Sadock, Benjamin James, GLOSSARY (dr liza)

Sadock, Benjamin James; Sadock, Sadock, Benjamin James; Sadock, Virginia AlcottVirginia AlcottTitle: Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis Title: Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th EditionEdition

Signs and Symptoms in Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry EDIT dr hj LIZA 140 Psychiatry EDIT dr hj LIZA 140 366 660366 660

NeurosisNeurosis A neurosis is a chronic or recurrent nonpsychotic A neurosis is a chronic or recurrent nonpsychotic

disorder characterized mainly by anxiety, which is disorder characterized mainly by anxiety, which is experienced or expressed directly or is altered experienced or expressed directly or is altered through defense mechanisms; it appears as a through defense mechanisms; it appears as a symptom, such as an obsession, a compulsion, a symptom, such as an obsession, a compulsion, a phobia, or a sexual dysfunction. In the third edition phobia, or a sexual dysfunction. In the third edition of DSM (DSM-III), a neurotic disorder was defined as of DSM (DSM-III), a neurotic disorder was defined as follows:follows:

A mental disorder in which the predominant A mental disorder in which the predominant disturbance is a symptom or group of symptoms that disturbance is a symptom or group of symptoms that is distressing to the individual and is recognized by is distressing to the individual and is recognized by him or her as unacceptable and alien (ego-dystonic); him or her as unacceptable and alien (ego-dystonic); reality testing is grossly intact. Behavior does not reality testing is grossly intact. Behavior does not actively violate gross social norms (though it may be actively violate gross social norms (though it may be quite disabling). The disturbance is relatively quite disabling). The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment, and is not enduring or recurrent without treatment, and is not limited to a transitory reaction to stressors. There is limited to a transitory reaction to stressors. There is no demonstrable organic etiology or factor.no demonstrable organic etiology or factor.

PsychosisPsychosis The traditional meaning of the term psychotic The traditional meaning of the term psychotic

emphasized loss of reality testing and impairment emphasized loss of reality testing and impairment of mental functioning manifested by delusions, of mental functioning manifested by delusions, hallucinations, confusion, and impaired memory.hallucinations, confusion, and impaired memory.

In the most common psychiatric use of the term, In the most common psychiatric use of the term, psychotic became synonymous with severe psychotic became synonymous with severe impairment of social and personal functioning impairment of social and personal functioning characterized by social withdrawal and an inability characterized by social withdrawal and an inability to perform the usual household and occupational to perform the usual household and occupational roles. roles.

Another use of the term based on psychoanalytic Another use of the term based on psychoanalytic concept specifies the degree of ego regression as concept specifies the degree of ego regression as the criterion for psychotic illness. As a consequence the criterion for psychotic illness. As a consequence of those multiple meanings, the term has lost its of those multiple meanings, the term has lost its precision in current clinical and research practice.precision in current clinical and research practice.

Glossary of Signs and Glossary of Signs and Symptoms Symptoms abreactionabreaction

A process by which repressed material, particularly a A process by which repressed material, particularly a painful experience or a conflict, is brought back to painful experience or a conflict, is brought back to consciousness; in this process, the person not only recalls, consciousness; in this process, the person not only recalls, but also relives the repressed material, which is but also relives the repressed material, which is accompanied by the appropriate affective response.accompanied by the appropriate affective response.

abstract thinkingabstract thinking Thinking characterized by the ability to grasp the Thinking characterized by the ability to grasp the

essentials of a whole, to break a whole into its parts, and essentials of a whole, to break a whole into its parts, and to discern common properties. To think symbolically.to discern common properties. To think symbolically.

abuliaabulia Reduced impulse to act and to think, associated with Reduced impulse to act and to think, associated with

indifference about consequences of action. Occurs as a indifference about consequences of action. Occurs as a result of neurological deficit, depression, and result of neurological deficit, depression, and schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

acalculiaacalculia Loss of ability to do calculations; not caused by anxiety or Loss of ability to do calculations; not caused by anxiety or

impairment in concentration. Occurs with neurological impairment in concentration. Occurs with neurological deficit and learning disorder.deficit and learning disorder.

acataphasiaacataphasia Disordered speech in which statements are Disordered speech in which statements are

incorrectly formulated. Patients may express incorrectly formulated. Patients may express themselves with words that sound like the ones themselves with words that sound like the ones intended, but are not appropriate to the intended, but are not appropriate to the thoughts, or they may use totally inappropriate thoughts, or they may use totally inappropriate expressions.expressions.

acathexisacathexis Lack of feeling associated with an ordinarily Lack of feeling associated with an ordinarily

emotionally charged subject; in psychoanalysis, emotionally charged subject; in psychoanalysis, it denotes the patient's detaching or transferring it denotes the patient's detaching or transferring of emotion from thoughts and ideas. Also called of emotion from thoughts and ideas. Also called decathexis. Occurs in anxiety, dissociative, decathexis. Occurs in anxiety, dissociative, schizophrenic, and bipolar disorders.schizophrenic, and bipolar disorders.

acenesthesiaacenesthesia Loss of sensation of physical existence.Loss of sensation of physical existence.acrophobiaacrophobia Dread of high places.Dread of high places.

acting outacting outBehavioral response to an unconscious drive or Behavioral response to an unconscious drive or

impulse that brings about temporary partial impulse that brings about temporary partial relief of inner tension; relief is attained by relief of inner tension; relief is attained by reacting to a present situation as if it were the reacting to a present situation as if it were the situation that originally gave rise to the drive or situation that originally gave rise to the drive or impulse. Common in borderline states.impulse. Common in borderline states.

aculaliaaculalia Nonsense speech associated with marked Nonsense speech associated with marked

impairment of comprehension. Occurs in mania, impairment of comprehension. Occurs in mania, schizophrenia, and neurological deficit.schizophrenia, and neurological deficit.

adiadochokinesiaadiadochokinesia Inability to perform rapid alternating Inability to perform rapid alternating

movements. Occurs with neurological deficit movements. Occurs with neurological deficit and cerebellar lesions.and cerebellar lesions.

adynamiaadynamia Weakness and fatigability, characteristic of Weakness and fatigability, characteristic of

neurasthenia and depression.neurasthenia and depression.

aerophagiaaerophagiaExcessive swallowing of air. Seen in anxiety disorder.Excessive swallowing of air. Seen in anxiety disorder. affectaffectThe subjective and immediate experience of emotion The subjective and immediate experience of emotion

attached to ideas or mental representations of objects. attached to ideas or mental representations of objects. Affect has outward manifestations that can be classified Affect has outward manifestations that can be classified as restricted, blunted, flattened, broad, labile, as restricted, blunted, flattened, broad, labile, appropriate, or inappropriate. See also mood.appropriate, or inappropriate. See also mood.

ageusiaageusiaLack or impairment of the sense of taste. Seen in Lack or impairment of the sense of taste. Seen in

depression and neurological deficit.depression and neurological deficit. aggressionaggressionForceful, goal-directed action that can be verbal or Forceful, goal-directed action that can be verbal or

physical; the motor counterpart of the affect of rage, physical; the motor counterpart of the affect of rage, anger, or hostility. Seen in neurological deficit, anger, or hostility. Seen in neurological deficit, temporal lobe disorder, impulse-control disorders, temporal lobe disorder, impulse-control disorders, mania, and schizophrenia.mania, and schizophrenia.

agitationagitationSevere anxiety associated with motor restlessness.Severe anxiety associated with motor restlessness.

Agnosia =Inability to understand the Agnosia =Inability to understand the importance or significance of sensory stimuli; importance or significance of sensory stimuli; cannot be explained by a defect in sensory cannot be explained by a defect in sensory pathways or cerebral lesion; the term has also pathways or cerebral lesion; the term has also been used to refer to the selective loss or been used to refer to the selective loss or disuse of knowledge of specific objects because disuse of knowledge of specific objects because of emotional circumstances, as seen in certain of emotional circumstances, as seen in certain schizophrenic, anxious, and depressed patients. schizophrenic, anxious, and depressed patients. Occurs with neurological deficit.Occurs with neurological deficit.

Agoraphobia= Morbid fear of open places or Agoraphobia= Morbid fear of open places or leaving the familiar setting of the home. May be leaving the familiar setting of the home. May be present with or without panic attacks.present with or without panic attacks.

Agraphia =Loss or impairment of a previously Agraphia =Loss or impairment of a previously possessed ability to write.possessed ability to write.

Ailurophobia Dread of cats.Ailurophobia Dread of cats.

akathisiaakathisiaSubjective feeling of motor restlessness manifested by a Subjective feeling of motor restlessness manifested by a

compelling need to be in constant movement; may be compelling need to be in constant movement; may be seen as an extrapyramidal adverse effect of seen as an extrapyramidal adverse effect of antipsychotic medication. May be mistaken for psychotic antipsychotic medication. May be mistaken for psychotic agitation.agitation.

akinesiaakinesiaLack of physical movement, as in the extreme immobility of Lack of physical movement, as in the extreme immobility of

catatonic schizophrenia; can also occur as an catatonic schizophrenia; can also occur as an extrapyramidal effect of antipsychotic medication.extrapyramidal effect of antipsychotic medication.

akinetic mutismakinetic mutismAbsence of voluntary motor movement or speech in a Absence of voluntary motor movement or speech in a

patient who is apparently alert (as evidenced by eye patient who is apparently alert (as evidenced by eye movements). Seen in psychotic depression and catatonic movements). Seen in psychotic depression and catatonic states.states.

alexiaalexiaLoss of a previously possessed reading facility; not Loss of a previously possessed reading facility; not

explained by defective visual acuity. Compare with explained by defective visual acuity. Compare with Dyslexia.Dyslexia.

alexithymiaalexithymiaInability or difficulty in describing or being aware Inability or difficulty in describing or being aware

of one's emotions or moods; elaboration of of one's emotions or moods; elaboration of fantasies associated with depression, substance fantasies associated with depression, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).(PTSD).

algophobiaalgophobiaDread of pain.Dread of pain. alogiaalogiaInability to speak because of a mental deficiency Inability to speak because of a mental deficiency

or an episode of dementia.or an episode of dementia. ambivalenceambivalenceCoexistence of two opposing impulses toward the Coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the

same thing in the same person at the same same thing in the same person at the same time. Seen in schizophrenia, borderline states, time. Seen in schizophrenia, borderline states, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs).and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs).

amimiaamimiaLack of the ability to make gestures or to Lack of the ability to make gestures or to

comprehend those made by others.comprehend those made by others. amnesiaamnesiaPartial or total inability to recall past experiences; Partial or total inability to recall past experiences;

may be organic (amnestic disorder) or emotional may be organic (amnestic disorder) or emotional (dissociative amnesia) in origin.(dissociative amnesia) in origin.

amnestic aphasiaamnestic aphasiaDisturbed capacity to name objects, even though Disturbed capacity to name objects, even though

they are known to the patient. Also called anomic they are known to the patient. Also called anomic aphasia.aphasia.

anacliticanacliticDepending on others, especially as the infant on Depending on others, especially as the infant on

the mother; anaclitic depression in children the mother; anaclitic depression in children results from an absence of mothering.results from an absence of mothering.

analgesiaanalgesiaState in which one feels little or no pain. Can occur State in which one feels little or no pain. Can occur

under hypnosis and in dissociative disorder.under hypnosis and in dissociative disorder.

anancasmanancasmRepetitious or stereotyped behavior or thought usually Repetitious or stereotyped behavior or thought usually

used as a tension-relieving device; used as a synonym used as a tension-relieving device; used as a synonym for obsession and seen in obsessive-compulsive for obsession and seen in obsessive-compulsive (anankastic) personality.(anankastic) personality.

androgynyandrogynyCombination of culturally determined female and male Combination of culturally determined female and male

characteristics in one person.characteristics in one person. anergiaanergiaLack of energy.Lack of energy. anhedoniaanhedoniaLoss of interest in, and withdrawal from, all regular and Loss of interest in, and withdrawal from, all regular and

pleasurable activities. Often associated with depression.pleasurable activities. Often associated with depression. anomiaanomiaInability to recall the names of objects.Inability to recall the names of objects. anorexiaanorexiaLoss or decrease in appetite. In anorexia nervosa, appetite Loss or decrease in appetite. In anorexia nervosa, appetite

may be preserved, but the patient refuses to eat.may be preserved, but the patient refuses to eat.

anosognosiaanosognosiaInability to recognize a physical deficit in oneself (e.g., Inability to recognize a physical deficit in oneself (e.g.,

patient denies paralyzed limb).patient denies paralyzed limb). anterograde amnesiaanterograde amnesiaLoss of memory for events subsequent to the onset of the Loss of memory for events subsequent to the onset of the

amnesia; common after trauma. Compare with amnesia; common after trauma. Compare with retrograde amnesia.retrograde amnesia.

anxietyanxietyFeeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger, Feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger,

which may be internal or external.which may be internal or external. apathyapathyDulled emotional tone associated with detachment or Dulled emotional tone associated with detachment or

indifference; observed in certain types of schizophrenia indifference; observed in certain types of schizophrenia and depression.and depression.

aphasiaaphasiaAny disturbance in the comprehension or expression of Any disturbance in the comprehension or expression of

language caused by a brain lesion.language caused by a brain lesion. aphoniaaphoniaLoss of voice. Seen in conversion disorder.Loss of voice. Seen in conversion disorder.

apperceptionapperceptionAwareness of the meaning and significance of a Awareness of the meaning and significance of a

particular sensory stimulus as modified by one's particular sensory stimulus as modified by one's own experiences, knowledge, thoughts, and own experiences, knowledge, thoughts, and emotions. See also perception.emotions. See also perception.

appropriate affectappropriate affectEmotional tone in harmony with the accompanying Emotional tone in harmony with the accompanying

idea, thought, or speech.idea, thought, or speech. apraxiaapraxiaInability to perform a voluntary purposeful motor Inability to perform a voluntary purposeful motor

activity; cannot be explained by paralysis or activity; cannot be explained by paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment. In other motor or sensory impairment. In constructional apraxia, a patient cannot draw constructional apraxia, a patient cannot draw two- or three-dimensional forms.two- or three-dimensional forms.

