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SAFE SYSTEM OF WORKPLAN (SSWP)

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORKPLAN (SSWP)

CIVIL ENGINEERING PICTOGRAMS

CIVIL ENGINEERING PICTOGRAMS

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN(SSWP)

CIVIL ENGINEERING

PICTOGRAMS

Contents

Pictogram Explanations .......................4-65

Abbreviations Used .................................66

Index ...................................................67-69

Guidelines ...........................................70-72

Start Up and Ongoing Site & Planning Requirements

SUPERVISIONSupervision, generally by the person in charge(eg, the foreman), is essential to ensure theactivity is completed as planned, and to a safesystem of work.

SAFE PASSAs identified in the Construction Regulations, allpeople engaged in construction work must possessa current Safe Pass card, having successfullycompleted the one-day safe-pass training. SafePass cards must be renewed as appropriate. Proofof such training should be available on site.

PLANT/EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATIONIt is a legal requirement that most constructionplant is tested and examined on a regular basis,in particular all lifting appliances and lifting gear.The Certificates relating to these must be kept upto date.

CSCSThe Construction Skills Certification Scheme, asprescribed in the Construction Regulations,identifies certain skills on construction sites thatrequire mandatory training. On successfulcompletion of this training, persons are given aCSCS card. CSCS cards must be renewed asappropriate. Proof of such training should beavailable on site.

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN – PICTOGRAMS

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INDUCTIONEvery new contractor or new employee on a siteshould undergo an induction when they firstarrive on site. This induction should inform theattendees about: site rules and procedures, thearrangements for their safety and welfare on site,who the key duty holders are.Emergency plans/procedures should be explainedat inductions (they must also be available inwriting), so that, if an incident occurs on site therisk of injury to workers and people in the vicinityis minimised. These measures must also deal withrescue. When developing the emergency plans, itmay be necessary to liaise with the localemergency services.Communication: Timely and good communicationis essential at all times. Clear communicationhelps to ensure that tasks are understood andcompleted in a safe manner.

WC & WASHINGToilets and a hand-washing facility must beprovided on all sites. The facility must include asufficient supply of hot or warm and cold runningwater, toilet tissue, soap and towels. The facilitymust be conveniently accessible and be keptclean and hygienic.

CANTEENA facility must be provided for workers to takebreaks in. Minimum requirements include: afacility for boiling water, tables with impermeablesurfaces, chairs with backs. It must be properlyventilated, have adequate light, be kept in aclean, hygienic condition and should not be usedfor storing building materials or plant.

CIVIL ENGINEERING FORM

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DRYING/CHANGINGAn area, separate from the canteen facility, must be provided where workers can change and dry clothes.

DRINKING WATERAn adequate supply of wholesome drinkingwater must be provided at a convenient point (or points).

FIRST AIDFirst-aid equipment must be provided andmaintained, and be easily accessible. At least onefirst aider should be available if the site-specificSafety Statement risk assessment shows that thisis necessary. A trained first aider should generallybe available to all construction workers.

SMOKING CONTROLSmoking is prohibited in enclosed work places.


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GENERAL ACTIVITYThis section identifies the general set of controlsthat are likely to be required for most activitiescovered by this form. This row of controls mustbe reviewed for all activities before any hazardspecific controls are identified.

DRAWINGSAll planned work will generally be accompaniedby a set of drawings. In most cases where drawingshave not being provided (eg, for alterations orrework), drawings should be sought from thedesigners responsible. These drawings shouldnormally identify the sequence and final positionof constructed or installed equipment,components and materials, along with all othernecessary information. It is also recommended thatconstruction drawings identify notes about anyrelevant safety procedures/methods.

RISK ASSESSMENTEach activity on site needs to be risk-assessed, toidentify potential hazards (eg, working with liveelectricity, hazardous chemicals or at height,manual handling, etc). If there is risk of injury,appropriate controls must be put in place. If thehazard cannot be eliminated, the risk must bereduced as far as possible.


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METHOD STATEMENTBecause construction work is hazardous, detailedmethod statements/procedures that describe thesafe system of work, step by step, must bedeveloped for high-risk activities. Such activitiesneed to be suitably planned, organised andcontrolled. These procedures must be in writingand be communicated to all workers in languagethat all can understand. The method statementshould include at least the following: a) theschedule of responsibilities; b) details of selectedwork methods; c) details of equipment to be used;d) details of ancillary equipment; e) the name ofappointed duty holders; and f) a complete plansetting out the sequence of the operation (fromsite preparation, arrival of equipment on site, anynecessary erection, positioning of equipment,lifting and placing of load(s), and dismantling ofequipment, to moving off site). The plan musttake account of all structural and related surveysand drawings, etc.

HOUSEKEEPINGAll slip, trip and fall hazards must be removed sothat people can get safely to their place of work.A good housekeeping system must be adopted,so that everything has a place and is in its place.Excessive amounts of dust can cause eye andrespiratory irritation. Dust and muck are anuisance for both workers and others in thevicinity. All traffic routes in public areas nearconstruction works should be kept clear of muck.During dry periods the routes should bedampened to keep dust down.


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ACCESS ROUTEThere must be safe routes to and from the placeof work.

GROUND CONDITIONSBefore scaffolding is erected, or where otherexternal access equipment is used, the ground mustbe prepared so that it can support the safe use ofsuch equipment and any other loads applied.

LIGHTINGPeople who need to go to or work in darkenedareas must have adequate lighting so they do notslip, trip or fall, or collide with projecting objects.

WARNING SIGNSWarning signs must be used across the site to alertworkers or others when they are approachinghigh-risk areas (eg, leading edges, excavations, and exclusion zones). Signs should also be used toconvey safety information (eg, scaffold unsafe touse). Signs must be placed at an appropriatelocation, and be clear and in a language that allworkers and people on site can understand. Signsshould always be complied with.Members of the public approaching constructionwork must be given advance warning, particularlywhere specific hazards exist. Warning signs mustbe erected where necessary, giving clear,unambiguous directions to passing people.


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FIRE CONTROL/ASSEMBLYThe risk of fire is generally ever present onconstruction sites. Fire prevention has to beconsidered at the various level of constructionplanning. Consideration should be given toproviding means of escape and installingtemporary fire-detection, emergency lighting and alarm systems. Bar heaters should not be used on site, and useof all naked flames must be tightly controlled. Flammable materials must be stored separately ina well-ventilated lockable location, away from anylikely ignition sources, and such liquids should beremoved from site when no longer required. After hot works have taken place, the area shouldbe revisited to ensure that fires have not developed. Sand and fire blankets can be used in certaincases, such as a small smouldering fire toeliminate the chances of fire developing. o To prevent injury from fire all employees must

be instructed what to do in the event of a fire,what the approved escape route is, and wherethe assembly points are located. Fire drillsshould be held regularly.

o Fire Extinguishers: people need to be trainedhow to operate them. They should only be usedfor small fires. Water fire extinguishers are usedonly to put out fires involving cloth, paper andwood. Foam extinguishers are suitable for mostfires involving flammable liquids. Carbondioxide extinguishers can be used on firesinvolving flammable liquids or electricalapparatus. Dry-powder extinguishers can beused on most fires including electrical fires.

o There should be no bonfires on site.


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WEATHERBad weather can lead to unsafe workingconditions. In high winds or icy weather, it maybe necessary to cease work at height in exposedareas. Also in high winds, loose materials mayneed to be removed or tied down, to preventthem blowing or falling. Cranes must not beoperated in wind speeds that are in excess ofthose specified by the crane manufacturer. In hot sunny weather, sun protection must beconsidered, as well as the provision of drinkingwater to prevent dehydration.

SERVICES (including electricity, gas, sewage)Before any construction work, it is necessary toensure that existing services such as gas, electricity,water, and sewers are secured, so that they do notpose a risk to workers or people in the vicinitydue to the works being undertaken. Adequatemeasures must be taken to protect workers.

SERVICE SUPPLIER e.g. ESB, Bord Gais, Local Authority etcWhere construction work is to begin, and servicesare unknown the relevant utility company must becontacted to obtain drawings and advice on theposition of underground and overhead services.

DIVERT/OFFBefore work near overhead, underground cables,gas services or other underground services begins,the relevant utility company must be asked todivert the service away from the work zone, or ifnecessary to switch off or stop the servicetemporarily to allow work to proceed safely.


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DETECTOR AND MARKBefore the ground is broken, the area should bescanned with a detector to verify the position ofany services. Any variations should be noted onthe drawings. The position of the service shouldbe carefully marked, to ensure that subsequentwork does not come into contact with it.

PERMIT TO WORKTo ensure that appropriate controls are rigidlyadhered to when high-risk work (eg, workingwith live electricity or biological agents) is beingcarried out, a permit-to-work system should beused. This ensures that works do not begin untilall the safety and environmental controls are inplace, and signed off.

