough vapor to burn

127. Fluoresce To emit visible light when exposed to light ofa shorter wavelength-that is, ultraviolet light

128. Follicular tag A translucent piece of tissue surrounding thehair's shaft near the root; contains therichest source of DNA associated with hair

129. ForensicEntomology

The study of insects and their relation to acriminal investigation

130. ForensicScience

The application of science to those criminaland civil laws that are enforced by policieagencies in a criminal justice system

131. Frequency The number of waves that pass a given pointper second

132. Frye v.United States

The standard guideline for determining thejudicial admissibility of scientic examinationstemmed from which court ruling?

133. Fuel celldetector

A detector in which chemical reactionproduce electricity

134. Gamma ray A high energy form of electromagneticradiation emitted by a radioactive element

135. Gas [vapor] A state of matter in which the attractiveforces between molecules are small enoughto permit them to move with completefreedom

136. Gene A unit of inheritance consisting of a DNAsegment located on a chromosome

137. Genotype The particular combination of genes presentin the cells of an individual

138. Glowingcombustion

Burning at the fuel-air interface

139. gram The basic unit of mass in the metric system

140. Greiss Test A chemical test used to develop patterns ofgunpowder residues around bullet holes

141. Grooves The cut or low-lying portions between thelands in a rifled bore

142. Hacking A slang term for an unauthorized computeror network instrusion [according toCriminalistics, by Saferstein]

143. Hallucinogen A substance that induces changes in mood,attitude, thought processes, and perceptions

144. Hard DiskDrive [HDD]

The primary component of storage in thepersonal computer; consists of magneticplatters contained in a case [usually 3.5" in adestop and 2.5" in a laptop]; usually wherethe operating system, applications, and userdata are stored

145. Hardware The physical components of a computer:case, keyboard, monitor, motherboard, RAM,HDD, mouse, and so on; generally, anycomputer component that can be touched

146. Heat ofcombustion

The heat evolved when a substance is burnedin oxygen

147. heat,chemical,electrical

Forms of energy

148. Hemoglobin A red blood cell protein that transportsoxygen in the bloodstream; responsible forthe red color of blood

149. Heptatitis B The Federal Occupational Safety & HealthAdministration [OSHA] requires that allofficers who may have contact with bodyfluids while on the job be offered theinnoculations against

150. Heterozygous Having two different allelic genes ontwo corresponding positions of a pair ofchromosomes

151. High explosive An explosive with a velocity ofdetonation greater than 1000 meters persecond

152. Homozygous Having two identical allelic genes ontwo corresponding position of a pair ofchromosomes

153. Human Genome The total DNA content found within thenucleus of a cell. In humans, it iscomposed of approximately 3 billionbase pairs of genetic information.

154. Hybridization The process of joining twocomplementary strands of DNA to forma double-stranded molecule

155. Hybridonmacells

Fused spleen and tumor cells; used toproduce idential monoclonal antibodiesin a limitless supply

156. Hydrocarbon Any compound consisting only ofcarbon and hydrogen

157. Hypertext Links to other websites; the linkeddocument is displayed by clicking on ahighlighted word or icon

158. Identification The process of determining asubstance's physical or chemicalidentity.

159. Ignitiontemperature

The minimum temperature at which afuel will spontaneously ignite

160. Indentedwritings

Impressions left on papers positionedunder a piece of paper that has beenwritten on

161. Individualcharacteristics

Properties of evidence that can beattributed to a common source with anextremely high degree of certainty

162. Infrared Invisible short frequencies of lightbefore red in the visible spectrum

163. Infraredluminescence

A property exhibited by some dyes thatemit infrared light when exposed toblue-green light

164. Inorganic Describes a chemical compound notbased on carbon

165. Intensiveproperty

A property that is not dependent on thesize of an object

166. InternationalAssociation forIdentificationSafety Committee

The committee who proposed guidelinesto protect investigators at crime scenescontaining potentially infectiousmaterials

167. Internet cache Portions of visited web pages placed onthe local hard disk drive to facilitatequicker retrieval once revisited