astasia abasiaastasia abasiaInability to stand or to walk in a normal manner, Inability to stand or to walk in a normal manner,

even though normal leg movements can be even though normal leg movements can be performed in a sitting or lying down position. performed in a sitting or lying down position. Seen in conversion disorder.Seen in conversion disorder.

astereognosisastereognosisInability to identify familiar objects by touch. Seen Inability to identify familiar objects by touch. Seen

with neurological deficit. See also neurological with neurological deficit. See also neurological amnesia.amnesia.

asyndesisasyndesisDisorder of language in which the patient combines Disorder of language in which the patient combines

unconnected ideas and images. Commonly seen unconnected ideas and images. Commonly seen in schizophrenia.in schizophrenia.

ataxiaataxiaLack of coordination, physical or mental. (1) In Lack of coordination, physical or mental. (1) In

neurology, refers to loss of muscular coordination. neurology, refers to loss of muscular coordination. (2) In psychiatry, the term intrapsychic ataxia (2) In psychiatry, the term intrapsychic ataxia refers to lack of coordination between feelings refers to lack of coordination between feelings and thoughts; seen in schizophrenia and in severe and thoughts; seen in schizophrenia and in severe OCD.OCD.

atoniaatoniaLack of muscle tone. See waxy flexibility.Lack of muscle tone. See waxy flexibility.

attentionattentionConcentration; the aspect of consciousness that relates to Concentration; the aspect of consciousness that relates to

the amount of effort exerted in focusing on certain the amount of effort exerted in focusing on certain aspects of an experience, activity, or task. Usually aspects of an experience, activity, or task. Usually impaired in anxiety and depressive disorders.impaired in anxiety and depressive disorders.

auditory hallucinationauditory hallucinationFalse perception of sound, usually voices, but also other False perception of sound, usually voices, but also other

noises, such as music. Most common hallucination in noises, such as music. Most common hallucination in psychiatric disorders.psychiatric disorders.

auraaura(1) Warning sensations, such as automatisms, fullness in (1) Warning sensations, such as automatisms, fullness in

the stomach, blushing, and changes in respiration; the stomach, blushing, and changes in respiration; cognitive sensations, and mood states usually cognitive sensations, and mood states usually experienced before a seizure. (2) A sensory prodrome experienced before a seizure. (2) A sensory prodrome that precedes a classic migraine headache.that precedes a classic migraine headache.

autistic thinkingautistic thinkingThinking in which the thoughts are largely narcissistic and Thinking in which the thoughts are largely narcissistic and

egocentric, with emphasis on subjectivity rather than egocentric, with emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity, and without regard for reality; used objectivity, and without regard for reality; used interchangeably with autism and dereism. Seen in interchangeably with autism and dereism. Seen in schizophrenia and autistic disorder.schizophrenia and autistic disorder.

behaviorbehaviorSum total of the psyche that includes impulses, Sum total of the psyche that includes impulses,

motivations, wishes, drives, instincts, and motivations, wishes, drives, instincts, and cravings, as expressed by a person's behavior cravings, as expressed by a person's behavior or motor activity. Also called conation.or motor activity. Also called conation.

bereavementbereavementFeeling of grief or desolation, especially at the Feeling of grief or desolation, especially at the

death or loss of a loved one.death or loss of a loved one. bizarre delusionbizarre delusionFalse belief that is patently absurd or fantastic False belief that is patently absurd or fantastic

(e.g., invaders from space have implanted (e.g., invaders from space have implanted electrodes in a person's brain). Common in electrodes in a person's brain). Common in schizophrenia. In nonbizarre delusion, content schizophrenia. In nonbizarre delusion, content is usually within the range of possibility.is usually within the range of possibility.

blackoutblackoutAmnesia experienced by alcoholics about Amnesia experienced by alcoholics about

behavior during drinking bouts; usually behavior during drinking bouts; usually indicates reversible brain damage.indicates reversible brain damage.

blockingblockingAbrupt interruption in train of thinking before a thought Abrupt interruption in train of thinking before a thought

or idea is finished; after a brief pause, the person or idea is finished; after a brief pause, the person indicates no recall of what was being said or was indicates no recall of what was being said or was going to be said (also known as thought deprivation or going to be said (also known as thought deprivation or increased thought latency). Common in schizophrenia increased thought latency). Common in schizophrenia and severe anxiety.and severe anxiety.

blunted affectblunted affectDisturbance of affect manifested by a severe reduction Disturbance of affect manifested by a severe reduction

in the intensity of externalized feeling tone; one of the in the intensity of externalized feeling tone; one of the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia, as outlined fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia, as outlined by Eugen Bleuler.by Eugen Bleuler.

bradykinesiabradykinesiaSlowness of motor activity, with a decrease in normal Slowness of motor activity, with a decrease in normal

spontaneous movement.spontaneous movement. bradylaliabradylaliaAbnormally slow speech. Common in depression.Abnormally slow speech. Common in depression. bradylexiabradylexiaInability to read at normal speed.Inability to read at normal speed.

bruxismbruxismGrinding or gnashing of the teeth, typically Grinding or gnashing of the teeth, typically

occurring during sleep. Seen in anxiety occurring during sleep. Seen in anxiety disorder.disorder.

carebariacarebariaSensation of discomfort or pressure in the head.Sensation of discomfort or pressure in the head. catalepsycatalepsyCondition in which persons maintain the body Condition in which persons maintain the body

position into which they are placed; observed position into which they are placed; observed in severe cases of catatonic schizophrenia. in severe cases of catatonic schizophrenia. Also called waxy flexibility and cerea Also called waxy flexibility and cerea flexibilitas. See also command automatism.flexibilitas. See also command automatism.

cataplexycataplexyTemporary sudden loss of muscle tone, causing Temporary sudden loss of muscle tone, causing

weakness and immobilization; can be weakness and immobilization; can be precipitated by a variety of emotional states precipitated by a variety of emotional states and is often followed by sleep. Commonly seen and is often followed by sleep. Commonly seen in narcolepsy.in narcolepsy.

catatonic excitementcatatonic excitementExcited, uncontrolled motor activity seen Excited, uncontrolled motor activity seen

in catatonic schizophrenia. Patients in in catatonic schizophrenia. Patients in catatonic state may suddenly erupt into catatonic state may suddenly erupt into an excited state and may be violent.an excited state and may be violent.

catatonic posturingcatatonic posturingVoluntary assumption of an inappropriate Voluntary assumption of an inappropriate

or bizarre posture, generally maintained or bizarre posture, generally maintained for long periods of time. May switch for long periods of time. May switch unexpectedly with catatonic excitement.unexpectedly with catatonic excitement.

catatonic rigiditycatatonic rigidityFixed and sustained motoric position that Fixed and sustained motoric position that

is resistant to change.is resistant to change.

catatonic stuporcatatonic stuporStupor in which patients ordinarily are well aware Stupor in which patients ordinarily are well aware

of their surroundings.of their surroundings. cathexiscathexisIn psychoanalysis, a conscious or unconscious In psychoanalysis, a conscious or unconscious

investment of psychic energy in an idea, concept, investment of psychic energy in an idea, concept, object, or person. Compare with acathexis.object, or person. Compare with acathexis.

causalgiacausalgiaBurning pain that can be organic or psychic in Burning pain that can be organic or psychic in

origin.origin. cenesthesiacenesthesiaChange in the normal quality of feeling tone in a Change in the normal quality of feeling tone in a

part of the body.part of the body. cephalagiacephalagiaHeadache.Headache.

cerea flexibilitascerea flexibilitasCondition of a person who can be molded into a position Condition of a person who can be molded into a position

that is then maintained; when an examiner moves the that is then maintained; when an examiner moves the person's limb, the limb feels as if it were made of wax. person's limb, the limb feels as if it were made of wax. Also called catalepsy or waxy flexibility. Seen in Also called catalepsy or waxy flexibility. Seen in schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

choreachoreaMovement disorder characterized by random and Movement disorder characterized by random and

involuntary quick, jerky, purposeless movements. Seen in involuntary quick, jerky, purposeless movements. Seen in Huntington's disease.Huntington's disease.

circumstantialitycircumstantialityDisturbance in the associative thought and speech Disturbance in the associative thought and speech

processes in which a patient digresses into unnecessary processes in which a patient digresses into unnecessary details and inappropriate thoughts before communicating details and inappropriate thoughts before communicating the central idea. Observed in schizophrenia, obsessional the central idea. Observed in schizophrenia, obsessional disturbances, and certain cases of dementia. See also disturbances, and certain cases of dementia. See also tangentiality.tangentiality.

clang associationclang associationAssociation or speech directed by the sound of a word Association or speech directed by the sound of a word

rather than by its meaning; words have no logical rather than by its meaning; words have no logical connection; punning and rhyming may dominate the connection; punning and rhyming may dominate the verbal behavior. Seen most frequently in schizophrenia or verbal behavior. Seen most frequently in schizophrenia or mania.mania.

claustrophobiaclaustrophobiaAbnormal fear of closed or confining spaces.Abnormal fear of closed or confining spaces. clonic convulsionclonic convulsionAn involuntary, violent muscular contraction or An involuntary, violent muscular contraction or

spasm in which the muscles alternately contract spasm in which the muscles alternately contract and relax. Characteristic phase in grand mal and relax. Characteristic phase in grand mal epileptic seizure.epileptic seizure.

clouding of consciousnessclouding of consciousnessAny disturbance of consciousness in which the Any disturbance of consciousness in which the

person is not fully awake, alert, and oriented. person is not fully awake, alert, and oriented. Occurs in delirium, dementia, and cognitive Occurs in delirium, dementia, and cognitive disorder.disorder.

clutteringclutteringDisturbance of fluency involving an abnormally Disturbance of fluency involving an abnormally

rapid rate and erratic rhythm of speech that rapid rate and erratic rhythm of speech that impedes intelligibility; the affected individual is impedes intelligibility; the affected individual is usually unaware of communicativeusually unaware of communicative

cognitioncognitionMental process of knowing and becoming aware; function is Mental process of knowing and becoming aware; function is

closely associated with judgment.closely associated with judgment. comacomaState of profound unconsciousness from which a person cannot State of profound unconsciousness from which a person cannot

be roused, with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to be roused, with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to stimuli; seen in injury or disease of the brain, in systemic stimuli; seen in injury or disease of the brain, in systemic conditions, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and uremia; and in conditions, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and uremia; and in intoxications with alcohol and other drugs. Coma can also intoxications with alcohol and other drugs. Coma can also occur in severe catatonic states and in conversion disorder.occur in severe catatonic states and in conversion disorder.

coma vigilcoma vigilComa in which a patient appears to be asleep, but can be aroused Coma in which a patient appears to be asleep, but can be aroused

(also known as akinetic mutism).(also known as akinetic mutism). command automatismcommand automatismCondition associated with catalepsy in which suggestions are Condition associated with catalepsy in which suggestions are

followed automatically.followed automatically. command hallucinationcommand hallucinationFalse perception of orders that a person may feel obliged to obey False perception of orders that a person may feel obliged to obey

or unable to resist.or unable to resist. complexcomplexA feeling-toned idea.A feeling-toned idea.

complex partial seizurecomplex partial seizureA seizure characterized by alterations in consciousness A seizure characterized by alterations in consciousness

that may be accompanied by complex hallucinations that may be accompanied by complex hallucinations (sometimes olfactory) or illusions. During the seizure, a (sometimes olfactory) or illusions. During the seizure, a state of impaired consciousness resembling a dream-state of impaired consciousness resembling a dream-like state may occur, and the patient may exhibit like state may occur, and the patient may exhibit repetitive, automatic, or semipurposeful behavior.repetitive, automatic, or semipurposeful behavior.

compulsioncompulsionPathological need to act on an impulse that, if resisted, Pathological need to act on an impulse that, if resisted,

produces anxiety; repetitive behavior in response to an produces anxiety; repetitive behavior in response to an obsession or performed according to certain rules, with obsession or performed according to certain rules, with no true end in itself other than to prevent something no true end in itself other than to prevent something from occurring in the future.from occurring in the future.

conationconationThat part of a person's mental life concerned with That part of a person's mental life concerned with

cravings, strivings, motivations, drives, and wishes as cravings, strivings, motivations, drives, and wishes as expressed through behavior or motor activityexpressed through behavior or motor activity

concrete thinkingconcrete thinkingThinking characterized by actual things, events, and Thinking characterized by actual things, events, and

immediate experience, rather than by abstractions; immediate experience, rather than by abstractions; seen in young children, in those who have lost or never seen in young children, in those who have lost or never developed the ability to generalize (as in certain developed the ability to generalize (as in certain cognitive mental disorders), and in schizophrenic cognitive mental disorders), and in schizophrenic persons. Compare with abstract thinking.persons. Compare with abstract thinking.

condensationcondensationMental process in which one symbol stands for a number Mental process in which one symbol stands for a number

of components.of components. confabulationconfabulationUnconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagining Unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagining

experiences or events that have no basis in fact, experiences or events that have no basis in fact, commonly seen in amnestic syndromes; should be commonly seen in amnestic syndromes; should be differentiated from lying. See also paramnesia.differentiated from lying. See also paramnesia.

confusionconfusionDisturbances of consciousness manifested by a Disturbances of consciousness manifested by a

disordered orientation in relation to time, place, or disordered orientation in relation to time, place, or person.person.

consciousnessconsciousnessState of awareness, with response to external stimuli.State of awareness, with response to external stimuli. constipationconstipationInability to defecate or difficulty in defecating.Inability to defecate or difficulty in defecating. constricted affectconstricted affectReduction in intensity of feeling tone that is less severe Reduction in intensity of feeling tone that is less severe

than that of blunted affect.than that of blunted affect. constructional apraxiaconstructional apraxiaInability to copy a drawing, such as a cube, clock, or Inability to copy a drawing, such as a cube, clock, or

pentagon, as a result of a brain lesion.pentagon, as a result of a brain lesion. conversion phenomenaconversion phenomenaThe development of symbolic physical symptoms and The development of symbolic physical symptoms and

distortions involving the voluntary muscles or special distortions involving the voluntary muscles or special sense organs; not under voluntary control and not sense organs; not under voluntary control and not explained by any physical disorder. Most common in explained by any physical disorder. Most common in conversion disorder, but also seen in a variety of conversion disorder, but also seen in a variety of mental disorders.mental disorders.

convulsionconvulsionAn involuntary, violent muscular contraction or An involuntary, violent muscular contraction or

spasm. See also clonic convulsion and tonic spasm. See also clonic convulsion and tonic convulsion.convulsion.

coprolaliacoprolaliaInvoluntary use of vulgar or obscene language. Involuntary use of vulgar or obscene language.