HAND DIGMechanical cutting or digging at or close tounderground services is generally not permittedexcept in limited circumstances and only understrict supervision. Such services are normallyuncovered or made visible by controlled handdigging, to minimise the risk of cutting orpuncturing the service. However, care should betaken during hand digging, as this can also resultin cutting services and exposing live conductors.Normally only when all lines are clearly visibleshould mechanical digging commence.Consideration may also be given to having arepresentative of the relevant utility companypresent when work takes place close tounderground services.


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ISOLATION/LOCK OUTWhere electrical power remains live, andsubsequent work is required including live work,isolation and tagging-off systems, includingpermit-to-work systems should be used. Allelectrical work must be closely supervised bytrained and competent electricians. The ElectricityRegulations and the ETCI rules must be fullycomplied with.

BARRIERSWhere services have been uncovered or madevisible, and remain visible or are insufficientlybackfilled, suitable barriers should be erected at a sufficient distance around the service area toprotect and warn drivers of plant and others ofthe danger.

NO FLAMESGas is highly flammable. Flame or any sources ofignition (sparks, static electricity, etc) must bekept away from live gas.

GAS BOTTLE STORAGEGas bottles must always be stored upright andchained to prevent inadvertent falling.


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PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, LIFTING OPERATIONS

SELECTION/SUITABILITYBefore any piece of plant is selected and used tocarry out an activity, it must be checked for itssuitability for the task (eg, safe working load,accessories available, reach capability, etc). Whenplant such as dumpers and bulldozers are beingbought or used, the potential risks to workersfrom vibration emissions must be considered.

PILE DRIVINGPile driving is the process of driving or casting acolumn-like structural member of concrete, steel ortimber into the ground to support a superstructure.The pile driver is a machine, a hoist and leadersused to drive piles. The pile driver and auger rigsare usually top-heavy machine; the ground must besuitable to support the safe driving of the piles. Piledriving and auger rigs may also be liftingappliances, and thus must be certified, examinedand tested as required under legislation. Thesemachines must only be operated by competent andtrained employees.

180 EXCAVATOROperators must possess the appropriate trainingcertification. The machine must be set up safelyfor digging; the hand brake must be engaged;direction levers must be in neutral, and all wheelsmust be off the ground.


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VEHICLE RECOVERYIf any vehicle gets into difficulty on site, excavatorbooms, back actors, and lifting arms, etc, shouldnot be used to pull the vehicle free (unless thismight prevent injury or death). Only appropriateplant should be used to rescue vehicles, and thisshould be done from an approved towing point.

360 EXCAVATORExcavators can be used as cranes when liftinggear is attached to the machine to a specificallydesigned locating point. To carry out such tasks,the excavator will normally have check valvesfitted to the main boom and dipper arm’s liftingcylinders. The SWL for the excavator-lifting gearconfiguration should be the same at all radii, andshould not exceed the load which the machine isdesigned to lift in its least stable configuration.Before the excavator is first used as a crane, acompetent person must prepare a certificate.

ROCK BREAKERRock breaking involves applying heavy blows to a point either hydraulically or pneumatically. To prevent flying debris entering the cab it isrecommended that the cab be fitted with aprotective cage. When this method is used,regular inspections must be carried out to ensurethat vibration has not caused a deterioration instability in the surrounding areas. Prior to use,the assembled machine must be inspected by acompetent person, to ensure that the attachmentis secure and that all connections are fittedcorrectly and free from defects.


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BULLDOZERDue to the operator’s seat position, visibility –particularly to the rear – can be difficult. Sidemirrors, centre mirrors, flashing beacons andaudible reversing alarms should be fitted. CCTVto the rear may also be required to give thedriver adequate vision. All drivers must be fullytrained and possess the necessary certificate.

DUMPERAll dumper trucks should possess side mirrors,flashing beacons and audible reversing alarms.Most articulated dumpers will require CCTV tothe rear.

ROLL-OVER PROTECTION/NO PASSENGERSAll drivers or operators of construction plant mustbe protected, according to the law. Where plant(such as dump trucks, tractors and mini excavators)might overturn, roll-over protection is required.Generally, only the person who controls thevehicle should occupy construction and demolitionplant. One seat, one person. Such plant must notbe used to give lifts about the site to others.

ROAD PLANERRoad planers and all other civil engineering plantsuch as slip kerb machines with built-in conveyorscan be hazardous. Such plant require on-goingmaintenance to ensure they are in a safe workingcondition. Pinch, entrapment, fall points and anyareas where materials can be ejected must alwaysbe protected by guarding to prevent injury tousers or people nearby. Ladders, walkways and


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safety rails should be maintained in good conditionto eliminate the risk of falls. Personnel operatingsuch plant must receive training in their use.

TELEPORTERThe teleporter must be suitable for the task.Before use, check that it has been appropriatelycertified and that it is fit for use. Teleportersshould be serviced regularly.

FORKS CLAMP/EXTENSIONChains and slings must not be wrapped aroundthe forks of a teleporter when lifting a load.When required to lift loads with a teleporter, theforks should be removed and a crane extensionwith hook or shackle used. Alternatively suitablefork clamps can be used, with the chain or slingsuspended from a suitable hook or shackle.

LOCKING ATTACHMENTSAncillary equipment used in connection with anyconstruction plant must at all time be secured(eg, quick hitch with bucket or rock breaker toexcavator, etc). This may require the insertion oflocking pins, to prevent inadvertent dropping ofthe attachment.

CONCRETE PUMPConcrete pumping rigs must be maintained andserviced regularly (this includes checks onoutriggers, etc). Special care must be taken whenworking in the vicinity of overhead lines.


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PUMP CONNECTIONSEach pipe connection on the pumping rig must besecured with the correct clip. The manufacturer’srecommendations should be followed.

GRAB LORRYGrab lorries and lorry loaders are increasinglyused on construction sites. Typically the positionof the operator working the controls of the cranecan be standing on a platform directly behind thecab, or standing on the ground at the side of thelorry between the cab and the lorry body. Blockdelivery lorries are often operated from a highchair at the rear of the lorry. Many controls arefitted to safeguard the operator, includingstabiliser feet, emergency stops, and fixedguarding place about the crane’s control levels toprevent inadvertent operations. Sensors may alsobe fitted to prevent the bucket with load cominginto the working area of the operator. Beforelifting operations, all controls should be checkedto ensure that they are in place. Lorry loadersmust always stand on firm level ground. Workingon sloping ground should be avoided. Grablorries must only be used to lift bulk materialssuch as earth, sand and gravel. Lift gear must notbe attached unless certified and tested liftingpoints are provided. All crane drivers must befully trained.Particular attention must be paid to overheadlines when operating grabs or lifting equipmentmounted on lorries.


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ROAD SWEEPERRoad sweepers must be maintained fully toensure that all functions work as required.

VEHICLE MOVEMENTMovement of heavy plant about civil engineeringsites is an everyday event. Plant should be movedon appropriate low loaders. The decision on howto pull the low loader – with a tracked vehicle,tractor or lorry cab – should be based on a riskassessment, taking into account the condition ofthe haul road, etc. Irrespective of the method ofmovement, all transported plant must be firmlysecured to the low loader to prevent serious risk.

WATER BOWSERParticularly in dry conditions, dust on sites is acommon problem and a health irritant. To reducethe effects of air-borne dust, water spraying isrecommended. Water bowsers drawn by tractorsare often used.

PTO GUARD & ACCESS STEPSAgricultural tractors are often used on site.Where the power-take-off (pto) shaft is used totransmit power to a towed accessory, the joiningpto shaft must be fully guarded.The operating cabs of most construction plant arein a raised position. Where access is by a series ofsteps, with handhold points, such steps should bekept in good condition. For example, a build-upof dirt and debris could cause tripping. Wheredamaged, steps should be repaired without delay.


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DELIVERY/TRANSPORTSite transportation and site deliveries (eg, transportof large structural components and large vehiclemovements) must be carefully planned to avoidsite congestion and prevent injury to sitepersonnel or members of the public.

REVERSE WARNING DEVICESWith plant that has restricted visibility, andparticularly during reversing operations, suitablewarning devices or sight-seeing devices — such asCCTV, flashing beacons, convex mirrors, audiblewarning, etc – must be fitted.

TRAFFIC/SPEED CONTROLTraffic-control plans must be prepared to helpcontrol traffic movement, especially at theentrance to any construction site. Measures tocontrol traffic may include: use of warning signs,bollards, stop-go systems, ramps, temporarytraffic lights, flagmen and stop-go men. Liaisonwith local gardaí may also be necessary. TheDepartment of the Environment’s Traffic SignsManual should be referred to. Vehicular speeds must be controlled onconstruction sites. Signs must be erected anddisplayed appropriately to advise drivers ofpermitted speeds.