168. Internethistory

An accounting of websites visited; differentbrowsers store this information in different way

169. Internetprotocol

The set of rules used to transmit packets of dataover the Internet and route them to theirdestination

170. InternetServiceProvider[ISP]

A company that provides connections to theInternet

171. Iodinefuming

A technique for visualizing latent fingerprintsby exposing them to iodine vapors

172. Ion An atom or molecule bearing a positive ornegative charge

173. Iso-enzymes

Multiple molecular forms of an enzyme, eachhaving the same or very similar enzymeactivities

174. Isotope An atom differing from another atom of thesame element in the number of neutrons in itsnucleus

175. Laminatedglass

Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded togetherwith a plastic film

176. Lands The raised portion between the grooves in arifled bore

177. Laser An acronym for Light Amplification byStimulated Emission of Radiation; light has allits waves pulsating in unison

178. Latentdata

Areas of files and disks that are typically notapparent to the computer user [and often not tothe operating system], but still contain data

179. Latentfingerprint

A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/orperspiration; is invisible to the naked eye

180. LawrenceKersta

The individual credited with creating voiceprinttechnology

181. Linespectrum

A type of emission spectrum showing a series oflines separated by black areas

182. Liquid A state of matter in which molecules are incontact with one another but are not rigidlyheld in place

183. Livescan An inkless device that captures the digitalimages of fingerprints and palm prints andelectronically transmits the images to an AFIS

184. LivorMortis

The medical condition that occurs after deathand results in the settling of blood in areas ofthe body closest to the ground

185. Locus The physical location of a gene on achromosome

186. Loop A class of fingerprints characterized by ridgelines that enter from one side of the pattern andcurve around to exit from the same side of thepattern

187. Los Angeles PoliceDepartment

What is the oldest forensiclaboratory in the U.S.A. ?

188. Low Copy Number Fewer than 18 DNA-bearingcells

189. Low explosive An explosive with a velocity ofdetonation less than 1000meters per second

190. Luminol The most sensitive chemicaltest capable of presumptivelydetecting bloodstains dilutedup to 300,000 times. Itsreaction with blood emits lightwhich requires the result to beobserved in a darkened area.

191. Macromolecule A molecule with a highmolecular mass

192. Mailing list A list of people with a commoninterest who receive all the e-mails sent to the list

193. Manufactured fibers Fibers derived from eithernatural or synthetic polymers;typically made by forcing thepolymeric material through theholes of a spinneret

194. Marijuana Name of hallucinogen drug

195. Mass A constant property of matterthat reflects the amount ofmaterial present

196. Matter All things of a substance;composed of atoms ormolecules

197. Medulla A cellular column runningthrough the center of the hair

198. Message Digest 5 [MD5] /Secure Hash algorithm[SHA]

a software algorithm used to'fingerprint' a file or contents ofa disk; used to verify theintegrity of data

199. Metabolize To transform a chemical in thebody to another chemical tofacilitate its elimination fromthe body

200. Microcrystalline tests Tests to identify specificsubstances by the color andmorphology of the crystalsformed when the substance ismixed with specific reagents

201. Microspectrophotometer An instrument that links amicroscope to aspectrophotometer

202. Mineral A naturally occuring crystallinesolid

203. Missing data Areas of files and disks that are notapparent to the user, and sometimes noteven to the operating system

204. Mitochondria Small structures located outside thenucleus of a cell; supply energy to the cell

205. MitochondrialDNA

DNA present in small structures outsidethe nucleus of a cell. This form of DNA isinherited maternally

206. Modem A device that connects a computer toanother computer through a phone line

207. Modusoperandi

An offender's pattern of operation

208. Mohair NOT a man-made fiber grouping

209. Molecule Two or more atoms held together bychemical bonds

210. Monochromaticlight

Light having a single wavelength orfrequency

211. Monochromator A device for isolating individualwavelengths or frequencies of light

212. Monocular Describes a micorscope with one eyepiece

213. Monomer The basic unit of structure from which apolymer is constructed

214. Motherboard The main system board of a computer[and many other electronic devices];delivers power, data, and instructions tothe computer's components; everycomponent in the computer is eitherdirectly or indirectly connected to this