Observed in some cases of schizophrenia and Observed in some cases of schizophrenia and in Tourette's syndrome.in Tourette's syndrome.

coprophagiacoprophagiaEating of filth or feces.Eating of filth or feces. cryptographiacryptographiaA private written language.A private written language. cryptolaliacryptolaliaA private spoken language.A private spoken language.

cycloplegiacycloplegia

Paralysis of the muscles of Paralysis of the muscles of accommodation in the eye; observed, accommodation in the eye; observed, at times, as an autonomic adverse at times, as an autonomic adverse effect (anticholinergic effect) of effect (anticholinergic effect) of antipsychotic or antidepressant antipsychotic or antidepressant medication.medication.

DecompensationDecompensation

Deterioration of psychic functioning Deterioration of psychic functioning caused by a breakdown of defense caused by a breakdown of defense mechanisms. Seen in psychotic states.mechanisms. Seen in psychotic states.

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY PSYCHIATRY 2 PSYCHIATRY 2

(KAPLAN) D-E-F(KAPLAN) D-E-F

EDIT DR LIZAEDIT DR LIZA

DecompensationDecompensationDeterioration of psychic functioning caused by a Deterioration of psychic functioning caused by a

breakdown of defense mechanisms. Seen in psychotic breakdown of defense mechanisms. Seen in psychotic states.states.

Da jÃ entenduDa jÃ entenduIllusion that what one is hearing one has heard Illusion that what one is hearing one has heard

previously. See also paramnesia.previously. See also paramnesia. dÃ jÃ pensÃdÃ jÃ pensÃCondition in which a thought never entertained before is Condition in which a thought never entertained before is

incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous thought. See also paramnesia.thought. See also paramnesia.

dÃ jÃ vudÃ jÃ vuIllusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is Illusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is

incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous experience. See also paramnesia.experience. See also paramnesia.

deliriumdeliriumAcute reversible mental disorder characterized by Acute reversible mental disorder characterized by

confusion and some impairment of consciousness; confusion and some impairment of consciousness; generally associated with emotional lability, generally associated with emotional lability, hallucinations or illusions, and inappropriate, hallucinations or illusions, and inappropriate, impulsive, irrational, or violent behavior.impulsive, irrational, or violent behavior.

delirium tremensdelirium tremens Acute and sometimes fatal reaction to withdrawal from Acute and sometimes fatal reaction to withdrawal from

alcohol, usually occurring 72 to 96 hours after the alcohol, usually occurring 72 to 96 hours after the cessation of heavy drinking; distinctive characteristics are cessation of heavy drinking; distinctive characteristics are marked autonomic hyperactivity (tachycardia, fever, marked autonomic hyperactivity (tachycardia, fever, hyperhidrosis, and dilated pupils), usually accompanied by hyperhidrosis, and dilated pupils), usually accompanied by tremulousness, hallucinations, illusions, and delusions. tremulousness, hallucinations, illusions, and delusions. Called alcohol withdrawal delirium in DSM-IV-TR. See also Called alcohol withdrawal delirium in DSM-IV-TR. See also formicationformication

delusiondelusion False belief, based on incorrect inference about external False belief, based on incorrect inference about external

reality, that is firmly held despite objective and obvious reality, that is firmly held despite objective and obvious contradictory proof or evidence and despite the fact that contradictory proof or evidence and despite the fact that other members of the culture do not share the belief.other members of the culture do not share the belief.

delusion of controldelusion of control False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are

being controlled by external forces.being controlled by external forces.delusion of grandeurdelusion of grandeur Exaggerated conception of one's importance, power, or Exaggerated conception of one's importance, power, or

identity.identity.

delusion of infidelitydelusion of infidelityFalse belief that one's lover is unfaithful. Sometimes called False belief that one's lover is unfaithful. Sometimes called

pathological jealousy.pathological jealousy. delusion of persecutiondelusion of persecutionFalse belief of being harassed or persecuted; often found in False belief of being harassed or persecuted; often found in

litigious patients who have a pathological tendency to take litigious patients who have a pathological tendency to take legal action because of imagined mistreatment. Most legal action because of imagined mistreatment. Most common delusion.common delusion.

delusion of povertydelusion of povertyFalse belief that one is bereft or will be deprived of all material False belief that one is bereft or will be deprived of all material

possessions.possessions. delusion of referencedelusion of referenceFalse belief that the behavior of others refers to oneself or that False belief that the behavior of others refers to oneself or that

events, objects, or other people have a particular and events, objects, or other people have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a negative nature; derived unusual significance, usually of a negative nature; derived from idea of reference, in which persons falsely feel that from idea of reference, in which persons falsely feel that others are talking about them (e.g., belief that people on others are talking about them (e.g., belief that people on television or radio are talking to or about the person). See television or radio are talking to or about the person). See also thought broadcasting.also thought broadcasting.

delusion of self-accusationdelusion of self-accusationFalse feeling of remorse and guilt. Seen in depression with False feeling of remorse and guilt. Seen in depression with

psychotic featurespsychotic features

dementiadementiaMental disorder characterized by general impairment in Mental disorder characterized by general impairment in

intellectual functioning without clouding of intellectual functioning without clouding of consciousness; characterized by failing memory, consciousness; characterized by failing memory, difficulty with calculations, distractibility, alterations in difficulty with calculations, distractibility, alterations in mood and affect, impaired judgment and abstraction, mood and affect, impaired judgment and abstraction, reduced facility with language, and disturbance of reduced facility with language, and disturbance of orientation. Although irreversible because of underlying orientation. Although irreversible because of underlying progressive degenerative brain disease, dementia may progressive degenerative brain disease, dementia may be reversible if the cause can be treated.be reversible if the cause can be treated.

denialdenialDefense mechanism in which the existence of unpleasant Defense mechanism in which the existence of unpleasant

realities is disavowed; refers to keeping out of realities is disavowed; refers to keeping out of conscious awareness any aspects of external reality conscious awareness any aspects of external reality that, if acknowledged, would produce anxiety.that, if acknowledged, would produce anxiety.

depersonalizationdepersonalizationSensation of unreality concerning oneself, parts of Sensation of unreality concerning oneself, parts of

oneself, or one's environment that occurs under oneself, or one's environment that occurs under extreme stress or fatigue. Seen in schizophrenia, extreme stress or fatigue. Seen in schizophrenia, depersonalization disorder, and schizotypal personality depersonalization disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.disorder.

depressiondepressionMental state characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, Mental state characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness,

despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach; accompanying despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or, at times, signs include psychomotor retardation or, at times, agitation, withdrawal from interpersonal contact, and agitation, withdrawal from interpersonal contact, and vegetative symptoms, such as insomnia and anorexia. The vegetative symptoms, such as insomnia and anorexia. The term refers to a mood that is so characterized or to a mood term refers to a mood that is so characterized or to a mood disorder.disorder.

derailmentderailmentGradual or sudden deviation in train of thought without Gradual or sudden deviation in train of thought without

blocking; sometimes used synonymously with loosening of blocking; sometimes used synonymously with loosening of association.association.

derealizationderealizationSensation of changed reality or that one's surroundings have Sensation of changed reality or that one's surroundings have

altered. Usually seen in schizophrenia, panic attacks, and altered. Usually seen in schizophrenia, panic attacks, and dissociative disorders.dissociative disorders.

dereismdereismMental activity that follows a totally subjective and Mental activity that follows a totally subjective and

idiosyncratic system of logic and fails to take the facts of idiosyncratic system of logic and fails to take the facts of reality or experience into consideration. Characteristic of reality or experience into consideration. Characteristic of schizophrenia. See also autistic thinking.schizophrenia. See also autistic thinking.

detachmentdetachmentCharacterized by distant interpersonal relationships and Characterized by distant interpersonal relationships and

lack of emotional involvement.lack of emotional involvement. devaluationdevaluationDefense mechanism in which a person attributes Defense mechanism in which a person attributes

excessively negative qualities to self or others. Seen in excessively negative qualities to self or others. Seen in depression and paranoid personality disorder.depression and paranoid personality disorder.

diminished libidodiminished libidoDecreased sexual interest and drive. (Increased libido is Decreased sexual interest and drive. (Increased libido is

often associated with mania.)often associated with mania.) Dipsomania= Compulsion to drink alcoholic beverages.Dipsomania= Compulsion to drink alcoholic beverages. disinhibitiondisinhibition(1) Removal of an inhibitory effect, as in the reduction of (1) Removal of an inhibitory effect, as in the reduction of

the inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex by alcohol. the inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex by alcohol. (2) In psychiatry, a greater freedom to act in accordance (2) In psychiatry, a greater freedom to act in accordance with inner drives or feelings and with less regard for with inner drives or feelings and with less regard for restraints dictated by cultural norms or one's superego.restraints dictated by cultural norms or one's superego.

disorientationdisorientationConfusion; impairment of awareness of time, place, and Confusion; impairment of awareness of time, place, and

person (the position of the self in relation to other person (the position of the self in relation to other persons). Characteristic of cognitive disorders.persons). Characteristic of cognitive disorders.

displacementdisplacementUnconscious defense mechanism by which the emotional Unconscious defense mechanism by which the emotional

component of an unacceptable idea or object is component of an unacceptable idea or object is transferred to a more acceptable one. Seen in phobias.transferred to a more acceptable one. Seen in phobias.

dissociationdissociationUnconscious defense mechanism involving the Unconscious defense mechanism involving the

segregation of any group of mental or behavioral segregation of any group of mental or behavioral processes from the rest of the person's psychic activity; processes from the rest of the person's psychic activity; may entail the separation of an idea from its may entail the separation of an idea from its accompanying emotional tone, as seen in dissociative accompanying emotional tone, as seen in dissociative and conversion disorders. Seen in dissociative and conversion disorders. Seen in dissociative disorders.disorders.

distractibilitydistractibilityInability to focus one's attention; the patient does not Inability to focus one's attention; the patient does not

respond to the task at hand but attends to irrelevant respond to the task at hand but attends to irrelevant phenomena in the environment.phenomena in the environment.

dreaddreadMassive or pervasive anxiety, usually related to a specific Massive or pervasive anxiety, usually related to a specific

danger.danger.

dreamy statedreamy stateAltered state of consciousness, likened to a dream Altered state of consciousness, likened to a dream

situation, which develops suddenly and usually lasts a situation, which develops suddenly and usually lasts a few minutes; accompanied by visual, auditory, and few minutes; accompanied by visual, auditory, and olfactory hallucinations. Commonly associated with olfactory hallucinations. Commonly associated with temporal lobe lesions.temporal lobe lesions.

drowsinessdrowsinessState of impaired awareness associated with a desire or State of impaired awareness associated with a desire or

inclination to sleep.inclination to sleep. Dysarthria=Difficulty in articulation, the motor activity Dysarthria=Difficulty in articulation, the motor activity

of shaping phonated sounds into speech, not in word of shaping phonated sounds into speech, not in word finding or in grammar.finding or in grammar.

Dyscalculia=Difficulty in performing calculations.Dyscalculia=Difficulty in performing calculations. Dysgeusia=Impaired sense of taste.Dysgeusia=Impaired sense of taste. Dysgraphia=Difficulty in writing.Dysgraphia=Difficulty in writing. Dyskinesia=Difficulty in performing movements. Seen Dyskinesia=Difficulty in performing movements. Seen

in extrapyramidal disorders.in extrapyramidal disorders. Dyslalia=Faulty articulation caused by structural Dyslalia=Faulty articulation caused by structural

abnormalities of the articulatory organs or impaired abnormalities of the articulatory organs or impaired hearing.hearing.

dyslexiadyslexiaSpecific learning disability syndrome involving an Specific learning disability syndrome involving an

impairment of the previously acquired ability to impairment of the previously acquired ability to read; unrelated to the person's intelligence. read; unrelated to the person's intelligence. Compare with alexia.Compare with alexia.

dysmetriadysmetriaImpaired ability to gauge distance relative to Impaired ability to gauge distance relative to

movements. Seen in neurological deficit.movements. Seen in neurological deficit. Dysmnesia=Impaired memory.Dysmnesia=Impaired memory. Dyspareunia=Physical pain in sexual Dyspareunia=Physical pain in sexual

intercourse, usually emotionally caused and intercourse, usually emotionally caused and more commonly experienced by women; can more commonly experienced by women; can also result from cystitis, urethritis, or other also result from cystitis, urethritis, or other medical conditions.medical conditions.

Dysphagia=Difficulty in swallowing.Dysphagia=Difficulty in swallowing. Dysphasia=Difficulty in comprehending oral Dysphasia=Difficulty in comprehending oral

language (reception dysphasia) or in trying to language (reception dysphasia) or in trying to express verbal language (expressive dysphasia).express verbal language (expressive dysphasia).

Dysphonia=Difficulty or pain in speaking.Dysphonia=Difficulty or pain in speaking. Dysphoria=Feeling of unpleasantness or Dysphoria=Feeling of unpleasantness or

discomfort; a mood of general discomfort; a mood of general dissatisfaction and restlessness. Occurs in dissatisfaction and restlessness. Occurs in depression and anxiety.depression and anxiety.

Dysprosody=Loss of normal speech melody Dysprosody=Loss of normal speech melody (prosody). Common in depression.(prosody). Common in depression.