DEAD MAN’S HANDLEIf a ‘dead man’s handle’ is fitted to a piece ofplant, it must be maintained in good workingorder.


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SEAT BELTSWhere seat belts are fitted they must be worn. Inthe event of an overturn they can save lives.

SAFE DRIVINGDriving and using construction plant safelyrequires operators who are competent and trainedfor the task. Any lapse in concentration couldcause an accident. Drivers and operators must notbe distracted from their task; thus anyoneoperating plant should not use a mobile phone.Similarly, where a seat with seat belt is providedfor safe operation of plant, drivers should notdrive or operate the plant from a standingposition. Operators should only operate plant astrained and as specified by the manufacturers.

PRIVATE PARKING Non-construction-related vehicles must be parkedin designated areas away from site traffic.

COMPOUND/PLANT SECURITYA designated area should be fenced off for storingconstruction plant and materials and for parkingvehicles. At the end of the day the compoundmust be secured to prevent unauthorised access.Where plant is remote from a secured compound,alternative measures must be put in place toprevent unauthorised access.


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SELECTION OF CRANE TYPESelecting the correct type of crane for the task iscrucial. Many factors must be considered,including: the number of lifts required, the sizeand weight of the lifts (SWL), the lift distance(reach capability), and the ground conditions. The crane must be properly certified.

CRANE COORDINATIONTo ensure that the safe system of work isimplemented, one person should be appointed tohave overall control of the crane operation(s).This person should have the necessary trainingand experience to fulfil this role. Thecoordinator’s duties include: planning, ensuringthat ground supports are adequate, selectingcranes and lifting gear, and preparing anymethod statements required. Crane coordinationis particularly important where two or morecranes are working in close proximity. In suchcases, strict controls must be implemented anddocumented to ensure that the cranes or theirloads do not come into contact.

SWL (SAFE WORKING LOAD)/PLAN LIFTLifting appliances and lifting gear should neverbe used to lift beyond their stated safe workingload. This, as assessed by a competent person, isthe maximum load that an item of liftingequipment may raise, lower or suspend under theparticular service conditions.All lifting operations should be planned to ensurethat they are carried out in a safe manner.Generally a method statement should be preparedin advance of the operation.


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BANKSMANA banksman (a trained slinger and signaller)must always be used where loads are lifted andsafe direction is given to operators of liftingappliances. The banksman directing a crane’smovements should be easily identifiable to thecrane driver (eg, by the wearing of uniquelyidentifiable high-visibility clothing, and/or theuse of radio call signs).

EXCLUSION ZONEAs a general rule, persons should not be workingunder an area where loads are being lifted orwithin the working radius of the jib. Peopleshould be kept a safe distance from workingplant; barriers should be used where possible.

CHECKING OF LIFTING GEARLifting gear means any gear or cable by which aload can be attached to a lifting appliance. Itincludes chain sling, rope sling, hook, shackle oreye bolt. Before lifting gear is used it must beexamined to check for safe working load (SWL)and so that defects, which may reduce its capacityto function safely, are repaired. Lifting gear mustbe appropriately certified prior to use.


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MAN CRADLEWhere normal working platforms (such asscaffolding or MEWPs) cannot be erected, mancradles suspended from cranes may be used togive access to difficult areas at height. Suchcradles must be rigged by competent persons.The cradle, lifting gear and crane must all becertified as appropriate for the task. Cradlesshould only be used to carry personnel, theirtools and sufficient materials to do the job. Theyshould not be used for transporting bulk materials.Cranes with free-fall systems engaged must notbe used when someone is being lifted in a cradle.Fall-arrest gear should be worn by each personcarried, with the lanyard secured to the hookblock on the crane.

CONCRETE SKIPSWhen concrete is discharged from concrete skips,care must be taken to use the appropriatedischarge handle, and hands must be kept awayfrom any other moving or pinch points. Ride-on concrete skips are not recommended,and should only be used if providing a safeworking platform is not practicable. When ride-on concrete skips are used, extreme care must betaken to prevent the operator being thrown outof the skip due to recoil of the crane’s jib afterthe load is discharged, etc. Operators must use afall arrest system that is secured to a certifiedanchor point.


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PALLETS/SECURE LOADSWhatever the lift (teleporter or crane), loads mustalways be secured. Where possible, materialsshould be kept on pallets, or in bales withadequate strapping to ensure that materials donot fall while being lifted into place.

PEDESTRIAN ROUTESAll pedestrians – whether workers or members ofthe public – should be kept away from constructionplant operations. Dedicated and clearly identifiedpedestrian routes should be used.

EXAMINATION & INSPECTIONA competent person is required to examine andinspect statutory plant and equipment. Defectsmust be noted and, if defective, plant should berepaired immediately, or be replaced. A report ofthe inspection/examination should be recordedon the approved form.


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HAND-HELD EQUIPMENT

SELECTION/SUITABILITYBefore any electrically powered hand tool orother hand-held equipment is selected and used,it must be checked for its suitability to the task(eg, voltage rating, size and condition, etc). Whenhand-operated power tools such as grinders, sawsand drills are being bought or used, considerationmust be given to the potential risks to workersfrom vibration emissions.

VOLTAGEAll portable electric tools rated below two kilowattsthat are used on construction sites must be ratedat 110V.

CHECK CABLEBefore any electric appliance (including transformersand extension reels) is used on site, the cables andconnectors attached must be examined to ensurethat they are not damaged. Trailing electric cables which risk being damagedbecause of their position must be protected fromsuch damage, or else they should be placed in asafe location.


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GUARDSMany hand/portable tools have rotating shaftsand components. Others emit fragments, dustand sparks. Such tools must have suitable guardsfitted (eg, circular saw guards, power-take-offshaft guards, etc).

GENERATORS OUTSIDETo avoid the silent killer, petrol and diesel-drivengenerators must always be used outdoors to avoidthe deadly effects of the build-up of carbonmonoxide from exhaust gases.

COMPRESSOR & WHIP CHECKSCompressors must be maintained and servicedregularly. All connections and flexible hosingmust be in good condition and replaced ifdamaged. All guards must be secured beforestarting, so that no rotating pulleys or belts areexposed. ‘Whip checks’ (safety clips) should beused at connections on all pneumatic hose lines.This control prevents the hose from ‘whippingaround’ in the event of the connection failing.The safety clips must all be inspected prior to thecompressor being turned on. Alternatively,automatic cut-off valves may be used.


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JACK HAMMER/KANGOTo reduce and eliminate the risk of ill health dueto vibration, jack hammers and kangos must beserviced regularly and maintained in good condition.Jack hammers should not be used for long periods.Workers may be rotated to other tasks to reduceexposure time and prevent vibration-related illhealth. Workers using jack hammers and kangosand anyone likely to remain in the immediatevicinity should wear ear defenders

DUST SUPPRESSIONTools and equipment that generate dust cloudsshould be fitted with extraction or wetting aids.

HOT WORKSWelders and flame cutters must only be used bycompetent, qualified persons. Suitable PPE(personal protective equipment) must be providedand used. A fire extinguisher and sand bucketalong with appropriate screens should be readilyavailable during cutting and welding. For welding, local exhaust systems should beconsidered to remove fume from the breathingzone. If the welding is carried out in a confinedspace or if the welding zone becomes a confinedspace because of the set-up, extra controls arerequired (see section dealing with ConfinedSpace below). In many situations where hot working is used, apermit-to-work system will apply to prevent therisk of fire and explosion.


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Gas bottles must always be stored upright, andchained to prevent inadvertent falling. Flash-backarresters must be used on gas bottles. All flexiblehosing and connections should be checked daily,and any damaged parts replaced prior to use.

CHAIN SAWWhether as part of enabling works or landscaping,etc, various types of appliances are used on site tocut trees, wooden posts and other wood products.Chain saws must only be used by trained people.The saws must be regularly maintained and keptin good working order. The many safety featuressuch as guards and chain brake should be checkedbefore each use. All guards must be in place at alltimes. Appropriate PPE must be used.Other tree and hedge cutters may also be used,such as circular saws mounted on the rear oftractors. Drivers must be trained. It is of utmostimportance that an exclusion zone is strictlymaintained around the working machine untilthe machine is parked up and the rotating bladehas come to a stop.

OTHERAll construction equipment should undergo regularservice and maintenance checks, to ensure continuedfitness for use. It is good practice to keep writtenrecords of such maintenance checks.All equipment should be checked before use, andany damaged parts must be replaced before workbegins.


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EXCAVATIONExcavations and trenches more than 1.25m deepcan cause serious accidents in the event of one orboth of its sides collapsing. This can result inburial or crushing of workers.

BATTERING BACKBattering back means that the sides of the trenchare sloped back to a safe angle. This makes stablethe sides of the excavation and prevents collapse.