215. Multiplexing A technique that simultaneously detectsmore than one DNA marker in a singleanalysis

216. Names ofNarcotic Drugs

Morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine

217. Narcotic An analgesic or pain-killing substancethat depresses vital body functions suchas blood pressure, pulse rate, andbreathing rate; regular administrationproduces physical dependence

218. Natural fibers Fibers derived entirely from animal orplant sources

219. Naturalvariations

Normal deviations found betweenrepeated specimens of an individual'shandwriting or any printing device

220. Neutron A particle with no electrical charge that isone of the basic structures in the nucleusof an atom

221. Newsgroups Large bulletin board systems that consist ofseveral thousand specialized discussiongroups; messages are posted to a bulletinboard via e-mail for others to read

222. Ninhydrin A chemical reagent used to develop latentfingerprints on porous materials by reactingwith amino acids in perspiration

223. Normalexcretion ofalcohol

Breath and urine

224. NuclearDNA

DNA present within the nucleus of a cell. Thisform of DNA is inherited from both parents

225. Nucleotide The unit of DNA consisting of one of fourbases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, orthymine - attached to a phosphate-sugargroup

226. Nucleus[chemistryterm]

The core of an atom containing the protonsand neutrons

227. Objectivelens

The lower lens of a microscope, which ispositioned directly over the specimen

228. Obliteration The blotting out or smearing over of writing orprinting to make the original unreadable

229. OperatingSystem [OS]

The software that provides the bridge betweenthe system hardware and the user; lets theuser interact with the hardware and managesthe filing system and applications

230. Organic Describes a substance composed of carbonand often smaller amounts of hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus, orother elements

231. Oxidation The combination of oxygen with othersubstances to produce new products

232. Oxidizingagent

A substance that supplies oxygen to achemical reaction

233. Parfocal Describes a microscope such that when animage is focused with one objective inposition, the other objective can be rotatedinto place and the field will remain in focus

234. Partion A contiguous set of blocks that are defined andtreated as an independent disk

235. Periodictable

A chart of elements arranged in a systematicfashion. Vertical rows are called groups orfamilies; horizontal rows are called series.Elements in a given row have similarproperties

236. pH scale A scale used to express the basicity or acidityof a substance

237. Phase A uniform body of matter; are separated bydefinite visible boundaries

238. Phenotype The physical manifestation of a genetictrait such as shape, color, and blood type

239. PhotographyUnit

What is not an optional service, that maybe provided by a full-service crimelaboratory?

240. Photon A small packet of electromagnetic radiationenergy; contains a unit of energy equal tothe product of Planck's constance and fhefrequency of radiation: E 5 hf

241. Physicaldependence

Physiological need for a drug that has beenbrought about by it regular use.Dependence is characterized by withdrawalsickness when administration of the drugis abruptly stopped

242. Physicalevidence

Any object that can establish that a crimehas been committed or can link a crime andits victim or its perpetrator

243. Physicalproperty

Describes the behavior of a substancewithout having to alter the substance'scompositon through a chemical reaction

244. Physical state A condition or state in the form of matter; asolid, liquid or gas

245. Picogram One-trillionth of a gram, or0.000000000001 gram

246. Pixel A square electronic dot that is used tocompose a digital image

247. Plane-polarized light

Light confined to a single plane ofvibration

248. Plasma NOT a physical state of matter

249. Plasma[Biology]

The fluid portion of unclotted blood

250. Plastic print A fingerprint impressed in a soft surface

251. Polarizer A device that permits the passage of lightwaves vibrating in only one plane

252. Polarizingmicroscope

The microscope that has found wideapplication for the examination ofbirefringent materials present in soil

253. Polymer A substance composed of a large number ofatoms; usually arranged in repeating unitsor monomers

254. Polymer A substance composed of a large number ofatoms. These atoms are usually arranged inrepeating units or monomers