Dystonia=Extrapyramidal motor Dystonia=Extrapyramidal motor disturbance consisting of slow, sustained disturbance consisting of slow, sustained contractions of the axial or appendicular contractions of the axial or appendicular musculature; one movement often musculature; one movement often predominates, leading to relatively predominates, leading to relatively sustained postural deviations; acute sustained postural deviations; acute dystonic reactions (facial grimacing and dystonic reactions (facial grimacing and torticollis) are occasionally seen with the torticollis) are occasionally seen with the initiation of antipsychotic drug therapy.initiation of antipsychotic drug therapy.

Echolalia=Psychopathological repeating of words Echolalia=Psychopathological repeating of words or phrases of one person by another; tends to be or phrases of one person by another; tends to be repetitive and persistent. Seen in certain kinds of repetitive and persistent. Seen in certain kinds of schizophrenia, particularly the catatonic types.schizophrenia, particularly the catatonic types.

ego-alien=Denoting aspects of a person's ego-alien=Denoting aspects of a person's personality that are viewed as repugnant, personality that are viewed as repugnant, unacceptable, or inconsistent with the rest of the unacceptable, or inconsistent with the rest of the personality. Also called ego-dystonia. Compare personality. Also called ego-dystonia. Compare with ego-syntonic.with ego-syntonic.

Egocentric=Self-centered; selfishly preoccupied Egocentric=Self-centered; selfishly preoccupied with one's own needs; lacking interest in others.with one's own needs; lacking interest in others.

ego-dystonic=See ego-alien.ego-dystonic=See ego-alien. Egomania=Morbid self-preoccupation or self-Egomania=Morbid self-preoccupation or self-

centeredness. See also narcissism.centeredness. See also narcissism.

ego-syntonic=Denoting aspects of a personality that are ego-syntonic=Denoting aspects of a personality that are viewed as acceptable and consistent with that person's viewed as acceptable and consistent with that person's total personality. Personality traits are usually ego-total personality. Personality traits are usually ego-syntonic. Compare with ego-alien.syntonic. Compare with ego-alien.

eidetic image=Unusually vivid or exact mental image of eidetic image=Unusually vivid or exact mental image of objects previously seen or imagined.objects previously seen or imagined.

Elation=Mood consisting of feelings of joy, euphoria, Elation=Mood consisting of feelings of joy, euphoria, triumph, and intense self-satisfaction or optimism. Occurs triumph, and intense self-satisfaction or optimism. Occurs in mania when not grounded in reality.in mania when not grounded in reality.

elevated mood=Air of confidence and enjoyment; a mood elevated mood=Air of confidence and enjoyment; a mood more cheerful than normal but not necessarily more cheerful than normal but not necessarily pathological.pathological.

Emotion=Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic, Emotion=Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic, and behavioral components; external manifestation of and behavioral components; external manifestation of emotion is affect.emotion is affect.

emotional insight=A level of understanding or awareness emotional insight=A level of understanding or awareness that one has emotional problems. It facilitates positive that one has emotional problems. It facilitates positive changes in personality and behavior when present.changes in personality and behavior when present.

emotional lability=Excessive emotional responsiveness emotional lability=Excessive emotional responsiveness characterized by unstable and rapidly changing emotions.characterized by unstable and rapidly changing emotions.

Encopresis=Involuntary passage of feces, Encopresis=Involuntary passage of feces, usually occurring at night or during sleep.usually occurring at night or during sleep.

Enuresis=Incontinence of urine during sleep.Enuresis=Incontinence of urine during sleep. Erotomania=Delusional belief, more common in Erotomania=Delusional belief, more common in

women than in men, that someone is deeply in women than in men, that someone is deeply in love with them (also known as de ClÃ rambault love with them (also known as de ClÃ rambault syndrome).syndrome).

Erythrophobia=Abnormal fear of blushing.Erythrophobia=Abnormal fear of blushing. Euphoria=Exaggerated feeling of well-being Euphoria=Exaggerated feeling of well-being

that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol.alcohol.

Euthymia=Normal range of mood, implying Euthymia=Normal range of mood, implying absence of depressed or elevated mood.absence of depressed or elevated mood.

Evasion=Act of not facing up to, or strategically Evasion=Act of not facing up to, or strategically eluding, something; consists of suppressing an eluding, something; consists of suppressing an idea that is next in a thought series and idea that is next in a thought series and replacing it with another idea closely related to replacing it with another idea closely related to it. Also called paralogia and perverted logic.it. Also called paralogia and perverted logic.

Exaltation=Feeling of intense elation and grandeur.Exaltation=Feeling of intense elation and grandeur. Excited=Agitated, purposeless motor activity Excited=Agitated, purposeless motor activity

uninfluenced by external stimuli.uninfluenced by external stimuli. expansive mood=Expression of feelings without expansive mood=Expression of feelings without

restraint, frequently with an overestimation of their restraint, frequently with an overestimation of their significance or importance. Seen in mania and significance or importance. Seen in mania and grandiose delusional disorder.grandiose delusional disorder.

expressive aphasia=Disturbance of speech in which expressive aphasia=Disturbance of speech in which understanding remains, but ability to speak is grossly understanding remains, but ability to speak is grossly impaired; halting, laborious, and inaccurate speech impaired; halting, laborious, and inaccurate speech (also known as Broca's, nonfluent, and motor aphasias).(also known as Broca's, nonfluent, and motor aphasias).

expressive dysphasia=Difficulty in expressing verbal expressive dysphasia=Difficulty in expressing verbal language; the ability to understand language is intact.language; the ability to understand language is intact.

Externalization=More general term than projection that Externalization=More general term than projection that refers to the tendency to perceive in the external world refers to the tendency to perceive in the external world and in external objects elements of one's own and in external objects elements of one's own personality, including instinctual impulses, conflicts, personality, including instinctual impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and styles of thinking.moods, attitudes, and styles of thinking.

Extroversion=State of one's energies being directed Extroversion=State of one's energies being directed outside oneself. Compare with introversionoutside oneself. Compare with introversion

false memory=A person's recollection and false memory=A person's recollection and belief of an event that did not actually occur. In belief of an event that did not actually occur. In false memory syndrome, persons erroneously false memory syndrome, persons erroneously believe that they sustained an emotional or believe that they sustained an emotional or physical (e.g., sexual) trauma in early life.physical (e.g., sexual) trauma in early life.

Fantasy=Daydream; fabricated mental picture Fantasy=Daydream; fabricated mental picture of a situation or chain of events. A normal form of a situation or chain of events. A normal form of thinking dominated by unconsciousness of thinking dominated by unconsciousness material that seeks wish fulfillment and material that seeks wish fulfillment and solutions to conflicts; may serve as the matrix solutions to conflicts; may serve as the matrix for creativity. The content of the fantasy may for creativity. The content of the fantasy may indicate mental illness.indicate mental illness.

Fatigue=A feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or Fatigue=A feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability after a period of mental or bodily irritability after a period of mental or bodily activity. Seen in depression, anxiety, activity. Seen in depression, anxiety, neurasthenia, and somatoform disorders.neurasthenia, and somatoform disorders.

fausse reconnaissance=False recognition, a fausse reconnaissance=False recognition, a feature of paramnesia. Can occur in delusional feature of paramnesia. Can occur in delusional disorders.disorders.

Fear=Unpleasurable emotional state consisting of Fear=Unpleasurable emotional state consisting of psychophysiological changes in response to a realistic psychophysiological changes in response to a realistic threat or danger. Compare with anxiety.threat or danger. Compare with anxiety.

flat affect=Absence or near absence of any signs of flat affect=Absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression.affective expression.

flight of ideas=Rapid succession of fragmentary flight of ideas=Rapid succession of fragmentary thoughts or speech in which content changes abruptly thoughts or speech in which content changes abruptly and speech may be incoherent. Seen in mania.and speech may be incoherent. Seen in mania.

Floccillation=Aimless plucking or picking, usually at Floccillation=Aimless plucking or picking, usually at bedclothes or clothing, commonly seen in dementia and bedclothes or clothing, commonly seen in dementia and delirium.delirium.

fluent aphasia=Aphasia characterized by inability to fluent aphasia=Aphasia characterized by inability to understand the spoken word; fluent but incoherent understand the spoken word; fluent but incoherent speech is present. Also called Wernicke's, sensory, and speech is present. Also called Wernicke's, sensory, and receptive aphasias.receptive aphasias.

folie Ã deux=Mental illness shared by two persons, folie Ã deux=Mental illness shared by two persons, usually involving a common delusional system; if it usually involving a common delusional system; if it involves three persons, it is referred to as folie Ã trois, involves three persons, it is referred to as folie Ã trois, and so on. Also called shared psychotic disorder.and so on. Also called shared psychotic disorder.

formal thought disorder=Disturbance in the form rather formal thought disorder=Disturbance in the form rather than the content of thought; thinking characterized by than the content of thought; thinking characterized by loosened associations, neologisms, and illogical loosened associations, neologisms, and illogical constructs; thought process is disordered, and the constructs; thought process is disordered, and the person is defined as psychotic. Characteristic of person is defined as psychotic. Characteristic of schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

Formication=Tactile hallucination involving the Formication=Tactile hallucination involving the sensation that tiny insects are crawling over the skin. sensation that tiny insects are crawling over the skin. Seen in cocaine addiction and delirium tremens.Seen in cocaine addiction and delirium tremens.

free-floating anxiety=Severe, pervasive, generalized free-floating anxiety=Severe, pervasive, generalized anxiety that is not attached to any particular idea, anxiety that is not attached to any particular idea, object, or event. Observed particularly in anxiety object, or event. Observed particularly in anxiety disorders, although it may be seen in some cases of disorders, although it may be seen in some cases of schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

fugue=Dissociative disorder characterized by a period fugue=Dissociative disorder characterized by a period of almost complete amnesia, during which a person of almost complete amnesia, during which a person actually flees from an immediate life situation and actually flees from an immediate life situation and begins a different life pattern; apart from the amnesia, begins a different life pattern; apart from the amnesia, mental faculties and skills are usually unimpaired.mental faculties and skills are usually unimpaired.

GLOSSARY PSYCHIATRY GLOSSARY PSYCHIATRY 2 (KAPLAN) G-H-I-J-K-L-2 (KAPLAN) G-H-I-J-K-L-

M-N-O-P-RM-N-O-P-R


Galactorrhea=Abnormal discharge of milk from Galactorrhea=Abnormal discharge of milk from the breast; may result from the endocrine the breast; may result from the endocrine influence (e.g., prolactin) of dopamine receptor influence (e.g., prolactin) of dopamine receptor antagonists, such as phenothiazines.antagonists, such as phenothiazines.

generalized tonic-clonic seizure=Generalized generalized tonic-clonic seizure=Generalized onset of tonic-clonic movements of the limbs, onset of tonic-clonic movements of the limbs, tongue-biting, and incontinence followed by slow, tongue-biting, and incontinence followed by slow, gradual recovery of consciousness and cognition; gradual recovery of consciousness and cognition; also called grand mal seizure.also called grand mal seizure.

global aphasia=Combination of grossly nonfluent global aphasia=Combination of grossly nonfluent aphasia and severe fluent aphasia.aphasia and severe fluent aphasia.

Glossolalia=Unintelligible jargon that has Glossolalia=Unintelligible jargon that has meaning to the speaker but not to the listener. meaning to the speaker but not to the listener. Occurs in schizophrenia.Occurs in schizophrenia.

Grandiosity=Exaggerated feelings of one's Grandiosity=Exaggerated feelings of one's importance, power, knowledge, or identity. importance, power, knowledge, or identity. Occurs in delusional disorder and manic states.Occurs in delusional disorder and manic states.

Grief=Alteration in mood and affect consisting of Grief=Alteration in mood and affect consisting of sadness appropriate to a real loss; normally, it is sadness appropriate to a real loss; normally, it is self-limited. See also depression and mourning.self-limited. See also depression and mourning.

Guilt=Emotional state associated with self-Guilt=Emotional state associated with self-reproach and the need for punishment. In reproach and the need for punishment. In psychoanalysis, refers to a feeling of culpability psychoanalysis, refers to a feeling of culpability that stems from a conflict between the ego and that stems from a conflict between the ego and the superego (conscience). Guilt has normal the superego (conscience). Guilt has normal psychological and social functions, but special psychological and social functions, but special intensity or absence of guilt characterizes many intensity or absence of guilt characterizes many mental disorders, such as depression and mental disorders, such as depression and antisocial personality disorder, respectively. antisocial personality disorder, respectively. Psychiatrists distinguish shame as a less Psychiatrists distinguish shame as a less internalized form of guilt that relates more to internalized form of guilt that relates more to others than to the self. See also shame.others than to the self. See also shame.

gustatory hallucination=Hallucination primarily gustatory hallucination=Hallucination primarily involving taste.involving taste.

Gynecomastia=Female-like development of the Gynecomastia=Female-like development of the male breasts; can occur as an adverse effect of male breasts; can occur as an adverse effect of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs because of increased prolactin levels or because of increased prolactin levels or anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse.anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse.

Hallucination=False sensory perception occurring Hallucination=False sensory perception occurring in the absence of any relevant external in the absence of any relevant external stimulation of the sensory modality involved. For stimulation of the sensory modality involved. For types of hallucinations, see the specific term.types of hallucinations, see the specific term.

hallucinosisState= in which a person experiences hallucinosisState= in which a person experiences hallucinations without any impairment of hallucinations without any impairment of consciousness.consciousness.

haptic hallucination=Hallucination of touch.haptic hallucination=Hallucination of touch. Hebephrenia=Complex of symptoms, considered Hebephrenia=Complex of symptoms, considered

a form of schizophrenia, characterized by wild or a form of schizophrenia, characterized by wild or silly behavior or mannerisms, inappropriate silly behavior or mannerisms, inappropriate affect, and delusions and hallucinations that are affect, and delusions and hallucinations that are transient and unsystematized. Hebephrenic transient and unsystematized. Hebephrenic schizophrenia is now called disorganized schizophrenia is now called disorganized schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

Holophrastic=Using a single word to express a Holophrastic=Using a single word to express a combination of ideas. Seen in schizophrenia.combination of ideas. Seen in schizophrenia.