TRENCH BOXA trench box is a proprietary support system. Trenchsupports can be put in place without people havingto enter the excavation. When it is in place, peoplecan work safely inside the trench box.

SHEET PILINGSteel sheet piles are widely used for both temporaryworks (eg, excavations and cofferdams) andpermanent works (supporting ground or waterloads by use in retaining, quay and river walls).Designed to resist lateral loading, they arenormally driven to form a set of interlocking pilesin a panel. Pile driving and pile extraction are bothhazardous. Only competent and experiencedcontractors should undertake such work. Specialisthammers used must be inspected before use, andbe maintained in good order. Sheet piles are usedparticularly for deep excavations where space isrestricted (eg, on or close to streets and busy roads).


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SHORINGShoring gives temporary support to the walls of atrench. Sheeting is placed along the walls of thetrench; both vertical and horizontal props supportthe length of the excavation exposed. Severaltypes of proprietary shoring systems are available,including hydraulic waling frames, manholeshores, trench/drag boxes (see above), and slide-rail systems. Traditional ground-support systems –timber boards supported by timber waling andstruts or by steel trench sheeting, or sheet piling(see above) supported by timber or steel walingsand structs – can also be used. Only a competentperson, who has completed a thorough riskassessment, should choose the system to use.

BACK FILLBack filling is the re-instatement and making safe of the excavation. It must be carried outimmediately after the support systems areremoved. Stop blocks should be used to alertdrivers of vehicles (teleporters, dumpers andlorries, etc) when they are approaching the sideof the excavation. If such vehicles come too closeto the excavation, they could roll into it orundermine its bank.

SPOIL BACKAll material removed from an excavation shouldbe stored away from the excavation to preventloose materials falling back in.


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CHOCKA chock is a block that prevents a vehicle fromapproaching too close to the side of anexcavation which could cause the sides of theexcavation to collapse or lead to the vehiclerolling into the excavation.

NO UNDERMININGBefore excavating, the adjacent area should bechecked to ensure that the excavation work willnot cause other structures to become unstable orcollapse. Underpinning and propping may berequired to stabilise such structures beforeexcavation work begins.

UNDERPINNINGUnderpinning is the process of introducingsupport under an existing structure.Whether thepurpose is facade retention or protection fromother wall collapse, an assessment of foundations– focusing especially on the risk of subsidence –must be considered at the planning and designstage. If structures are or might be unstable,underpinning may be necessary. The riskassessment for underpinning excavations mustalso address the risk of collapse of the overheadstructure. Because of lack of space duringexcavating for underpinning, supports will oftenhave to consist of timbering to suit the size ofexcavation. Only a competent specialist shoulddesign and undertake underpinning.


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LADDER ACCESS Workers must be able to get in and out ofexcavations safely. Generally ladder access is used.Landing areas should be kept free of obstruction.All ladders should be secured to prevent slipping orsliding, and must allow for safe access and egress.

EXCLUSION ZONE As a general rule, people should not work withinthe working radius of an excavator boom. Theyshould be kept at a safe distance from workingplant. Barriers should be used where possible.

BARRIERS/COVERS Suitable barriers should be placed aroundexcavations when work is in progress. At theend of each day, these barriers shouldcompletely surround the excavation and bestrong and high enough to prevent peoplefalling into the excavation. Alternatively or in combination with barriers,covers should be placed over excavations. Theseshould be strong enough to prevent persons fromfalling through.


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PUMPINGWater build-up in excavations should be removedwith pumps to prevent flooding. Such pumpsmust be maintained in good working order, andbe sited on firm ground at a safe distance fromthe crown of the excavation. This is so they willnot undermine the banks of the excavation, orput the person operating the pump at risk fromfalling into the excavation.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTIf rain water, contaminated water, sewage or anycontamination has to be removed from anexcavation or similar, an Environmental RiskAssessment should be carried out to ensure that,during the pumping process, untreated orcontaminated material does not re-enter theground water. This assessment should assess thelikelihood of such harmful emissions ordischarges so that suitable controls may beimplemented to eliminate the risk.

SAFE STACKINGPipes and other materials should be stacked in asafe manner, with wedges, to prevent pipes andother materials from falling or rolling on topeople. Large circular sections (such as manholesections) should be stored on the flat and not ontheir circular sides.


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PROPPINGTunnels should be adequately propped to preventthe collapse of the walls or ceiling of the tunnel.

ACCESS/EGRESSDesignated pedestrian walkways must be in placeto separate site traffic from people entering orleaving tunnels.

AIR SUPPLYDuring tunnelling, a supply of fresh air may berequired. Competent advice should be sought.

EXAMINATION & INSPECTIONA competent person should inspect excavationsat least once a day. The support systems andground conditions should be examined and anyremedial work should take place immediately. A report of the inspection should be recorded onthe approved form.


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FALLS AND FALLING OBJECTS

SCAFFOLDING/WORKING PLATFORMScaffold platforms should where possible be usedas working platforms for all work at height andin particular for all works above two metres. Thescaffold platform must be designed, planned anderected by trained personnel, in accordance withall relevant legislation, codes of practice andmanufacturer’s instructions. Scaffolds shouldinclude dedicated ladder access bays, and whererequired, properly constructed loading bays.Hand-Over Certificates and the use of relevantsignage (eg, capacity of loading bays) arerecommended.A working platform is a location for carrying outconstruction work at height safely. It is taken tomean a work area that provides protection andprevents a worker from falling to a lower level.Generally it is used to refer to scaffold platformsbut, where scaffolds cannot be erected, it canalso refer to other safe platforms such as MEWPsand scaffold towers.

EDGE PROTECTIONAll people must be protected from falling offedges, through hazardous openings or off stairs.Protection measures include handrails, barriers,mid-rails and toe boards, etc.


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OPEN HOLESAll ground and manhole openings, etc, as soonas they are created, must be guarded to preventfalls. Usually the opening is surrounded withvisible guard rails and toe boards that areanchored and fixed securely.

Where openings are covered, the covers (eg,manhole covers) must be of adequate strengthand size and be firmly fixed in position. Thesecovers may also identify what they are covering(eg, a floor opening) so they will not beinadvertently removed.

Excavated openings should be backfilled as soonas possible.

SAFE LADDERAll ladder access must be erected by competentpeople who will ensure: adequate length ofladder, tying and footing, and lack of defects.Access onto and egress off ladders must be suchthat workers do not have to cross large gapsthrough which they could fall before they have afirm handhold on the ladder. Ladders should becontrolled and checked frequently to ensurefitness for use.


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MEWP (Mobile Elevating Work Platforms)A boom hoist, which has an extendable foldingboom with cage attached, can be used for workat height if ground conditions are suitable. Boom hoists can also be used to enable access toremote areas. Selection must be based onsuitability for the task. Particular attention shouldbe given to ground conditions. It should be possibleto follow fully the manufacturer’s guidelines forsafe use. Only competent and trained operatorsshould control the movement of these hoists.Other vehicles should be strictly controlled in thevicinity of hoists.

Scissors lifts that can extend to significantheights, using hydraulic scissors movement, maybe used where scaffold platforms are notpossible. Selection must be based on suitabilityfor the task. Particular attention should be givento ground conditions. It should be possible tofollow fully the manufacturer’s guidelines forsafe use. Only competent and trained operatorsshould control their movement.

MOBILE SCAFFOLDMobile scaffolds or tower scaffolds must becarefully planned and erected by trainedpersonnel and in accordance with manufacturer’sinstructions. The spread of the out-riggers fittedto each corner of the scaffold depends on theheight of the tower. When in use the tower mustbe secured, and each wheel brake locked. Theplatform must be fully boarded, and be completewith mid rails and top guardrails. Before theplatform is moved to another location, workers


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must descend from the tower. They must notresume work until it has been secured in its newposition. The mobile scaffold must be inspectedbefore use to ensure it is in good working order(eg, the wheel brakes) and that all componentsare in place.

PROPPINGPropping is required during the constructionstages of a project to give temporary support toprevent collapse due to overloading of structuralcomponents (eg, when installing precast slabsand stairs, etc). The contractor must ensure thatthe number and location of the props – asspecified by the designer (generally a structuralengineer) – are correct and that the units aresupported as indicated on the constructiondrawings. Normally a temporary workscoordinator should be appointed to ensure thatcorrect propping procedures are followed andoperations are carried out safely.

NETS/BEAN BAGSPeople carrying out roofwork or other work atheight that is over or close to internal openings(eg, portal framed structures) can be protected bythe use of safety nets. Safety nets, bean bags andair bags should also be considered for other roofwork applications where there is a risk of falls.Before use, these safety nets and bags should betested, inspected and certified. They must beinstalled by competent, trained people.


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STRUCTURES (In-Situ, Precast, Steel Work)This section highlights the main controls coveringhigh-risk activities associated with constructingsuperstructures, concrete work, precast and steel-work erection.

