Morphology of flowering plants

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Angiospermic diversityHerbs- Shrubs- Trees- Trailers-Creepers- Twinners-Lianas-Epiphytes-

Habit

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Habita

tTerrestrial- Mesophytes- adapted to neither very wet nor dry condition. Xerophytes- Dry habitat.Psammophytes- adapted to sandy soil.Lithophytes – Growing on rocks.Halophytes- Salty soil.

Hydrophytes- Aquatic

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TAP ROOT ADVENTITIOUS ROOT

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Conical

Fleshy roots

Fusiform Napiform

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Nodulated roots Pneumatophores

Leguminous plants Rhizophora

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FLESHY ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

Moniliform Nodulose

Momordica(Bitter gourd) , Indian spinach

Curcuma amada (mangoginger)

Curcuma domestica (termeric)

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FLESHY ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

Fasciculated Palmate root

Asparagus, Dehlia

Orchis

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For mechanical support

Prop roots Stilt roots

Ficus benghalensis (banyan)

Cephalis

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For mechanical support

Climbing roots Piper betel (Pan)

Balancing rootsEichhornia, Pistia

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For Vital function

Parasitic roots Cuscuta - Haustoria

Mycorrhial rootsPinus- Ecto & Endo

Epiphytic rootsOrchid-Vanda – Str.

Floating rootsSaalvinia - Balance

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Reproductive roots

Functions of roots – • Secondary functions-

• Storage.- carrot, radish, beet, turnip.

• Mechanical support- prop, buttress, stilt.

• Climbing- Betel.

• Nitrogen fixation.- Leguminous plant.

• Aeration – Pneumatophores.

• Relese oxygen- rice.

• Photosynthesis- Trapa, Tinosopora

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Buds – (According to nature)

Vegitative

-Cabbage

Floral Cauliflower

Mixed Malus

Buds – (According to positions)

Terminal/ Apical

Lateral

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Lateral buds

Axillary AccessoryLateral to axillary

Extra

axillary On node butoutside leaf base

Adventitious

Not on node but

other parts• Foliar on leaf.• Radical on

root.• Cauline on

stem

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Other types

Epiphyllous – found on margin leaf

Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe Supplimentary – found at axil of leaves.

Collateral – found side by side of axil.Superposed- axillary accessory but one above other

Dormant – axillary but rudimentary.

Deciduous – axillary but fall down.

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Branching of stem

Unbranched.-Caudex- Coconut

Branched

Racemose-MonopodialLateral branchesacropetal- Cycas

female

Cymose- sympodialTerminal bud stop growthCycas –male

MonochasialDichasial Polychasial

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Forms of stem

StrongExcurrent, Deliquescent, Caudex,CulmScape

Weak ReducedIn radish

Trailers • Procumbent- Lie flat- oxalis• Decumbent – branches

vertical• Creepers- Cyanodon• Diffuse- protrate- Euphorbia

Climbers

Twiners

LianesHiptag

e

climbers

Dextrose-clockwise

Sinistrose-anticlockwise

Tendril pea

Root Beetal

Hook Artaboty

s

Thorn Rose

Adhesive Ivy

Leaf Pitcher

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Modification of stem

Underground Aerial Sub aerialUndergroundNon green, for perennation ,

store food, vegetative

propagation, Not root

Stem tuberPotato

RhizomeRoot stock-obliqueEg. – Alocasia

Straggling – Horizontal

Termeric

CormGladiolus

BulbTunicatedScaly

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Aerial modificationAerial

Stem tendril – On the basis of origin

Axillary- Passiflora.

Extra axillary- Cucurbita

Apical bud tendril- opposite to leaves – Vitis vinifera.

Stem tip – Gouniana.

Floral bud tendrils- Antigonon

Phylloclades – Opuntia, Euphorbia - Photosynthetic

Cladodes- Asparagus

Thorn- Citrus plantsBulbil Diascorea

Pseudobulb- Bulbophyllum. Prickles Rose

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Sub aerial modification

RunnerAbove ground

Cynodon

Stolons-Undergrund

Jasmin, Strawberry

Sucker Mentha

Offset Pistia, Echhornia

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Nature of stem

Herb• Annual • Biennial• Perennials • Ephemerals

Shrub Tree

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Functions of stem

Primary function-• Gives laves, flowers, & fruits.• Conduction of water and minerals.• Adds new cell for growth

Secondary function-• Storage of food.• Photosynthetic like phylloclade• Succulents for storage of water• Climbing• Prickles for protection.• Vegetative propagation