Hyperactivity=Increased muscular activity. The Hyperactivity=Increased muscular activity. The term is commonly used to describe a disturbance term is commonly used to describe a disturbance found in children that is manifested by constant found in children that is manifested by constant restlessness, overactivity, distractibility, and restlessness, overactivity, distractibility, and difficulties in learning. Seen in difficulties in learning. Seen in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Hyperalgesia=Excessive sensitivity to pain. Seen Hyperalgesia=Excessive sensitivity to pain. Seen in somatoform disorder.in somatoform disorder.

Hyperesthesia=Increased sensitivity to tactile Hyperesthesia=Increased sensitivity to tactile stimulation.stimulation.

Hypermnesia=Exaggerated degree of retention Hypermnesia=Exaggerated degree of retention and recall. It can be elicited by hypnosis and may and recall. It can be elicited by hypnosis and may be seen in certain prodigies; also can be a feature be seen in certain prodigies; also can be a feature of OCD, some cases of schizophrenia, and manic of OCD, some cases of schizophrenia, and manic episodes of bipolar I disorder.episodes of bipolar I disorder.

Hyperphagia=Increase in appetite and intake of Hyperphagia=Increase in appetite and intake of food.food.

Hyperpragia=Excessive thinking and mental Hyperpragia=Excessive thinking and mental activity. Generally associated with manic activity. Generally associated with manic episodes of bipolar I disorder.episodes of bipolar I disorder.

Hypersomnia=Excessive time spent asleep. Can Hypersomnia=Excessive time spent asleep. Can be associated with underlying medical or be associated with underlying medical or psychiatric disorder or narcolepsy, can be part psychiatric disorder or narcolepsy, can be part of the Kleine-Levin syndrome, or may be of the Kleine-Levin syndrome, or may be primary.primary.

Hyperventilation=Excessive breathing, Hyperventilation=Excessive breathing, generally associated with anxiety, which can generally associated with anxiety, which can reduce blood carbon dioxide concentration and reduce blood carbon dioxide concentration and can produce lightheadedness, palpitations, can produce lightheadedness, palpitations, numbness, tingling periorally and in the numbness, tingling periorally and in the extremities, and, occasionally, syncope.extremities, and, occasionally, syncope.

Hypervigilance=Excessive attention to, and Hypervigilance=Excessive attention to, and focus on, all internal and external stimuli; focus on, all internal and external stimuli; usually seen in delusional or paranoid states.usually seen in delusional or paranoid states.

Hypesthesia=Diminished sensitivity to tactile Hypesthesia=Diminished sensitivity to tactile stimulation.stimulation.

hypnagogic hallucination=Hallucination occurring hypnagogic hallucination=Hallucination occurring while falling asleep, not ordinarily considered while falling asleep, not ordinarily considered pathological.pathological.

hypnopompic hallucination=Hallucination occurring hypnopompic hallucination=Hallucination occurring while awakening from sleep, not ordinarily considered while awakening from sleep, not ordinarily considered pathological.pathological.

Hypnosis=Artificially induced alteration of Hypnosis=Artificially induced alteration of consciousness characterized by increased consciousness characterized by increased suggestibilitysuggestibility

and receptivity to direction.and receptivity to direction. Hypoactivity=Decreased motor and cognitive activity, Hypoactivity=Decreased motor and cognitive activity,

as in psychomotor retardation; visible slowing of as in psychomotor retardation; visible slowing of thought, speech, and movements. Also called thought, speech, and movements. Also called hypokinesis.hypokinesis.

Hypochondria=Exaggerated concern about health Hypochondria=Exaggerated concern about health that is based not on real medical pathology, but on that is based not on real medical pathology, but on unrealistic interpretations of physical signs or unrealistic interpretations of physical signs or sensations as abnormal.sensations as abnormal.

Hypomania=Mood abnormality with the qualitative Hypomania=Mood abnormality with the qualitative characteristics of mania, but somewhat less intense. Seen characteristics of mania, but somewhat less intense. Seen in cyclothymic disorder.in cyclothymic disorder.

idea of reference=Misinterpretation of incidents and idea of reference=Misinterpretation of incidents and events in the outside world as having direct personal events in the outside world as having direct personal reference to oneself; occasionally observed in normal reference to oneself; occasionally observed in normal persons, but frequently seen in paranoid patients. If persons, but frequently seen in paranoid patients. If present with sufficient frequency or intensity or if present with sufficient frequency or intensity or if organized and systematized, they constitute delusions of organized and systematized, they constitute delusions of reference.reference.

illogical thinking=Thinking containing erroneous illogical thinking=Thinking containing erroneous conclusions or internal contradictions; psychopathological conclusions or internal contradictions; psychopathological only when it is marked and not caused by cultural values only when it is marked and not caused by cultural values or intellectual deficit.or intellectual deficit.

Illusion=Perceptual misinterpretation of a real external Illusion=Perceptual misinterpretation of a real external stimulus. Compare with hallucination.stimulus. Compare with hallucination.

immediate memory=Reproduction, recognition, or recall immediate memory=Reproduction, recognition, or recall of perceived material within seconds after presentation. of perceived material within seconds after presentation. Compare with long-term memory and short-term Compare with long-term memory and short-term memory.memory.

impaired insight=Diminished ability to impaired insight=Diminished ability to understand the objective reality of a understand the objective reality of a situation.situation.

impaired judgment=Diminished ability to impaired judgment=Diminished ability to understand a situation correctly and to act understand a situation correctly and to act appropriately.appropriately.

impulse control=Ability to resist an impulse control=Ability to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform impulse, drive, or temptation to perform some action.some action.

inappropriate affect=Emotional tone out of inappropriate affect=Emotional tone out of harmony with the idea, thought, or speech harmony with the idea, thought, or speech accompanying it. Seen in schizophrenia.accompanying it. Seen in schizophrenia.

Incoherence=Communication that is Incoherence=Communication that is disconnected, disorganized, or disconnected, disorganized, or incomprehensible. See also word salad.incomprehensible. See also word salad.

Incorporation=Primitive unconscious defense mechanism Incorporation=Primitive unconscious defense mechanism in which the psychic representation of another person or in which the psychic representation of another person or aspects of another person are assimilated into oneself aspects of another person are assimilated into oneself through a figurative process of symbolic oral ingestion; through a figurative process of symbolic oral ingestion; represents a special form of introjection and is the represents a special form of introjection and is the earliest mechanism of identification.earliest mechanism of identification.

increased libido=Increase in sexual interest and drive.increased libido=Increase in sexual interest and drive. Ineffability=Ecstatic state in which persons insist that Ineffability=Ecstatic state in which persons insist that

their experience is inexpressible and indescribable and their experience is inexpressible and indescribable and that it is impossible to convey what it is like to one who that it is impossible to convey what it is like to one who has never experienced it.has never experienced it.

initial insomnia=Falling asleep with difficulty; usually initial insomnia=Falling asleep with difficulty; usually seen in anxiety disorder. Compare with middle insomnia seen in anxiety disorder. Compare with middle insomnia and terminal insomnia.and terminal insomnia.

Insight=Conscious recognition of one's own condition. In Insight=Conscious recognition of one's own condition. In psychiatry, it refers to the conscious awareness and psychiatry, it refers to the conscious awareness and understanding of one's own psychodynamics and understanding of one's own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.person.

Insomnia=Difficulty in falling asleep or difficulty in Insomnia=Difficulty in falling asleep or difficulty in staying asleep. It can be related to a mental disorder, a staying asleep. It can be related to a mental disorder, a physical disorder, or an adverse effect of medication; or it physical disorder, or an adverse effect of medication; or it can be primary (not related to a known medical factor or can be primary (not related to a known medical factor or another mental disorder). See also initial insomnia, another mental disorder). See also initial insomnia, middle insomnia, and terminal insomnia.middle insomnia, and terminal insomnia.

intellectual insight=Knowledge of the reality of a intellectual insight=Knowledge of the reality of a situation without the ability to use that knowledge situation without the ability to use that knowledge successfully to effect an adaptive change in behavior or successfully to effect an adaptive change in behavior or to master the situation. Compare with true insight.to master the situation. Compare with true insight.

Intelligence=Capacity for learning and ability to recall, Intelligence=Capacity for learning and ability to recall, integrate constructively, and apply what one has learned; integrate constructively, and apply what one has learned; the capacity to understand and to think rationally.the capacity to understand and to think rationally.

Intoxication=Mental disorder caused by recent ingestion Intoxication=Mental disorder caused by recent ingestion or presence in the body of an exogenous substance or presence in the body of an exogenous substance producing maladaptive behavior by virtue of its effects on producing maladaptive behavior by virtue of its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The most common the central nervous system (CNS). The most common psychiatric changes involve disturbances of perception, psychiatric changes involve disturbances of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, emotional wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, emotional control, and psychomotor behavior; the specific clinical control, and psychomotor behavior; the specific clinical picture depends on the substance ingestedpicture depends on the substance ingested

Intropunitive=Turning anger inward toward oneself. Intropunitive=Turning anger inward toward oneself. Commonly observed in depressed patients.Commonly observed in depressed patients.

Introspection=Contemplating one's own mental Introspection=Contemplating one's own mental processes to achieve insight.processes to achieve insight.

Introversion=State in which a person's energies are Introversion=State in which a person's energies are directed inward toward the self, with little or no directed inward toward the self, with little or no interest in the external world.interest in the external world.

irrelevant answer=Answer that is not responsive to irrelevant answer=Answer that is not responsive to the question.the question.

Irritability=Abnormal or excessive excitability, with Irritability=Abnormal or excessive excitability, with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience.easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience.

irritable mood=State in which one is easily annoyed irritable mood=State in which one is easily annoyed and provoked to anger. See also irritability.and provoked to anger. See also irritability.

jamais vu=Paramnestic phenomenon characterized jamais vu=Paramnestic phenomenon characterized by a false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation by a false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation that one has previously experienced.that one has previously experienced.

jargon aphasia=Aphasia in which the words produced jargon aphasia=Aphasia in which the words produced are neologistic; that is, nonsense words created by the are neologistic; that is, nonsense words created by the patient.patient.

Judgment=Mental act of comparing or evaluating Judgment=Mental act of comparing or evaluating choices within the framework of a given set of values choices within the framework of a given set of values for the purpose of electing a course of action. If the for the purpose of electing a course of action. If the course of action chosen is consonant with reality or with course of action chosen is consonant with reality or with mature adult standards of behavior, judgment is said to mature adult standards of behavior, judgment is said to be intact or normal; judgment is said to be impaired if be intact or normal; judgment is said to be impaired if the chosen course of action is frankly maladaptive, the chosen course of action is frankly maladaptive, results from impulsive decisions based on the need for results from impulsive decisions based on the need for immediate gratification, or is otherwise not consistent immediate gratification, or is otherwise not consistent with reality as measured by mature adult standards.with reality as measured by mature adult standards.

Kleptomania=Pathological compulsion to steal.Kleptomania=Pathological compulsion to steal. la belle indiffrence=Inappropriate attitude of calm or la belle indiffrence=Inappropriate attitude of calm or

lack of concern about one's disability. May be seen in lack of concern about one's disability. May be seen in patients with conversion disorderpatients with conversion disorder

labile affect=Affective expression characterized by labile affect=Affective expression characterized by rapid and abrupt changes, unrelated to external stimuli.rapid and abrupt changes, unrelated to external stimuli.

labile mood=Oscillations in mood between euphoria labile mood=Oscillations in mood between euphoria and depression or anxiety.and depression or anxiety.

laconic speech=Condition characterized by a reduction laconic speech=Condition characterized by a reduction in the quantity of spontaneous speech; replies to in the quantity of spontaneous speech; replies to questions are brief and unelaborated, and little or no questions are brief and unelaborated, and little or no unprompted additional information is provided. Occurs unprompted additional information is provided. Occurs in major depression, schizophrenia, and organic mental in major depression, schizophrenia, and organic mental disorders. Also called poverty of speech.disorders. Also called poverty of speech.

Lethologica=Momentary forgetting of a name or proper Lethologica=Momentary forgetting of a name or proper noun. See blocking.noun. See blocking.

lilliputian hallucination=Visual sensation that persons lilliputian hallucination=Visual sensation that persons or objects are reduced in size; more properly regarded or objects are reduced in size; more properly regarded as an illusion. See also micropsia.as an illusion. See also micropsia.

localized amnesia=Partial loss of memory; amnesia localized amnesia=Partial loss of memory; amnesia restricted to specific or isolated experiences. Also called restricted to specific or isolated experiences. Also called lacunar amnesia and patch amnesia.lacunar amnesia and patch amnesia.

Logorrhea=Copious, pressured, coherent speech; Logorrhea=Copious, pressured, coherent speech; uncontrollable, excessive talking; observed in manic uncontrollable, excessive talking; observed in manic episodes of bipolar disorder. Also called tachylogia, episodes of bipolar disorder. Also called tachylogia, verbomania, and volubilityverbomania, and volubility

long-term memory=Reproduction, recognition, or recall long-term memory=Reproduction, recognition, or recall of experiences or information that was experienced in of experiences or information that was experienced in the distant past. Also called remote memory. Compare the distant past. Also called remote memory. Compare with immediate memory and short-term memory.with immediate memory and short-term memory.

loosening of associations=Characteristic schizophrenic loosening of associations=Characteristic schizophrenic thinking or speech disturbance involving a disorder in thinking or speech disturbance involving a disorder in the logical progression of thoughts, manifested as a the logical progression of thoughts, manifested as a failure to communicate verbally adequately; unrelated failure to communicate verbally adequately; unrelated and unconnected ideas shift from one subject to and unconnected ideas shift from one subject to another. See also tangentiality.another. See also tangentiality.

Macropsia=False perception that objects are larger Macropsia=False perception that objects are larger than they really are. Compare with micropsia.than they really are. Compare with micropsia.

magical thinking=A form of dereistic thought; thinking magical thinking=A form of dereistic thought; thinking similar to that of the preoperational phase in children similar to that of the preoperational phase in children (Jean Piaget), in which thoughts, words, or actions (Jean Piaget), in which thoughts, words, or actions assume power (e.g., to cause or to prevent events).assume power (e.g., to cause or to prevent events).

Malingering=Feigning disease to achieve a specific Malingering=Feigning disease to achieve a specific goal, for example, to avoid an unpleasant responsibility.goal, for example, to avoid an unpleasant responsibility.