STEEL FIXINGWhere possible, steel fixing should be organisedto prevent back and manual handling injuries,e.g. can the work be done at waist height ontables or raised platforms such that continuousbending is not needed? Where possible, the workshould be pre-assembled at ground level andthen lifted into position. Slips, trips and punctureinjuries are risks. Walking across steel mesh canbe difficult and can result in injury. Storage areasshould be set up and walkways created. Ply deckingover steel mesh may assist safe access. To prevent hand and eye injuries, goggles andgloves must always be worn.

REBARExposed rebar, particularly on access routes orclose to work areas, must be removed fully bycutting, or be bent away or capped with plasticmushroom caps, so that they do not risk causinga trip or puncture injury.

LIFTING REBARRebar is often supplied in bundles held by narrowbinding wire. Rebar should not be lifted by thebinding wire. A secure choke hitch, with thecertified chain leg double-wrapped around thebundle, should be used. A two-leg chain isnormally used.


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PROPRIETARY WORKING PLATFORMThe manufacturers of the many types of proprietaryfalsework systems also supply associated workingplatforms, complete with safe ladder access,guard rails and toe boards, to help prevent fallsfrom height. When proprietary systems are used,the associated designed working platform mustalso be used. These platforms must be erected byfully trained personnel in accordance with themanufacturer’s recommendations. No contractorshould erect the system in a way that deviatesfrom the manufacturer’s recommendations unlessthe manufacturer or a competent designer hasgiven approval.Where non-proprietary systems are used andwork is carried out at height, workers must beprotected by properly designed fall protectionsystems such as working platforms complete withsafe ladder access, scaffolds or mobile towers.Only as a last resort should individual fall-protection measures be used.

PROPRIETARY EDGE PROTECTIONManufacturers of decking systems or form tablesalso supply associated edge-protection systems.These usually consist of uprights which clamponto beams, along with guard rails and toeboards. When these proprietary systems are used,the associated edge-protection systems must alsobe used. These systems must be erected by fullytrained personnel in accordance with themanufacturer’s recommendations.


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Where non-proprietary systems are used andwork is carried out at height, workers must beprotected by properly designed edge and fall-protection systems such as working platformscomplete with safe ladder access, scaffolds ormobile towers. Only as a last resort shouldindividual fall-protection measures be used.

GUARD ALL OPESAll floor openings, as soon as they are created,must be covered or guarded to prevent falls.Normally this means surrounding the openingwith visible guardrails and toe boards that areanchored and fixed securely. Where openings are covered, the covers must beof adequate strength and size and be firmly fixedin position. These covers should identify what theyare covering so that they are not inadvertentlyremoved.

TEMPORARY WORKSTemporary works refer to any site installationsneeded to facilitate the construction of permanentworks but which do not remain as part of thepermanent works. In this section, we areparticularly referring to falsework (ie, scaffoldingor other temporary structural support for concreteformwork). Temporary works generally requireformal design, and an appointed competenttemporary works coordinator will normallyoversee, coordinate and manage the process oftemporary works.


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BEARINGS AND FIXINGSWhen large beams are being landed on columns,it is crucial that the correct bearing is installedproperly and that the required temporary worksare in place. Selection of the bearing and temporaryworks should be decided at the planning stage, andbe detailed on the drawing. The erection of suchbeams can be hazardous. Only a competent andexperienced contractor should carry out the work.A temporary works coordinator should normallybe appointed to oversee and manage the erectionand dismantling of the temporary works.

TYPES OF PROPWhether it is propping to support formwork, orthe support of large steel or concrete component,selecting the appropriate props is crucial. Competentstructural engineering advice is necessary.Proprietary propping systems should not be mixedfor the one application. Only locking/locating pinsthat are recommended by the prop manufacturershould be used.

PROP SUPPORTSCare must be taken in selecting the appropriatemethod for propping formwork. Calculations anddecisions need to take account of such parametersas materials used, size, weight, space and locationof the formwork, etc. Structural engineeringadvice is normally required. Formwork andrelated propping must only be carried out in fullcompliance with the approved design.

CONCRETE POURWorking with wet cement and concrete canresult in dermatitis. To prevent skin coming intocontact with wet cement, overalls, gloves, highboots and goggles should be used.


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TAG LINESWhen lifting long loads, particularly in confinedspaces, slingers should attach a rope or ‘tag line’to one or both ends of the load so that rotationalmovement may be controlled.

SAFE ACCESSTo facilitate the safe erection of steel work atheight, safe access must be provided. This generallyrequires the use of mobile elevating work platforms(MEWP), where the operators fully control themovement of the MEWP. People working from theseplatforms should keep their feet firmly on the floorof the platform. It is recommended that harness andlanyard be worn and attached to an approvedanchor point in the platform.

FALL ARREST AND RESCUEFall-arrest systems should be used in conjunctionwith a rescue plan. Safety harnesses with a fall-arrest system (including other components such aslanyard, shock absorber and anchors) are used toprevent a person from hitting the ground in theevent of a fall. Safety harnesses and personal fall-arrest equipment are not a substitute for workingplatforms or collective protection such as safetynets. Each component in the fall-arrest systemmust be inspected before use. It is recommendedthat a competent person examine the systemformally at regular intervals (depending on a RiskAssessment) and at least every three months.


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ROAD WORKSThis section deals with road works as they occurin association with major civil engineeringprojects. The controls covered are not exhaustive.Each activity undertaken should be risk-assessedand relevant controls (which may not beidentified here) should be implemented.

ERECTING TRAFFIC-CONTROL SIGNSBefore road works or road-related activity isundertaken, traffic-control signs should beerected. These should alert the public to theworks ahead, any change of road layout ordiversions. The signage work (erecting a singlemovable sign, constructing a base and installation,commissioning of large signs, etc) must becarefully planned. Detailed risk assessmentsshould be carried out to ensure that adequatecontrols are implemented (eg, so that passingvehicles do not pose a risk to workers).

SURVEYINGBefore any surveying or related type of work isundertaken on live roadways, detailed riskassessments must be prepared to ensure thatadequate controls are implemented (eg, so thatpassing vehicles do not pose a risk to workers).Suitable warning signs and the use of flagmenshould be considered. Appropriate PPE must beused.


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BURNERS/BOILERSMany road coatings and materials such asbitumen, asphalt and macadam must be heatedor boiled before application. Care must be takento avoid breathing in the fumes released duringthe working of hot bitumen, asphalt andmacadam. Prolonged exposure to these fumesmay damage health. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) forthe LPG and the coating materials (eg, bitumen,asphalt and line-marking materials, etc) shouldbe available to each coatings crew. Handling andstorage precautions outlined in these SDSs mustbe adhered to. Workers should be provided withcoveralls, protective gauntlets and goggles toprotect their eyes, skin and clothing fromsplatter. Boots worn should be resistant tobitumen penetration.

The burners/boilers are normally vehicle-mounted,many on special-purpose vehicle carriers (eg, forlaying a hot-rolled asphalt-wearing course). Theboilers and LPG cylinders must at all times besecured. All associated pipework, valves, controlsand gas-burner heating units should be regularlyinspected and maintained in good working order.Only one person should be permitted to operatethe spray bar during operations. The gas systemon bitumen sprayers should have a built-in flamefailure device to ensure that gas is automaticallycut off if the flame is extinguished. Bitumenboilers should be kept at least three metres fromthe cylinders. A suitable fire extinguisher must beavailable on each machine.


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The sprayer driver and spray-bar operator shouldbe aware of how to cut off the gas supply in theevent of an emergency. Smoking must beprohibited in the working area. Lance operators,particularly in windy conditions, should wear face protection.

Operators involved in burning off road markingsmust wear the appropriate PPE for the task.Measures must be put in place to ensure that allvehicles are diverted from this work.

OVERHEAD LINES/NO TIPPINGThe operation and movement of plant andequipment close to overhead lines can bedangerous. Warning goal posts should be erecteda safe distance either side of the lines. Any passingplant must only access under the lines via thegoal posts. The exposed lengths of the overheadlines must be guarded from unapproved access.(See ESB Guidelines for further information.)

The operators of tipping vehicles and high-reachmachines must pay particular attention tooverhead lines, and always remain at a safedistance from them. Warning goal posts shouldbe used for traversing plant.


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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTThis section deals with some of the key controlsassociated with managing and controlling trafficflow to safeguard workers and members of thepublic from civil engineering works. When anyroad-related work activity is being planned,traffic management must be considered as partof the detailed Risk Assessment. As part of thisassessment where other controls are identified,these must also be planned for and implemented.

LIAISONInfrastructural development resulting in changes toroad junctions or road layout, lane or road closures,or road diversions may impact on the safety ofroad users such as the emergency services, localresidents, farmers and traders. These should all bemade aware of how the works may affect them.Such arrangements should form part of the site’straffic management plan.