255. PolymeraseChainReaction

The technique for replicating or copying aportion of a DNA strand outside a livingcell; leads to millions of copies of the DNAstrand

256. Polymorphism The existence of more than one form of agenetic trait

257. PortraisParie

A verbal description of a perpetrator'sphysical characteristics and dress providedby an eyewitness

258. Precipitin An antibody that reacts with itscorresponding antigen to form a precipitate

259. Preservative A substance that stops the growth ofmicroorganisms in blood

260. Primaryexplosive

A high explosive that is easily detonated byheat or shock

261. Product rule Multiplying together the frequencies ofindependently occuring genetic markers toobtain an overall frequency of occurence for agenetic profile

262. Proteins Polymers of amino acids that play basic rolesin the structures and functions of livingthings

263. Proton A positively charged particle that is one ofthe basic structures in the nucleus of an atom

264. Psychologicaldependence

Conditioned use of a drug caused byunderlying emotional needs

265. Pyrolysis The decomposition of organic matter by heat

266. Questioneddocument

Any document about which some issue hasbeen raised or that is subject of aninvestigation

267. Radialfracture

A crack in a glass that extends outward likethe spoke of a wheel from the point at whichthe glass was struck

268. Radioactivity The particle and/or gamma ray radiationemitted by the unstable nucleus of someisotopes

269. Ram slack The area beginning at the end of the logicalfile and terminating at the end of that sector

270. Random-AccessMemory[RAM]

The volatile memory of the the computer;when power is turned off, its contents arelost; where programs and instructions areloaded while in use

271. Real image An image formed by the actual convergenceof light rays on a screen

272. Refraction The bending of a light wave as it passes fromone medium to another

273. RefractiveIndex

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum toits speed in a given substance

274. RestrictionEnzymes

Chemicals that act as scissors to cut DNAmolecules at specific locations

275. RestrictionFragmentLengthPolymorphisms[RFLPs]

Different fragment lengths of base pairsthat result from cutting a DNA moleculewith restriction enzymes

276. RidgeCharacteristics[AKAMinutiae]

Ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures,and other ridge details, which must matchin two fingerprints in order for theircommon origin to be established

277. Rifling The spiral grooves formed in the bore of afirearm barrel that impart spin to theprojectile when it is fired

278. Rigor Mortis The medical condition that occurs afterdeath and results in the stiffening ofmuscle mass. The rigidity of the bodygradually disappears 24 hours after death

279. Rough sketch A draft representation of all essentialinformation and measurements at a crimescene. This sketch is drawn at the crimescene.

280. Router A device that manages traffic betweencomputers belonging to a newtork,enabling them to share a connection tothe Internet

281. Safety fuse A cord containing a core of black powder;used to carry a flame at a uniform rate toan explosive charge

282. Screening test A test that is non-specific and preliminaryin nature

283. Search engine A Website devoted to searching forinformation on the Internet usingkeywords

284. Secondaryexplosive

A high explosive that normally must bedetonated by a primary explosive

285. Sector The smallest addressable unit of data by ahard disk drive; generally consists of 512bytes

286. Sequencing A procedure used to determine the order ofthe base pairs that constitute DNA

287. Serology The study of antigen-antibody reactions

288. Serum The liquid that separates from the bloodwhen a clot is formed

289. Short TandemRepeat [STR]

A region of a DNA molecule that containsshort segments consisting of 3 to 7repeating base pairs

290. sink What will an object do if the density of asolid is greater than the liquid medium towhich it is immersed?