Mania=Mood state characterized by elation, agitation, Mania=Mood state characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking and speaking (flight of ideas). Seen in bipolar I disorder. and speaking (flight of ideas). Seen in bipolar I disorder. See also hypomania.See also hypomania.

Manipulation=Maneuvering by patients to get their own Manipulation=Maneuvering by patients to get their own way; characteristic of antisocial personalities.way; characteristic of antisocial personalities.

Mannerism=Ingrained, habitual involuntary movement.Mannerism=Ingrained, habitual involuntary movement. Melancholia=Severe depressive state. Used in the term Melancholia=Severe depressive state. Used in the term

involutional melancholia as a descriptive term and also involutional melancholia as a descriptive term and also in reference to a distinct diagnostic entity.in reference to a distinct diagnostic entity.

Memory=Process whereby what is experienced or Memory=Process whereby what is experienced or learned is established as a record in the CNS learned is established as a record in the CNS (registration), where it persists with a variable degree (registration), where it persists with a variable degree of permanence (retention) and can be recollected or of permanence (retention) and can be recollected or retrieved from storage at will (recall). For types of retrieved from storage at will (recall). For types of memory, see immediate memory, long-term memory, memory, see immediate memory, long-term memory, and short-term memory.and short-term memory.

mental disorder=Psychiatric illness or disease whose mental disorder=Psychiatric illness or disease whose manifestations are primarily characterized by manifestations are primarily characterized by behavioral or psychological impairment of function, behavioral or psychological impairment of function, measured in terms of deviation from some normative measured in terms of deviation from some normative concept; associated with distress or disease, not just an concept; associated with distress or disease, not just an expected response to a particular event or limited to expected response to a particular event or limited to relations between a person andrelations between a person and society. society.

mental retardation=Subaverage general intellectual mental retardation=Subaverage general intellectual functioning that originates in the developmental period functioning that originates in the developmental period and is associated with impaired maturation and and is associated with impaired maturation and learning, and social maladjustment. Retardation is learning, and social maladjustment. Retardation is commonly defined in terms of intelligent quotient (IQ): commonly defined in terms of intelligent quotient (IQ): mild (between 50 and 55 to 70), moderate (between 35 mild (between 50 and 55 to 70), moderate (between 35 and 40 to between 50 and 55), severe (between 20 and and 40 to between 50 and 55), severe (between 20 and 25 to between 35 and 40), and profound (below 20 to 25 to between 35 and 40), and profound (below 20 to 25).25).

Metonymy=Speech disturbance common in Metonymy=Speech disturbance common in schizophrenia in which the affected person uses a word schizophrenia in which the affected person uses a word or phrase that is related to the proper one but is not the or phrase that is related to the proper one but is not the one ordinarily used; for example, the patient speaks of one ordinarily used; for example, the patient speaks of consuming a menu rather than a meal, or refers to consuming a menu rather than a meal, or refers to losing the piece of string of the conversation, rather losing the piece of string of the conversation, rather than the thread of the conversation. See also than the thread of the conversation. See also paraphasia and word approximation.paraphasia and word approximation.

Microcephaly=Condition in which the head is unusually Microcephaly=Condition in which the head is unusually small as a result of defective brain development and small as a result of defective brain development and premature ossification of the skull.premature ossification of the skull.

Micropsia=False perception that objects are Micropsia=False perception that objects are smaller than they really are. Sometimes called smaller than they really are. Sometimes called lilliputian hallucination. Compare with lilliputian hallucination. Compare with macropsia.macropsia.

middle insomnia=Waking up after falling asleep middle insomnia=Waking up after falling asleep without difficulty and then having difficulty in without difficulty and then having difficulty in falling asleep again. Compare with initial falling asleep again. Compare with initial insomnia and terminal insomnia.insomnia and terminal insomnia.

Mimicry=Simple, imitative motion activity of Mimicry=Simple, imitative motion activity of childhood.childhood.

Monomania=Mental state characterized by Monomania=Mental state characterized by preoccupation with one subject.preoccupation with one subject.

Mood=Pervasive and sustained feeling tone Mood=Pervasive and sustained feeling tone that is experienced internally and that, in the that is experienced internally and that, in the extreme, can markedly influence virtually all extreme, can markedly influence virtually all aspects of a person's behavior and perception aspects of a person's behavior and perception of the world. Distinguished from affect, the of the world. Distinguished from affect, the external expression of the internal feeling tone.external expression of the internal feeling tone.

mood-congruent delusion=Delusion with content that is mood-congruent delusion=Delusion with content that is mood appropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe mood appropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe that they are responsible for the destruction of the world).that they are responsible for the destruction of the world).

mood-congruent hallucination=Hallucination with content mood-congruent hallucination=Hallucination with content that is consistent with a depressed or manic mood (e.g., that is consistent with a depressed or manic mood (e.g., depressed patients hearing voices telling them that they depressed patients hearing voices telling them that they are bad persons and manic patients hearing voices telling are bad persons and manic patients hearing voices telling them that they have inflated worth, power, or them that they have inflated worth, power, or knowledge).knowledge).

mood-incongruent delusion=Delusion based on incorrect mood-incongruent delusion=Delusion based on incorrect reference about external reality, with content that has no reference about external reality, with content that has no association to mood or is mood inappropriate (e.g., association to mood or is mood inappropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe that they are the new depressed patients who believe that they are the new Messiah).Messiah).

mood-incongruent hallucination=Hallucination not mood-incongruent hallucination=Hallucination not associated with real external stimuli, with content that is associated with real external stimuli, with content that is not consistent with depressed or manic mood (e.g., in not consistent with depressed or manic mood (e.g., in depression, hallucinations not involving such themes as depression, hallucinations not involving such themes as guilt, deserved punishment, or inadequacy; in mania, not guilt, deserved punishment, or inadequacy; in mania, not involving such themes as inflated worth or power).involving such themes as inflated worth or power).

mood swings=Oscillation of a person's emotional mood swings=Oscillation of a person's emotional feeling tone between periods of elation and feeling tone between periods of elation and periods of depression.periods of depression.

motor aphasia=Aphasia in which understanding is motor aphasia=Aphasia in which understanding is intact, but the ability to speak is lost. Also called intact, but the ability to speak is lost. Also called Broca's, expressive, or nonfluent aphasias.Broca's, expressive, or nonfluent aphasias.

Mourning=Syndrome following loss of a loved Mourning=Syndrome following loss of a loved one, consisting of preoccupation with the lost one, consisting of preoccupation with the lost individual, weeping, sadness, and repeated individual, weeping, sadness, and repeated reliving of memories. See also bereavement and reliving of memories. See also bereavement and grief.grief.

muscle rigidity=State in which the muscles muscle rigidity=State in which the muscles remain immovable; seen in schizophrenia.remain immovable; seen in schizophrenia.

Mutism=Organic or functional absence of the Mutism=Organic or functional absence of the faculty of speech. See also stupor.faculty of speech. See also stupor.

Mydriasis=Dilation of the pupil; sometimes occurs Mydriasis=Dilation of the pupil; sometimes occurs as an autonomic (anticholinergic) or atropine-like as an autonomic (anticholinergic) or atropine-like adverse effect of some antipsychotic and adverse effect of some antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs.antidepressant drugs.

Narcissism=In psychoanalytic theory, divided into primary and Narcissism=In psychoanalytic theory, divided into primary and secondary types: primary narcissism, the early infantile phase of secondary types: primary narcissism, the early infantile phase of object relationship development, when the child has not object relationship development, when the child has not differentiated the self from the outside world, and all sources of differentiated the self from the outside world, and all sources of pleasure are unrealistically recognized as coming from within the pleasure are unrealistically recognized as coming from within the self, giving the child a false sense of omnipotence; secondary self, giving the child a false sense of omnipotence; secondary narcissism, when the libido, once attached to external love objects, narcissism, when the libido, once attached to external love objects, is redirected back to the self. See also autistic thinking.is redirected back to the self. See also autistic thinking.

needle phobia=The persistent, intense, pathological fear of needle phobia=The persistent, intense, pathological fear of receiving an injection.receiving an injection.

negative signs=In schizophrenia: flat affect, alogia, abulia, and negative signs=In schizophrenia: flat affect, alogia, abulia, and apathy.apathy.

Negativism=Verbal or nonverbal opposition or resistance to outside Negativism=Verbal or nonverbal opposition or resistance to outside suggestions and advice; commonly seen in catatonic schizophrenia suggestions and advice; commonly seen in catatonic schizophrenia in which the patient resists any effort to be moved or does the in which the patient resists any effort to be moved or does the opposite of what is asked.opposite of what is asked.

Neologism=New word or phrase whose derivation cannot be Neologism=New word or phrase whose derivation cannot be understood; often seen in schizophrenia. It has also been used to understood; often seen in schizophrenia. It has also been used to mean a word that has been incorrectly constructed but whose mean a word that has been incorrectly constructed but whose origins are nonetheless understandable (e.g., headshoe to mean origins are nonetheless understandable (e.g., headshoe to mean hat), but such constructions are more properly referred to as word hat), but such constructions are more properly referred to as word approximations.approximations.

neurological amnesia=(1) Auditory amnesia: loss of ability to neurological amnesia=(1) Auditory amnesia: loss of ability to comprehend sounds or speech. (2) Tactile amnesia: loss of ability to comprehend sounds or speech. (2) Tactile amnesia: loss of ability to judge the shape of objects by touch. See also astereognosis. (3) judge the shape of objects by touch. See also astereognosis. (3) Verbal amnesia: loss of ability to remember words. (4) Visual Verbal amnesia: loss of ability to remember words. (4) Visual amnesia: loss of ability to recall or to recognize familiar objects or amnesia: loss of ability to recall or to recognize familiar objects or printed words.printed words.

Nihilism=Delusion of the nonexistence of the self Nihilism=Delusion of the nonexistence of the self or part of the self; also refers to an attitude of or part of the self; also refers to an attitude of total rejection of established values or extreme total rejection of established values or extreme skepticism regarding moral and value judgments.skepticism regarding moral and value judgments.

nihilistic delusion=Depressive delusion that the nihilistic delusion=Depressive delusion that the world and everything related to it have ceased to world and everything related to it have ceased to exist.exist.

Noeisis=Revelation in which immense Noeisis=Revelation in which immense illumination occurs in association with a sense illumination occurs in association with a sense that one has been chosen to lead and command. that one has been chosen to lead and command. Can occur in manic or dissociative states.Can occur in manic or dissociative states.

nominal aphasia=Aphasia characterized by nominal aphasia=Aphasia characterized by difficulty in giving the correct name of an object. difficulty in giving the correct name of an object. See also anomia and amnestic aphasia.See also anomia and amnestic aphasia.

Nymphomania=Abnormal, excessive, insatiable Nymphomania=Abnormal, excessive, insatiable desire in a woman for sexual intercourse. desire in a woman for sexual intercourse. Compare with satyriasis.Compare with satyriasis.

Obsession=Persistent and recurrent idea, thought, Obsession=Persistent and recurrent idea, thought, or impulse that cannot be eliminated from or impulse that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logic or reasoning; obsessions consciousness by logic or reasoning; obsessions are involuntary and ego-dystonic. See also are involuntary and ego-dystonic. See also compulsion.compulsion.

olfactory hallucination=Hallucination primarily olfactory hallucination=Hallucination primarily involving smell or odors; most common in medical involving smell or odors; most common in medical disorders, especially in the temporal lobe.disorders, especially in the temporal lobe.

Orientation=State of awareness of oneself and Orientation=State of awareness of oneself and one's surroundings in terms of time, place, and one's surroundings in terms of time, place, and person.person.

Overactivity=Abnormality in motor behavior that Overactivity=Abnormality in motor behavior that can manifest itself as psychomotor agitation, can manifest itself as psychomotor agitation, hyperactivity (hyperkinesis), tics, sleepwalking, or hyperactivity (hyperkinesis), tics, sleepwalking, or compulsions.compulsions.

overvalued idea=False or unreasonable belief or overvalued idea=False or unreasonable belief or idea that is sustained beyond the bounds of idea that is sustained beyond the bounds of reason. It is held with less intensity or duration reason. It is held with less intensity or duration than a delusion, but is usually associated with than a delusion, but is usually associated with mental illness.mental illness.

Panic=Acute, intense attack of anxiety Panic=Acute, intense attack of anxiety associated with personality disorganization; associated with personality disorganization; the anxiety is overwhelming and the anxiety is overwhelming and accompanied by feelings of impending accompanied by feelings of impending doom.doom.

Panphobia=Overwhelming fear of Panphobia=Overwhelming fear of everything.everything.

Pantomime=Gesticulation; psychodrama Pantomime=Gesticulation; psychodrama without the use of words.without the use of words.

Paramnesia=Disturbance of memory in Paramnesia=Disturbance of memory in which reality and fantasy are confused. It is which reality and fantasy are confused. It is observed in dreams and in certain types of observed in dreams and in certain types of schizophrenia and organic mental schizophrenia and organic mental disorders; it includes phenomena such as disorders; it includes phenomena such as dÃ jÃ vu and Dã jÃ entendu, which can dÃ jÃ vu and Dã jÃ entendu, which can occur occasionally in normal persons.occur occasionally in normal persons.

Paranoia=Rare psychiatric syndrome marked by the Paranoia=Rare psychiatric syndrome marked by the gradual development of a highly elaborate and complex gradual development of a highly elaborate and complex delusional system, generally involving persecutory or delusional system, generally involving persecutory or grandiose delusions, with few other signs of personality grandiose delusions, with few other signs of personality disorganization or thought disorder.disorganization or thought disorder.

paranoid delusions=Includes persecutory delusions and paranoid delusions=Includes persecutory delusions and delusions of reference, control, and grandeur.delusions of reference, control, and grandeur.

paranoid ideation=Thinking dominated by suspicious, paranoid ideation=Thinking dominated by suspicious, persecutory, or grandiose content of less than persecutory, or grandiose content of less than delusional proportions.delusional proportions.