DIVERSIONA road diversion may be needed so that membersof the public and related traffic do not comeclose to civil engineering works. This controlshould first be considered during the designprocess in conjunction with the relevant localauthority and the Garda. A road diversion maysolve some problems but care needs to be takento ensure that it does not create greater problems.Road diversions need to be meticulously plannedto ensure that the volume and size of trafficdiverted can safely navigate the alternative road.


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Possible issues include bridge clearances, roadwidth, road surfaces, road markings and safepublic/local access. Adequate warning signs androad markings, etc, should be provided.Arrangements for road diversions should bedetailed in the site’s traffic management plan.

ROAD SIGNAGEThe Department of the Environment’s TrafficSigns Manual should be referred to. This manualprovides the guiding principles for the use ofsigns, signals and markings for a variety ofroadwork scenarios. The guidelines should beimplemented sensibly, with account taken ofspecial issues at each work site (eg, prevailingsight lines).

FLAGMAN/STOP-GO MANWhere construction activity requires themanaging of traffic or pedestrians in nearbypublic areas, trained flagmen (to slow downtraffic) or trained stop-go men (to halt traffic) areused to ensure safety. Stop-go men and flagmenmust wear high-visibility vests and use approvedstop/go signs or flags. Where two stop-go menare required, they must be able to see each otherclearly or be able to communicate with eachother by voice e.g. use of 2 way radio etc.


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VEHICLE CRASH BARRIERSWhere everyday transport moves close toconstruction traffic, careful segregation must beplanned, including the use of vehicle crashbarriers, bollards, guardrails and signs. The choiceof the appropriate vehicle crash barrier must bebased on a risk assessment. This should take intoaccount the type and extent of work activityincluding location, construction plant in use, linesof sight, width of road, traffic volumes, roadsurface, duration of works, etc.

TRAFFIC/SPEED CONTROLTraffic-control plans must be prepared to helpplan and control traffic movement, especially atthe entrance to any construction site. Measuresto control traffic may include: warning signs,bollards, stop-go systems, ramps, temporarytraffic lights, stop-go men and flagmen. Liaisonwith local gardaí may be necessary.

Vehicular speeds must be controlled on constructionsites. Speed signs advising drivers of permittedspeeds must be erected and displayed appropriately.

Road surfaces must be considered whenappropriate speeds are decided upon.


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ROCK BLASTINGThe planning and use of explosives for controlledrock blasting requires competent, trained andauthorised people. The blasting operation shouldbe under the control of a trained shot-firer.Careful blast design is essential, and should takeinto account blast location, utility services tests,blast analysis, an adequate safety exclusion zone,etc. Before any work starts, a detailed methodstatement and shot-firing rules, based on theblast design and associated risks, should beprepared. A contingency plan should be includedin the method statement. Before work commences,the appropriate bodies and people likely to beaffected by the work should be notified.

COMPETENCEStandards governing the handling and use ofexplosives are available and must be used, togetherwith any relevant codes of practice. Relevant lawsmust be complied with. Only shot-firers who candemonstrate that they have the necessaryqualifications, training and experience for thespecific blasting operation should be employed.

WARNING/SEQUENCEAll workers in the vicinity of rock blasting mustbe made aware of the sequence leading up toand including the blast itself, so that the area canbe fully evacuated at the time of the blast. Theblast area must not be re entered until the shot-firer gives the all clear. A communication systemsuch as a Klaxton will normally be used to alertworkers that the blast sequence has commencedand to clear the area.


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EXCLUSION ZONE (DANGER ZONE)Rock blasting, which is very hazardous, should onlybe commenced when sufficient measures are inplace to esnure that workers and members of thepublic are not at risk of injury. Calculation of thedanger zone depends on many technical factorsand should be determined by the shot-firer.

When trench blasting or blasts close to privateproperty are undertaken, protection must be laidin the blast area to contain the force of the blastand to prevent projection of rock.

WORKING CLOSE TO THE PUBLICWhere work activity is carried out close tomembers of the public, measures should be taken to protect them.

LIAISONSubject to risk assessment, the safe coordinationof site-related and public traffic requires directcommunication between the relevant contractorand local authorities, and where necessary theemergency services and Garda. This liaison inmost cases continues for the duration of theworks so that any changes can be highlightedand knock-on safety effects can be dealt with inadvance. The site’s traffic management planshould include these arrangement.


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FENCING/HOARDINGConstruction activity should not present an unduerisk to members of the public, especially to children.Suitable fencing must be used to secure sites.

Particularly on streetside works, adequatelydesigned and constructed hoarding should beerected to secure the site work. Arrangementsmust be put in place to ensure that normalpedestrian and public vehicular traffic is not putat undue risk as a result of any changes made.

BARRIERSAll ongoing works – in particular street-relatedactivities, open excavations, exposed manholes,etc – must be protected with barriers andidentified with warning signs.

PEDESTRIAN ROUTESWhere members of the public have to accessclose to, or around construction work, suitablesafe routes must be provided to protect them.Consideration must also be given to people withdisabilities. Construction debris must be keptclear from such public areas. Muck, dust, triphazards, protruding puncture objects and objectslikely to fall, etc, must be removed. Wherereinstatement is required, it must be completedwithout delay.


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SECURITYOnly authorised people should be allowed ontoconstruction sites. Trained security personnel canhelp to control access.

TRAFFIC CONTROLTraffic-control plans must be prepared, to helpcontrol traffic movement, especially at the entranceand exit of any construction site. These may includewarning signs, bollards, stop-go systems, ramps,temporary traffic lights, stop-go men and flagmen.Liaison with local gardaí may also be necessary. TheDepartment of the Environment’s Traffic SignsManual should be referred to.

FLAGMAN/STOP-GO MANWhere construction activity requires the managingof traffic or pedestrians in nearby public areas,trained flagmen (to slow down traffic) or trainedstop-go men (to halt traffic) are used to ensuresafety. Stop-go men and flagmen must wear high-visibility vests and use approved Stop/Go signs orflags. Where two stop-go men are required, theymust be able to see each other clearly or be ableto communicate with each other by voice e.g.using 2 way radio etc.

BANKSMANA banksman (a trained slinger and signaller) mustalways be used where loads are lifted and safedirection is given to operators of lifting appliances.


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LIGHTINGAdequate lighting must be provided in darkenedareas to prevent people from slipping, tripping,falling or being hit by projecting objects.

DUST/MUCKExcessive amounts of dust can cause eye andrespiratory irritation. In general, dust and muckare a nuisance for both workers and others in thevicinity. All traffic routes in public areas nearconstruction works should be kept clear of muck.During dry periods the routes should be dampenedto keep dust down.

WORKING CLOSE TO WATER

PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICEAnyone working close to or over water shouldwear personal flotation devices such as aninflatable life jacket. Such devices should beproperly stored, inspected and serviced.

LIFE RINGIf work takes place near water, workable liferings must be available at the water’s edge.


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BOATA rescue boat should be readily available if workover water takes place.

EDGE PROTECTIONSuitable handrails must be provided whereappropriate if work close to water takes place.

SAFETY LINE/GRAB LINEWorkers who need to go close to the edge ofwater may be attached to a safety line.

Safety ropes and lines may be erected close tothe shore and downstream so that if anyone fallsinto the water he or she can grab the line andpull himself or herself to the shore.

FALL ARREST & RESCUEFall-arrest harnesses with lanyards or retractablereel systems used with suitable anchorages mayhelp protect workers who go over or close towater. A rescue plan must accompany any use offall-arrest equipment.


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DIVINGDiving at work covers a wide range of activitiesincluding: deep saturation diving in the offshoreoil and gas industry; to diving instruction by aprofessional instructor; underwater inspection orrepair (eg, harbour works, laying pipelines orcables). Divers may perform a variety of tasksincluding cutting, welding, guniting and carpentry.Diving is a high-hazard activity but the risk can besignificantly reduced if regulations are adheredto and good work practices are adopted.

Divers and the diving crew must be fullycompetent, by way of recognised training, toundertake particular work activities. Divers shouldhave a suitable commercial diving qualification andcurrent diving medical certificate. All associatedequipment must be regularly inspected, testedand maintained, to strict schedules. Standardsgoverning diving and diving equipment must beused, together with any relevant codes of practice.Relevant laws must be complied with.

Recognised diving controls include: having theappropriate dive team, dive plan, voicecommunication, lifeline, full face mask, secondarysupply of breathing air, availability of medicaloxygen and adequate emergency plans.


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COFFERDAMA cofferdam is a temporary dam formed usingsheet piles, which enables construction on the dryside below water level. For work below 10 metresa caisson may be needed.