291. Smokelesspowder[double-base]

An explosive consisting of a mixture ofnitrocellulose and nitroglycerin

292. Smokeless powder[single-base]

An explosive consisting ofnitrocellulose

293. Software A set of instructions compiled into aprogrm that performs a particulartask; consists of programs andapplications that carry out a set ofinstructions on the hardware

294. Solid A state of matter in which themolecules are held closely together ina rigid state

295. Spectrophotometry An analytical method for identifyinga substance by its selective absorptionof different wavelengths of light

296. Sperm The male reproductive cell

297. Spontaneouscombustion

A fire caused by a natural heat-producing process in the presence ofsufficient air and fuel

298. Standard/referencesample

Physical evidence whose origin isknown, such as blood or hair from asuspect, that can be compared tocrime-scene evidence

299. Stereoscopicmicroscope

The most frequently used andversatile microscope found in a crimelab

300. Stimulant A substance taken to increasealertness or activity

301. Sublimination A physical change from the solidstate directly into the gaseous state

302. Substrate control Uncontaminated surface materialclose to an area where physicalevidence has been deposited

303. Substrate control An unstained object adjacent to anarea on which biological materialhas been deposited

304. Super Glue Fuming A technique for visualizing latentfingerprints on nonporous surfacesby exposing them to cyanoacrylatevapors; named for a commercialproduct

305. Swap file or Space A file or defined space on the HDDused to conserve RAM; data is pagedto this file/space to free RAM forapplications that are in use

306. Tandem repeat A region of a chromosome thatcontains multiple copies of a coreDNA sequence that are arranged in arepeating fashion

307. Telogen phase The final grown phase where hairnaturally falls out of the skin

308. Tempered glass Glass that is made stronger thanordinary window glass by introducingstress through rapid heating andcooling of the glass surface

309. Temporary files Files temporarily written by anapplication to perform a function

310. The basesassociated withDNA

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine

311. The item that is notto be collected froma deceased's bodyand sent to theforensic laboratory

Ocular fluid

312. The mostimportantprerequisite forphotographing acrime scene

The crime scene to be in an unalteredcondition

313. The need toprevent theeventual loss ofevidence over time

What is not an allowance made tojustify a warrantless search?

314. This physical andchemical changedoes not occurfollowing death?

Biogor Mortis

315. Toxicologist An individual whose job it is to detectand identify drugs and poisons inbody fluids, tissues, and organs

316. Toxicology Unit What is not a basic service providedby "full-service crime laboratories"?

317. Transmittedillumination

Light that passes up from thecondenser and through the specimen

318. Ultraviolet Invisible long frequencies of lightbeyond violet in the visible spectrum

319. Unallocated space The area of the HDD that theoperating system [file system table]sees as empty [contining no logicalfiles] and ready for data; the unusedportion of the HDD, but notnecessarily empty

320. Uniform ResourceLocator [URL]

A standard method by which Internetsites are addressed

321. Vein A blood vessel that transports bloodtoward the heart

322. Vertical orreflectedillumination

Illumination of a specimen fromabove; in microscopy it is used toexamine opaque specimens

323. Virtual image An image that cannot be seen directly.It can be seen only by a viewer lookingthrough a lens

324. Visible data All data that the operating system is presently aware of, and thus is readily accessible to theuser

325. Visible light Colored light ranging from red to violet in the electromagnetic spectrum; ROYGBIV

326. Visible print A fingerprint made when the finger deposits a visible material such as ink, dirt, or blood on asurface

327. Voice Over Internet Protocol [VoIP] Transmission of the human voice over the Internet, usually through a telephone

328. Voiceprint A pictorial representation of the frequency, duration, and amplitude of human voice sounds

329. Wavelength The distance between crests of adjacent waves

330. Weight A property of matter that depends on both the mass of a susbstance and the effects of gravityon that mass

331. What is the melting point of ice onthe Fahrenheit scale?

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332. Whorl A class of fingerprints that include ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular inshape and have two deltas

333. Wi-Fi Technology that uses high-frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over theinternet; allows for a wireless connection to the Internet

334. X Chromosome The female sex chromosome

335. X-ray A high-energy, short-wavelength form of electromagnetic radiation

336. X-ray diffraction An analytical technique for identifying crystalline materials

337. Y Chromosome The male sex chromosome

338. Y-STRs Short tandem repeats located on the human Y chromosome. Their utility in forensic science isthat they originate only from a male donor of DNA.

339. Zygote The cell arising from the union of an egg and a sperm cell