Paraphasia=Abnormal speech in which one word is Paraphasia=Abnormal speech in which one word is substituted for another, the irrelevant word generally substituted for another, the irrelevant word generally resembling the required one in morphology, meaning, resembling the required one in morphology, meaning, or phonetic composition; the inappropriate word may or phonetic composition; the inappropriate word may be a legitimate one used incorrectly, such as clover be a legitimate one used incorrectly, such as clover instead of hand, or a bizarre nonsense expression, such instead of hand, or a bizarre nonsense expression, such as treen instead of train. Paraphasic speech may be as treen instead of train. Paraphasic speech may be seen in organic aphasias and in mental disorders such seen in organic aphasias and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia. See also metonymy and word as schizophrenia. See also metonymy and word approximation.approximation.

Parapraxis=Faulty act, such as a slip of the tongue or Parapraxis=Faulty act, such as a slip of the tongue or the misplacement of an article. Freud ascribed the misplacement of an article. Freud ascribed parapraxes to unconscious motives.parapraxes to unconscious motives.

Paresis=Weakness or partial paralysis of organic origin.Paresis=Weakness or partial paralysis of organic origin. Paresthesia=Abnormal spontaneous tactile sensation, Paresthesia=Abnormal spontaneous tactile sensation,

such as a burning, tingling, or pins-and-needles such as a burning, tingling, or pins-and-needles sensation.sensation.

Perception=Conscious awareness of elements in the Perception=Conscious awareness of elements in the environment by the mental processing of sensory environment by the mental processing of sensory stimuli; sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to stimuli; sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to the mental process by which all kinds of data, the mental process by which all kinds of data, intellectual, emotional, and sensory, are meaningfully intellectual, emotional, and sensory, are meaningfully organized. See also apperception.organized. See also apperception.

Perseveration=(1) Pathological repetition of the same Perseveration=(1) Pathological repetition of the same response to different stimuli, as in a repetition of the response to different stimuli, as in a repetition of the same verbal response to different questions. (2) same verbal response to different questions. (2) Persistent repetition of specific words or concepts in the Persistent repetition of specific words or concepts in the process of speaking. Seen in cognitive disorders, process of speaking. Seen in cognitive disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illness. See also schizophrenia, and other mental illness. See also verbigeration.verbigeration.

phantom limb=False sensation that an extremity that phantom limb=False sensation that an extremity that has been lost is, in fact, present.has been lost is, in fact, present.

Phobia=Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of Phobia=Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of an object or situation; the phobic person may realize that an object or situation; the phobic person may realize that the fear is irrational but, nonetheless, cannot dispel it.the fear is irrational but, nonetheless, cannot dispel it.

Pica=Craving and eating of nonfood substances, such as Pica=Craving and eating of nonfood substances, such as paint and clay.paint and clay.

Polyphagia=Pathological overeating.Polyphagia=Pathological overeating. positive signs=In schizophrenia: hallucinations, delusions, positive signs=In schizophrenia: hallucinations, delusions,

and thought disorder.and thought disorder. Posturing=Strange, fixed, and bizarre bodily positions held Posturing=Strange, fixed, and bizarre bodily positions held

by a patient for an extended time. See also catatonia.by a patient for an extended time. See also catatonia. poverty of speech content=Speech that is adequate in poverty of speech content=Speech that is adequate in

amount, but conveys little information because of amount, but conveys little information because of vagueness, emptiness, or stereotyped phrases.vagueness, emptiness, or stereotyped phrases.

poverty of speech=Restriction in the amount of speech poverty of speech=Restriction in the amount of speech used; replies may be monosyllabic. See also laconic used; replies may be monosyllabic. See also laconic speech.speech.

preoccupation of thought=Centering of thought content on preoccupation of thought=Centering of thought content on a particular idea, associated with a strong affective tone, a particular idea, associated with a strong affective tone, such as a paranoid trend or a suicidal or homicidal such as a paranoid trend or a suicidal or homicidal preoccupation.preoccupation.

pressured speech=Increase in the amount of spontaneous pressured speech=Increase in the amount of spontaneous speech; rapid, loud, accelerated speech, as occurs in speech; rapid, loud, accelerated speech, as occurs in mania, schizophrenia, and cognitive disorders.mania, schizophrenia, and cognitive disorders.

primary process thinking=In psychoanalysis, the mental primary process thinking=In psychoanalysis, the mental activity directly related to the functions of the id and activity directly related to the functions of the id and characteristic of unconscious mental processes; marked by characteristic of unconscious mental processes; marked by primitive, prelogical thinking and by the tendency to seek primitive, prelogical thinking and by the tendency to seek immediate discharge and gratification of instinctual immediate discharge and gratification of instinctual demands. Includes thinking that is dereistic, illogical, demands. Includes thinking that is dereistic, illogical, magical; normally found in dreams, abnormally in magical; normally found in dreams, abnormally in psychosis. Compare with secondary process thinking.psychosis. Compare with secondary process thinking.

Projection=Unconscious defense mechanism in which Projection=Unconscious defense mechanism in which persons attribute to another those generally unconscious persons attribute to another those generally unconscious ideas, thoughts, feelings, and impulses that are in ideas, thoughts, feelings, and impulses that are in themselves undesirable or unacceptable as a form of themselves undesirable or unacceptable as a form of protection from anxiety arising from an inner conflict; by protection from anxiety arising from an inner conflict; by externalizing whatever is unacceptable, they deal with it as externalizing whatever is unacceptable, they deal with it as a situation apart from themselves.a situation apart from themselves.

Prosopagnosia=Inability to recognize familiar faces that is Prosopagnosia=Inability to recognize familiar faces that is not caused by impaired visual acuity or level of not caused by impaired visual acuity or level of consciousness.consciousness.

Pseudocyesis=Rare condition in which a nonpregnant Pseudocyesis=Rare condition in which a nonpregnant patient has the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, such as patient has the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, such as abdominal distention, breast enlargement, pigmentation, abdominal distention, breast enlargement, pigmentation, cessation of menses, and morning sickness.cessation of menses, and morning sickness.

Pseudodementia=(1) Dementia-like disorder that can be Pseudodementia=(1) Dementia-like disorder that can be reversed by appropriate treatment and is not caused by reversed by appropriate treatment and is not caused by organic brain disease. (2) Condition in which patients organic brain disease. (2) Condition in which patients show exaggerated indifference to their surroundings in show exaggerated indifference to their surroundings in the absence of a mental disorder; also occurs in the absence of a mental disorder; also occurs in depression and factitious disorders.depression and factitious disorders.

pseudologia phantastica=Disorder characterized by pseudologia phantastica=Disorder characterized by uncontrollable lying in which patients elaborate uncontrollable lying in which patients elaborate extensive fantasies that they freely communicate and extensive fantasies that they freely communicate and act on.act on.

psychomotor agitation=Physical and mental overactivity psychomotor agitation=Physical and mental overactivity that is usually nonproductive and is associated with a that is usually nonproductive and is associated with a feeling of inner turmoil, as seen in agitated depression.feeling of inner turmoil, as seen in agitated depression.

Psychosis=Mental disorder in which the thoughts, Psychosis=Mental disorder in which the thoughts, affective response, ability to recognize reality, and affective response, ability to recognize reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are ability to communicate and relate to others are sufficiently impaired to interfere grossly with the sufficiently impaired to interfere grossly with the capacity to deal with reality; the classic characteristics capacity to deal with reality; the classic characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality testing, hallucinations, of psychosis are impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, and illusions.delusions, and illusions.

Psychotic=(1) Person experiencing psychosis. (2) Psychotic=(1) Person experiencing psychosis. (2) Denoting or characteristic of psychosis.Denoting or characteristic of psychosis.

rationalizatioAn unconscious defense mechanism in rationalizatioAn unconscious defense mechanism in which irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or which irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings are logically justified or made consciously feelings are logically justified or made consciously tolerable by plausible means.tolerable by plausible means.

reaction formation=Unconscious defense mechanism in reaction formation=Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person develops a socialized attitude or interest which a person develops a socialized attitude or interest that is the direct antithesis of some infantile wish or that is the direct antithesis of some infantile wish or impulse that is harbored consciously or unconsciously. impulse that is harbored consciously or unconsciously. One of the earliest and most unstable defense One of the earliest and most unstable defense mechanisms, closely related to repression; both are mechanisms, closely related to repression; both are defenses against impulses or urges that are defenses against impulses or urges that are unacceptable to the ego.unacceptable to the ego.

reality testing=Fundamental ego function that consists reality testing=Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability to differentiate between the external world and the to differentiate between the external world and the internal world and to accurately judge the relation internal world and to accurately judge the relation between the self and the environment.between the self and the environment.

Recall=Process of bringing stored memories into Recall=Process of bringing stored memories into consciousness. See also memory.consciousness. See also memory.

GLOSSARY PSYCHIATRY GLOSSARY PSYCHIATRY 2 (KAPLAN) R-S-T-U-V-W-2 (KAPLAN) R-S-T-U-V-W-

Y-ZY-Z


Rationalization=An unconscious defense Rationalization=An unconscious defense mechanism in which irrational or unacceptable mechanism in which irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings are logically justified behavior, motives, or feelings are logically justified or made consciously tolerable by plausible means.or made consciously tolerable by plausible means.

reaction formation=Unconscious defense reaction formation=Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person develops a mechanism in which a person develops a socialized attitude or interest that is the direct socialized attitude or interest that is the direct antithesis of some infantile wish or impulse that is antithesis of some infantile wish or impulse that is harbored consciously or unconsciously. One of the harbored consciously or unconsciously. One of the earliest and most unstable defense mechanisms, earliest and most unstable defense mechanisms, closely related to repression; both are defenses closely related to repression; both are defenses against impulses or urges that are unacceptable to against impulses or urges that are unacceptable to the ego.the ego.

reality testing=Fundamental ego function that reality testing=Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative actions that test and consists of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability to differentiate environment; includes the ability to differentiate between the external world and the internal world between the external world and the internal world and to accurately judge the relation between the and to accurately judge the relation between the self and the environment.self and the environment.

Recall=Process of bringing stored memories into Recall=Process of bringing stored memories into consciousness. See also memory.consciousness. See also memory.

recent memory=Recall of events over the past few recent memory=Recall of events over the past few days.days.

recent past memory=Recall of events over the past recent past memory=Recall of events over the past few months.few months.

receptive aphasia=Organic loss of ability to receptive aphasia=Organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech. spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech. See also fluent aphasia and sensory aphasia.See also fluent aphasia and sensory aphasia.

receptive dysphasia=Difficulty in comprehending oral receptive dysphasia=Difficulty in comprehending oral language; the impairment involves comprehension language; the impairment involves comprehension and production of language.and production of language.

Regression=Unconscious defense mechanism in Regression=Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person undergoes a partial or total return to which a person undergoes a partial or total return to earlier patterns of adaptation; observed in many earlier patterns of adaptation; observed in many psychiatric conditions, particularly schizophrenia.psychiatric conditions, particularly schizophrenia.

remote memory=Recall of events from the distant remote memory=Recall of events from the distant past.past.

Repression=Freud's term for an unconscious defense Repression=Freud's term for an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable mental contents are mechanism in which unacceptable mental contents are banished or kept out of consciousness; important in banished or kept out of consciousness; important in normal psychological development and in neurotic and normal psychological development and in neurotic and psychotic symptom formation. Freud recognized two kinds psychotic symptom formation. Freud recognized two kinds of repression: (1) repression proper, in which the of repression: (1) repression proper, in which the repressed material was once in the conscious domain, and repressed material was once in the conscious domain, and (2) primal repression, in which the repressed material was (2) primal repression, in which the repressed material was never in the conscious realm. Compare with suppression.never in the conscious realm. Compare with suppression.

restricted affect=Reduction in intensity of feeling tone, restricted affect=Reduction in intensity of feeling tone, which is less severe than in blunted affect, but clearly which is less severe than in blunted affect, but clearly reduced. See also constricted affect.reduced. See also constricted affect.

retrograde amnesia=Loss of memory for events preceding retrograde amnesia=Loss of memory for events preceding the onset of the amnesia. Compare with anterograde the onset of the amnesia. Compare with anterograde amnesia.amnesia.

retrospective falsification=Memory becomes retrospective falsification=Memory becomes unintentionally (unconsciously) distorted by being filtered unintentionally (unconsciously) distorted by being filtered through a person's present emotional, cognitive, and through a person's present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state.experiential state.

Rigidity=In psychiatry, a person's resistance to change, a Rigidity=In psychiatry, a person's resistance to change, a personality trait.personality trait.

Ritual=(1) Formalized activity practiced by a person to Ritual=(1) Formalized activity practiced by a person to reduce anxiety, as in OCD. (2) Ceremonial activity of reduce anxiety, as in OCD. (2) Ceremonial activity of cultural origin.cultural origin.

Rumination=Constant preoccupation with thinking Rumination=Constant preoccupation with thinking about a single idea or theme, as in OCD.about a single idea or theme, as in OCD.

Satyriasis=Morbid, insatiable sexual need or desire in a Satyriasis=Morbid, insatiable sexual need or desire in a man. Compare with nymphomania.man. Compare with nymphomania.

Scotoma=(1) In psychiatry, a figurative blind spot in a Scotoma=(1) In psychiatry, a figurative blind spot in a person's psychological awareness. (2) In neurology, a person's psychological awareness. (2) In neurology, a localized visual field defect.localized visual field defect.

secondary process thinking=In psychoanalysis, the secondary process thinking=In psychoanalysis, the form of thinking that is logical, organized, reality form of thinking that is logical, organized, reality oriented, and influenced by the demands of the oriented, and influenced by the demands of the environment; characterizes the mental activity of the environment; characterizes the mental activity of the ego. Compare with primary process thinking.ego. Compare with primary process thinking.

Seizure=An attack or sudden onset of certain Seizure=An attack or sudden onset of certain symptoms, such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, symptoms, such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and psychic or sensory disturbances; seen in epilepsy and psychic or sensory disturbances; seen in epilepsy and can be substance induced.and can be substance induced.