PONTOON & CRANEA pontoon is a floating vessel, usually flat-bottomed, used as a working platform on water.All plant and equipment carried on pontoonsmust be adequately secured, to preventinadvertent movement. A crane should have itstracks securely lashed with chains or equivalent.At the end of a shift the crane’s jib should bedropped and lashed. As a working platform itmust be completed with edge protection andadequate welfare facilities, etc.

DREDGERA Dredger is a floating vessel capable of excavatingbelow water level (eg, to deepen harbours or createnavigation channels). All plant and equipmentcarried on pontoons must be adequately secured, to prevent inadvertent movement. As a workingplatform it must be completed with edge protectionand adequate welfare facilities, etc.


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MANUAL HANDLING Manual handling means more than just lifting orcarrying something. It describes a range of activitiesincluding lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling,carrying, moving, supporting or holding an objector person. Up to one-third of all work injuries areinjuries due to manual handling activity.The manual handling regulations require thatmanual handling activities should be assessedtaking account of risk factors (unfavorableergonomic conditions) and that appropriatecontrol measures should be put in place to avoidor reduce the risk of injury.

MECHANICAL AIDSMechanical aids are devices used to lift, pull orpush objects, which either eliminate the need tomanually handle the object or reduce the manualhandling required.

WORK ORGANISATIONWork organisation requires that the method ofphysical work be assessed to see whether it canbe organised in such a way as to minimise oreliminate the need for manual handling.

TRAININGManual-handling training is a legal requirementfor anyone required to carry out manual-handlingoperations at work. Workers are trained how tomove loads so that they do not risk injury.


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HEALTH

BIOLOGICAL AGENTSExposure to micro-organisms such as bacteria,viruses, parasites and fungi may cause an infection,allergy, poisoning or toxic effect. If it is suspectedthat biological agents are present, a controlledthorough examination of the area must be carriedout to identify these agents. It will be necessaryto seek medical advice, and to vaccinate thoselikely to be exposed (eg, for Hepatitis A, HepatitisB and tetanus). Weil’s disease is a risk for anyoneworking close to sewers and waterways.Appropriate PPE should be worn.

A permit-to-work system should be considered toensure that a safe system of work is in place foractivities where the biological agents are presentand to ensure that only authorised people enterthe work area.

HARMFUL GASES & DUSTSHarmful gases and dusts can cause harm if inhaledor if they come in contact with skin. All workactivity should be planned to prevent exposure tothem. Excessive dust can cause eye and respiratoryirritation or injury if someone is exposed to largeconcentrations over a short period or lowerconcentrations over a long period.


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X

X

The following measures should be considered:- Survey: If it is suspected that harmful gases or

dusts are present, the area should be evacuatedimmediately and a controlled thoroughexamination of the area be carried out toidentify what gases or dusts are present.

- Permit-to-work system: This process ensures that asafe system of work is in place for activities in thearea where harmful gases or dusts are presentand that only authorised and appropriatelyprotected people can enter the area.

- Appropriate ventilation to allow enough freshdust-free air into the work area.

- Local exhaust systems, to remove dust.- Wetting and damping down prevents dust

from being dispersed in the air.- Where necessary, expert advice should be

sought.

CONFINED SPACE‘Confined space’ refers to any place – including avessel, tank, container, pit, bund, chamber, cellaror similar space – which, by virtue of its enclosednature, creates conditions that could cause anaccident, harm or injury that would requireemergency action.

SURVEYBefore entry to a confined space to carry outwork, a full survey of the work area must becarried out to identify any hazards, particularlythe presence of harmful gases.


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PERMIT-TO-WORKThis system ensures that a safe system of work isin place. It is generally used for activities with highlevels of risk. Only authorised people can enterthe work area, under controlled conditions.

DETECTIONWhere harmful gases are likely to exist, gasdetectors must be used to give an alert if aharmful level is approached.

TRIPODA tripod is a standard piece of rescue equipmentfor people working in confined space. With atripod, an employee can be lowered into theconfined space by a ‘buddy’ and, moreimportantly, be raised out of it.

COMMUNICATIONAnyone inside the confined space must at alltimes be in verbal contact with those outside. It iscrucial that the equipment used to communicateis spark-free, to prevent it from providing asource of ignition.


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ex

PPE (personal protective equipment)Personal protective equipment protects individuals from harmwhen all other methods have been employed to eliminate risk.PPE is a last resort. It should be maintained at all times in goodworking order. The PPE listed below must conform to therelevant Irish Standard.

SAFETY HELMET/BOOT/HI-VISSafety helmets/hard hats are used to protect thehead from falling objects and from striking thehead off objects. They should be replacedperiodically.

Workers using safety harnesses should wear ahelmet with a secure chin strap to keep it on thehead in the event of a fall.

Safety boots are required on all building sites.They should have steel toecaps and sole protectionto prevent the toes from being crushed and anyobject from penetrating the sole.

Hi-visibility vests help to ensure that a worker can be seen by drivers and operators of plant and other vehicles.

EYE PROTECTIONEye protection in the form of glasses/goggles orvisors protects the eyes from flying objects, dustand splashes (eg, when grinding and cutting).


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SAFETY GLOVESSafety gloves protect the hands from cuts andfrom contact with harmful substances, sharpobjects, etc.

EAR PROTECTIONEar protectors help to protect hearing from loudsudden noise or from continuous loud noise.There are two action levels. Where noise exposureis at or exceeds 80 dBA (decibels), individualhearing protectors must be made available. Wherenoise exposure is at or exceeds 85 dBA, individualhearing protectors must be made available andmust be used. There is also a limit value set at 87dBA which must not be exceeded. The limit valuetakes account of the attenuation provided byhearing protectors worn by the worker. The actionvalues do not take account of the effect of suchprotectors. Where risk assessment reveals a risk tothe worker’s health as a result of noise exposure,audiometric testing (hearing check) will have tobe made available.

In dirty and dusty environments, earmuffs are therecommended form of ear protection.

DUST MASKSDust masks protect workers from inhalingharmful dusts.

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RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT Respiratory equipment protects workers byfiltering out harmful substances from the airbreathed in. To work effectively, they must bewell maintained.

FACE PROTECTION Face-protection visors protect the face fromflying objects, sparks and splashes from hot orharmful substances.

SAFETY HARNESS Safety harnesses with a fall-arrest system (includingother parts such as lanyard, shock absorber andsuitable anchors) prevent people from hitting theground if they fall from a height. Fall-arrest systemsshould be used in conjunction with a rescue plan.Safety harnesses and personal fall-arrest equipmentare not a substitute for safe working platforms orcollective protection such as safety nets.

SAFETY OVERALLS Safety overalls protect the body from coming intocontact with harmful substances.


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ABBREVIATIONS

CCTV Closed-circuit television

CE Refers to European Community. Is marked onproducts and machines which comply with essentialsafety requirements of any relevant standards whichare set down by the CEN, a European standard-setting body.

CSCS Construction Skills Certification Scheme

ESB Electricity Supply Board

ETCI Electro-Technical Council of Ireland

MEWP Mobile Elevating Work Platform

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RPE Respiratory Protection Equipment

RSJ Rolled Steel Joist

SDS Safety Data Sheet

SWL Safe working load: the maximum load which anitem of lifting equipment may raise, lower orsuspend under the particular service conditions.

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ACCESS ROUTE, 9ACCESS/EGRESS, 35AIR SUPPLY, 35BACK FILL, 31BANKSMAN, 23, 54BARRIERS, 13, 53BARRIERS/COVERS, 33BATTERING BACK, 30BEARINGS AND FIXINGS, 43BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, 60BOAT, 56BULLDOZER, 16BURNERS/BOILERS, 46CANTEEN, 5CHAIN SAW, 29CHECK CABLE, 26CHECKING OF LIFTING GEAR, 23CHOCK, 32COFFERDAM, 58COMMUNICATION, 62COMPETENCE, 51COMPOUND/PLANT SECURITY, 21COMPRESSOR & WHIP CHECKS,

27CONCRETE POUR, 43CONCRETE PUMP, 17CONCRETE SKIPS, 24CRANE COORDINATION, 22CSCS, 4DEAD MAN’S HANDLE, 20DELIVERY/TRANSPORT, 20DETECTION, 62DETECTOR AND MARK, 12

DIVERSION, 48DIVERT/OFF, 11DIVING, 57DRAWINGS, 7DREDGER, 58DRINKING WATER, 6DRYING/CHANGING, 6DUMPER, 16DUST MASKS, 64DUST/MUCK, 55DUST SUPPRESSION, 28EAR PROTECTION, 64EDGE PROTECTION, 36, 56ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