Sensorium=Hypothetical sensory center in the brain Sensorium=Hypothetical sensory center in the brain that is involved with clarity of awareness about oneself that is involved with clarity of awareness about oneself and one's surroundings, including the ability to perceive and one's surroundings, including the ability to perceive and to process ongoing events in light of past and to process ongoing events in light of past experiences, future options, and current circumstances; experiences, future options, and current circumstances; sometimes used interchangeably with consciousness.sometimes used interchangeably with consciousness.

sensory aphasia=Organic loss of ability to comprehend sensory aphasia=Organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech. See also fluent incoherent and nonsensical, speech. See also fluent aphasia and receptive aphasia.aphasia and receptive aphasia.

sensory extinction=Neurological sign operationally sensory extinction=Neurological sign operationally defined as failure to report one of two simultaneously defined as failure to report one of two simultaneously presented sensory stimuli, despite that either stimulus presented sensory stimuli, despite that either stimulus alone is correctly reported. Also called sensory alone is correctly reported. Also called sensory inattention.inattention.

Shame=Failure to live up to self-expectations; often Shame=Failure to live up to self-expectations; often associated with fantasy of how person will be seen by associated with fantasy of how person will be seen by others. See also guilt.others. See also guilt.

short-term memory=Reproduction, recognition, or short-term memory=Reproduction, recognition, or recall of perceived material within minutes after the recall of perceived material within minutes after the initial presentation. Compare with immediate memory initial presentation. Compare with immediate memory and long-term memory.and long-term memory.

Simultanagnosia=Impairment in the perception or Simultanagnosia=Impairment in the perception or integration of visual stimuli appearing simultaneously.integration of visual stimuli appearing simultaneously.

somatic delusion=Delusion pertaining to the somatic delusion=Delusion pertaining to the functioning of one's body.functioning of one's body.

somatic hallucination=Hallucination involving the somatic hallucination=Hallucination involving the perception of a physical experience localized within the perception of a physical experience localized within the body.body.

Somatopagnosia=Inability to recognize a part of one's Somatopagnosia=Inability to recognize a part of one's body as one's own (also called ignorance of the body body as one's own (also called ignorance of the body and autotopagnosia).and autotopagnosia).

Somnolence=Pathological sleepiness or drowsiness Somnolence=Pathological sleepiness or drowsiness from which one can be aroused to a normal state of from which one can be aroused to a normal state of consciousness.consciousness.

spatial agnosia=Inability to recognize spatial relations.spatial agnosia=Inability to recognize spatial relations. speaking in tongues=Expression of a revelatory speaking in tongues=Expression of a revelatory

message through unintelligible words; not considered a message through unintelligible words; not considered a disorder of thought if associated with practices of disorder of thought if associated with practices of specific Pentecostal religions. See also glossolalia.specific Pentecostal religions. See also glossolalia.

Stereotypy=Continuous mechanical repetition of Stereotypy=Continuous mechanical repetition of speech or physical activities; observed in catatonic speech or physical activities; observed in catatonic schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

Stupor=(1) State of decreased reactivity to stimuli and Stupor=(1) State of decreased reactivity to stimuli and less than full awareness of one's surroundings; as a less than full awareness of one's surroundings; as a disturbance of consciousness, it indicates a condition of disturbance of consciousness, it indicates a condition of partial coma or semicoma. (2) In psychiatry, used partial coma or semicoma. (2) In psychiatry, used synonymously with mutism and does not necessarily synonymously with mutism and does not necessarily imply a disturbance of consciousness; in catatonic imply a disturbance of consciousness; in catatonic stupor, patients are ordinarily aware of their stupor, patients are ordinarily aware of their surroundings.surroundings.

Stuttering=Frequent repetition or prolongation of a Stuttering=Frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech sound or syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech fluency.fluency.

Sublimation=Unconscious defense mechanism in which Sublimation=Unconscious defense mechanism in which the energy associated with unacceptable impulses or the energy associated with unacceptable impulses or drives is diverted into personally and socially acceptable drives is diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels; unlike other defense mechanisms, it offers channels; unlike other defense mechanisms, it offers some minimal gratification of the instinctual drive or some minimal gratification of the instinctual drive or impulse.impulse.

Substitution=Unconscious defense mechanism in which Substitution=Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person replaces an unacceptable wish, drive, emotion, a person replaces an unacceptable wish, drive, emotion, or goal with one that is more acceptable.or goal with one that is more acceptable.

Suggestibility=State of uncritical compliance Suggestibility=State of uncritical compliance with influence or of uncritical acceptance of with influence or of uncritical acceptance of an idea, belief, or attitude; commonly an idea, belief, or attitude; commonly observed among persons with hysterical observed among persons with hysterical traits.traits.

suicidal ideation=Thoughts or act of taking suicidal ideation=Thoughts or act of taking one's own life.one's own life.

Suppression=Conscious act of controlling and Suppression=Conscious act of controlling and inhibiting an unacceptable impulse, emotion, inhibiting an unacceptable impulse, emotion, or idea; differentiated from repression in that or idea; differentiated from repression in that repression is an unconscious process.repression is an unconscious process.

Symbolization=Unconscious defense Symbolization=Unconscious defense mechanism in which one idea or object mechanism in which one idea or object comes to stand for another because of some comes to stand for another because of some common aspect or quality in both; based on common aspect or quality in both; based on similarity and association; the symbols similarity and association; the symbols formed protect the person from the anxiety formed protect the person from the anxiety that may be attached to the original idea or that may be attached to the original idea or object.object.

Suggestibility=State of uncritical compliance Suggestibility=State of uncritical compliance with influence or of uncritical acceptance of with influence or of uncritical acceptance of an idea, belief, or attitude; commonly an idea, belief, or attitude; commonly observed among persons with hysterical observed among persons with hysterical traits.traits.

suicidal ideation=Thoughts or act of taking suicidal ideation=Thoughts or act of taking one's own life.one's own life.

Suppression=Conscious act of controlling and Suppression=Conscious act of controlling and inhibiting an unacceptable impulse, emotion, inhibiting an unacceptable impulse, emotion, or idea; differentiated from repression in that or idea; differentiated from repression in that repression is an unconscious process.repression is an unconscious process.

Symbolization=Unconscious defense Symbolization=Unconscious defense mechanism in which one idea or object comes mechanism in which one idea or object comes to stand for another because of some to stand for another because of some common aspect or quality in both; based on common aspect or quality in both; based on similarity and association; the symbols similarity and association; the symbols formed protect the person from the anxiety formed protect the person from the anxiety that may be attached to the original idea or that may be attached to the original idea or object.object.

Tension=Physiological or psychic arousal, uneasiness, Tension=Physiological or psychic arousal, uneasiness, or pressure toward action; an unpleasurable alteration or pressure toward action; an unpleasurable alteration in mental or physical state that seeks relief through in mental or physical state that seeks relief through action.action.

terminal insomnia=Early morning awakening or waking terminal insomnia=Early morning awakening or waking up at least 2 hours before planning to wake up. up at least 2 hours before planning to wake up. Compare with initial insomnia and middle insomnia.Compare with initial insomnia and middle insomnia.

thought broadcasting=Feeling that one's thoughts are thought broadcasting=Feeling that one's thoughts are being broadcast or projected into the environment. See being broadcast or projected into the environment. See also thought withdrawal.also thought withdrawal.

thought disorder=Any disturbance of thinking that thought disorder=Any disturbance of thinking that affects language, communication, or thought content; affects language, communication, or thought content; the hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Manifestations the hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Manifestations range from simple blocking and mild circumstantiality range from simple blocking and mild circumstantiality to profound loosening of associations, incoherence, and to profound loosening of associations, incoherence, and delusions; characterized by a failure to follow semantic delusions; characterized by a failure to follow semantic and syntactic rules that is inconsistent with the and syntactic rules that is inconsistent with the person's education, intelligence, or cultural person's education, intelligence, or cultural background.background.

thought insertion=Delusion that thoughts are thought insertion=Delusion that thoughts are being implanted in one's mind by other people or being implanted in one's mind by other people or forces.forces.

thought latency=The period of time between a thought latency=The period of time between a thought and its verbal expression. Increased in thought and its verbal expression. Increased in schizophrenia (see blocking) and decreased in schizophrenia (see blocking) and decreased in mania (see pressured speech).mania (see pressured speech).

thought withdrawal=Delusion that one's thoughts thought withdrawal=Delusion that one's thoughts are being removed from one's mind by other are being removed from one's mind by other people or forces. See also thought broadcasting.people or forces. See also thought broadcasting.

tic disorders=Predominantly psychogenic tic disorders=Predominantly psychogenic disorders characterized by involuntary, disorders characterized by involuntary, spasmodic, stereotyped movement of small spasmodic, stereotyped movement of small groups of muscles; seen most predominantly in groups of muscles; seen most predominantly in moments of stress or anxiety, rarely as a result of moments of stress or anxiety, rarely as a result of organic disease.organic disease.

Tinnitus=Noises in one or both ears, such as Tinnitus=Noises in one or both ears, such as ringing, buzzing, or clicking; an adverse effect of ringing, buzzing, or clicking; an adverse effect of some psychotropic drugs.some psychotropic drugs.

tonic convulsion=Convulsion in which the muscle tonic convulsion=Convulsion in which the muscle contraction is sustained.contraction is sustained.

trailing phenomenon=Perceptual abnormality trailing phenomenon=Perceptual abnormality associated with hallucinogenic drugs in which moving associated with hallucinogenic drugs in which moving objects are seen as a series of discrete and objects are seen as a series of discrete and discontinuous images.discontinuous images.

Trance=Sleep-like state of reduced consciousness Trance=Sleep-like state of reduced consciousness and activity.and activity.

Tremor=Rhythmical alteration in movement, which is Tremor=Rhythmical alteration in movement, which is usually faster than one beat a second; typically, usually faster than one beat a second; typically, tremors decrease during periods of relaxation and tremors decrease during periods of relaxation and sleep and increase during periods of anger and sleep and increase during periods of anger and increased tension.increased tension.

true insight=Understanding of the objective reality of true insight=Understanding of the objective reality of a situation coupled with the motivational and a situation coupled with the motivational and emotional impetus to master the situation or change emotional impetus to master the situation or change behavior.behavior.

twilight state=Disturbed consciousness with twilight state=Disturbed consciousness with hallucinations.hallucinations.

Twirling=Sign present in autistic children who continually Twirling=Sign present in autistic children who continually rotate in the direction in which their head is turned.rotate in the direction in which their head is turned.

Unconscious=(1) One of three divisions of Freud's Unconscious=(1) One of three divisions of Freud's topographic theory of the mind (the others being the topographic theory of the mind (the others being the conscious and the preconscious) in which the psychic conscious and the preconscious) in which the psychic material is not readily accessible to conscious awareness by material is not readily accessible to conscious awareness by ordinary means; its existence may be manifest in symptom ordinary means; its existence may be manifest in symptom formation, in dreams, or under the influence of drugs. (2) In formation, in dreams, or under the influence of drugs. (2) In popular (but more ambiguous) usage, any mental material popular (but more ambiguous) usage, any mental material not in the immediate field of awareness. (3) Denoting a not in the immediate field of awareness. (3) Denoting a state of unawareness, with lack of response to external state of unawareness, with lack of response to external stimuli, as in a coma.stimuli, as in a coma.

Undoing=Unconscious primitive defense mechanism, Undoing=Unconscious primitive defense mechanism, repetitive in nature, by which a person symbolically acts out repetitive in nature, by which a person symbolically acts out in reverse something unacceptable that has already been in reverse something unacceptable that has already been done or against which the ego must defend itself; a form of done or against which the ego must defend itself; a form of magical expiatory action, commonly observed in OCD.magical expiatory action, commonly observed in OCD.

unio mystica=Feeling of mystic unity with an infinite power.unio mystica=Feeling of mystic unity with an infinite power.

vegetative signs=In depression, denoting vegetative signs=In depression, denoting characteristic symptoms such as sleep characteristic symptoms such as sleep disturbance (especially early morning disturbance (especially early morning awakening), decreased appetite, constipation, awakening), decreased appetite, constipation, weight loss, and loss of sexual response.weight loss, and loss of sexual response.

Verbigeration=Meaningless and stereotyped Verbigeration=Meaningless and stereotyped repetition of words or phrases, as seen in repetition of words or phrases, as seen in schizophrenia. Also called cataphasia. See also schizophrenia. Also called cataphasia. See also perseveration.perseveration.

Vertigo=Sensation that one or the world around Vertigo=Sensation that one or the world around one is spinning or revolving; a hallmark of one is spinning or revolving; a hallmark of vestibular dysfunction, not to be confused with vestibular dysfunction, not to be confused with dizziness.dizziness.

visual agnosia=Inability to recognize objects or visual agnosia=Inability to recognize objects or personspersons

visual amnesia=See neurological amnesia.visual amnesia=See neurological amnesia. visual hallucination=Hallucination primarily visual hallucination=Hallucination primarily

involving the sense of sight.involving the sense of sight.

waxy flexibility=Condition in which a person waxy flexibility=Condition in which a person maintains the body position into which they are maintains the body position into which they are placed. Also called catalepsy.placed. Also called catalepsy.

word approximation=Use of conventional words word approximation=Use of conventional words in an unconventional or inappropriate way in an unconventional or inappropriate way (metonymy or of new words that are developed (metonymy or of new words that are developed by conventional rules of word formation) (e.g., by conventional rules of word formation) (e.g., handshoes for gloves and time measure for handshoes for gloves and time measure for clock); distinguished from a neologism, which is clock); distinguished from a neologism, which is a new word whose derivation cannot be a new word whose derivation cannot be understood. See also paraphasia.understood. See also paraphasia.

word salad=Incoherent, essentially word salad=Incoherent, essentially incomprehensible, mixture of words and phrases incomprehensible, mixture of words and phrases commonly seen in far-advanced cases of commonly seen in far-advanced cases of schizophrenia. See also incoherence.schizophrenia. See also incoherence.

Xenophobia=Abnormal fear of strangers.Xenophobia=Abnormal fear of strangers. Zoophobia=Abnormal fear of animals.Zoophobia=Abnormal fear of animals.

Sadock, Benjamin James, GLOSSARY (dr liza)

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