ASSESSMENT, 34ERECTING TRAFFIC-CONTROL

SIGNS, 45EXAMINATION & INSPECTION,

25, 35EXCLUSION ZONE, 23, 33EXCLUSION ZONE (DANGER

ZONE), 52EYE PROTECTION, 63FACE PROTECTION, 65FALL ARREST AND RESCUE, 44, 56FENCING/HOARDING, 53FIRE CONTROL/ASSEMBLY, 10FIRST AID, 6FLAGMAN/STOP-GO MAN, 49, 54FORKS CLAMP/EXTENSION, 17GAS BOTTLE STORAGE, 13GENERATORS OUTSIDE, 27GRAB LORRY, 18

CIVIL ENGINEERING INDEX

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GROUND CONDITIONS, 9GUARDS, 27GUARD ALL OPES, 42HAND DIG, 12HARMFUL GASES & DUSTS, 60HOT WORKS, 28HOUSEKEEPING, 8INDUCTION, 5ISOLATION/LOCK OUT, 13JACK HAMMER/KANGO, 28LADDER ACCESS, 33LIAISON, 48, 52LIFE RING, 55LIFTING REBAR, 40LIGHTING, 9, 55LOCKING ATTACHMENTS, 17MAN CRADLE, 24MECHANICAL AIDS, 59METHOD STATEMENT, 8MEWP (Mobile Elevating Work

Platforms), 38MOBILE SCAFFOLD, 38NETS/BEAN BAGS, 39NO FLAMES, 13NO UNDERMINING, 32OPEN HOLES, 37OTHER, 29OVERHEAD LINES/

NO TIPPING, 47PALLETS/SECURE LOADS, 25PEDESTRIAN ROUTES, 25, 53PERMIT TO WORK, 12, 62PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICE, 55

PILE DRIVING, 14PLANT/EQUIPMENT

CERTIFICATION, 4PONTOON & CRANE, 58PRIVATE PARKING, 21PROPPING, 35, 39PROPRIETARY EDGE

PROTECTION, 41PROPRIETARY WORKING

PLATFORM, 41PROP SUPPORTS, 43PTO GUARD & ACCESS STEPS, 19PUMPING, 34PUMP CONNECTIONS, 18REBAR, 40RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT, 65REVERSE WARNING DEVICES, 20RISK ASSESSMENT, 7ROAD SWEEPER, 19ROAD PLANER, 16ROAD SIGNAGE, 49ROCK BREAKER, 15ROLL-OVER PROTECTION/

NO PASSENGERS, 16SAFE ACCESS, 44SAFE DRIVING, 21SAFE LADDER, 37SAFE PASS, 4SAFE STACKING, 34SAFETY HARNESS, 65SAFETY HELMET/BOOT/HI-VIS, 63SAFETY GLOVES, 64SAFETY LINE/GRAB LINE, 56

CIVIL ENGINEERING INDEX (cont’d)

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CIVIL ENGINEERING INDEX (cont’d)

SAFETY OVERALLS, 65SCAFFOLDING/WORKING

PLATFORM, 36SEAT BELTS, 21SECURITY, 54SELECTION OF CRANE TYPE, 22SELECTION/SUITABILITY, 14, 26SERVICE SUPPLIER e.g. ESB, Bord

Gais, Local Authority etc., 11SHEET PILING, 30SHORING, 31SMOKING CONTROL, 6SPOIL BACK, 31STEEL FIXING, 40SUPERVISION, 4SURVEY, 61SURVEYING, 45SWL (SAFE WORKING LOAD)/

PLAN LIFT, 22TAG LINES, 44TELEPORTER, 17

TEMPORARY WORKS, 42TRAFFIC/SPEED CONTROL, 20,

50, 54TRAINING, 59TRENCH BOX, 30TRIPOD, 62TYPES OF PROP, 43UNDERPINNING, 32VOLTAGE, 26VEHICLE CRASH BARRIERS, 50VEHICLE MOVEMENT, 19VEHICLE RECOVERY, 15WARNING SIGNS, 9WARNING/SEQUENCE, 51WATER BOWSER, 19WC & WASHING, 5WEATHER, 11WORKING ORGANISATION, 59180 EXCAVATOR, 14360 EXCAVATOR, 15

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The Safe System of Work Plan (SSWP) complements the Safety Statementrequired under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, although it doesnot replace the requirement for such a Safety Statement. Specific Guidelines onSafety Statements are available from the Health and Safety Authority.

This guidance, which is particularly relevant to contractors, self-employedpersons and employees, deals with the completion of SSWP for Construction.

The SSWP will help users to complete construction work activity in a safe manner.

Completing and using the SSWP will also help you to meet some of the legalobligations placed on you by health and safety legislation.

The Safe System of Work Plan (SSWP)The primary objective of the SSWP is to identify the major hazards associatedwith your work activities and to ensure that appropriate controls are in placebefore work commences.

The SSWP achieves many other objectives, including:• Links the implementation of the Safety Statement directly to the work

activity.• Focusing on safety for a particular task. The SSWP is completed at the

start of each activity, and can be reviewed at any time during the work. • Increasing awareness. It encourages the users to consider a range of

options to deal with the risks. The users will become familiar with thevarious controls available.

• Communicating through the use of pictograms so that the meaning canbe understood by persons who possess little or no English.

• Being user friendly: just tick the hazards and controls.

The Safe System of Work Plan (SSWP) should be used as a final check toensure that the identified controls for a specific construction work activityare available and in place. However safety starts long before any specificconstruction activity takes place. Hazard identification, risk assessment,the elimination and control of identified hazards must take place throughall stages of construction from the planning stage, through the designprocess, the tendering process and on to the construction stage so thateach specific construction activity will have had safety built in.

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN (SSWP) GUIDELINES

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The SSWP: A 3-part process:• Part 1: Planning the activity• Part 2: Hazard Identification, and Control Identifier• Part 3: Sign off

PART 1This part will be completed by the person planning the activity. Normally thiswill be carried out by the supervisor/foreman and/or self-employed personprior to work starting. Where a site safety officer is employed they should beinvolved in the process.

• Identify who the employer/self-employed person is, e.g. Acme Pipe LayingLtd

• Name of the Supervisor for the activity, e.g. A. McSample• Identify the number of workers in the team, e.g. 3• Identify the specific location of the activity, e.g. gridline x to gridline y• Describe the specific activity, e.g. pipelaying• When the work is to start, the date, e.g. Tuesday, 1st June• What skills are required, e.g. 360 excavator driver, banksman, pipelayer,

flag man• Plant and Equipment required, e.g. Fiat Hitachi EX200, Sling, Shackle• Hazardous Materials, if used, e.g. Acme Bondex XXX, R45• Contact Names & Tel No. in the event of an emergency, e.g. Site Foreman,

Safety Officer• Name of the First Aider, and the location of the nearest First Aid Box• Are Permits to Work required? Tick type• The final section of this part: list requirements that are identified in the

Construction Regulations and other Legislation as mandatory. Note: For sites where more than 20 persons are normally employed at anyone time, a site safety representative should be appointed.

PART 2This part of the SSWP form deals with hazard identification, risk assessment,and risk control. Normally this will be carried out by the supervisor/foremanand/or self-employed person prior to work starting. Where a site safetyofficer is employed they should be involved in the process.

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN (SSWP) GUIDELINES - cont’d

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The Hazards should first be identified by ticking the square boxesin the “Select Hazard” column.

The appropriate Controls to eliminate the hazard or reduce therisk should be identified by ticking the square boxes in the“Select Control” column.

When controls are in place tick the round box. This must be donein conjunction with the workers at the specific work locationprior to the work taking place.

Similarly, the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and FireEquipment required, should be selected by ticking the squareboxes in the PPE/Fire sections, and when acquired by ticking theround box.

NOTE: The list of Hazards and Controls depicted in each form is notexhaustive.

Part 2 of the form may also contain several blank hazard triangles, each labelledwith the word “identify”, and several blank control boxes, each labelled withthe word “other”. As the list of hazards depicted is not exhaustive, where otherhazards are identified, these can be written into the blank hazard triangles.Similarly, as the list of controls depicted is not exhaustive, where other controlsare identified, these can be written into the blank control boxes.

PART 3This part deals with the signing off of the SSWP. The purpose of signing off isto identify the person who has prepared the SSWP, and also to confirm thatthe completed SSWP has been brought to the attention of all those to whomthe SSWP applies.Note 1: The completed SSWP must remain at the specific location of the work withthe persons carrying out the work activity.Note 2: A new SSWP must be completed when (1) a new hazard is identified, (2)the task changes, or (3) the environment changes.

Optional: A record sheet is available inside the back cover.

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK PLAN (SSWP) GUIDELINES - cont’d

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REMEMBER “IF IT’S NOT SAFE DON’T DO IT, AND INFORM SITE MANAGEMENT”© Copyright The Health and Safety Authority January 2006. All Rights Reserved. “The Health and Safety Authority”,the “HSA” and associated logos are trade marks of The Health and Safety Authority.

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