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POSITION & EXTENT OF SAARC COUNTRIES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY POSITION & EXTENT OF SAARC COUNTRIES PREPARED BY: ARVIND TIRKEYCHAPTER-02 CLASS - X

THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT- LOCATION AND EXTENT :THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT- LOCATION AND EXTENT SAARC NATIONS

SAARC-AN INTRODUCTION- :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY SAARC-AN INTRODUCTION- SAARC INDIAN SUBCONTINENT LARGE, SELFCONTAINED SUBCONTINENT DISTINCTLY STAND OUT FROM REST OF ASIA 4,000 KM FROM EAST TO WEST3,200 KM FROM NORTH TO SOUTH 4.5 MILLION SQ. KM AREA POPULATION ABOUT 1.3 BILLIONGEOGRAPHICALLY INDIAN SUBCONTINENT IS ONE COUNTRY BUT GEOGRAPHY OF ONE COUNTRY CANNOTBE STUDIED WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE REST OF THE REGION

SAARC - NATIONS :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY SAARC - NATIONS INDIA PAKISTAN BANGLADESH BHUTAN NEPAL SRI LANKAMALDIVES EXTENTION AFGHANISTAN MYANMAR (BURMA) SAARC SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FORREGIONAL COOPERATION ESTABLISHED IN 1985 AT DHAKA

DISTINCT GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY DISTINCT GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT SEPARATED BY MOUNTAINS ISOLATED BY

OCEANS DISTINCT CLIMATE AFFECTING THE WHOLE SUBCONTINENT UNIQUE CULTURAL SETUP RELIGIONSRACES / ETHNIC GROUPS TRADITIONS CLOTHINGS

POSITION AND EXTENT OF SAARC COUNTRIES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY POSITION AND EXTENT OF SAARC COUNTRIES ENTIRELY NORTH OF EQUATORWITH TROPIC OF CANCER PASSING THROUGH THE MIDDLE. EXTENDS FROM 370 N TO 00 42 S LATITUDE.EXTENDS FROM 610 E TO 970 E LONGITUDE. CHINA, AFGHANISTAN IN THE NORTH & MALDIVES IN THESOUTH. PAKISTAN IN THE WEST & MYANMAR IN THE EAST. 10 % OF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE CONTINENTOF ASIA.

BIRTH OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BIRTH OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 250 Million years ago Pangaea broke up. Indo-Australian (Gondwana Land) Plate began to move northwards. 50 million years ago Indo-Australian (Gondwana Land) crashedinto Eurasian (Angaraland) in the north, which led to folding of Tethys Sea, giving rise to the Himalayan mountain system.

Hence in the north, Himalayas are existing. In the south, Peninsular India (part of the ancient Gondwana Land) is occupied byhills and plateaus of Peninsular India.

Reasons for formation of saarc(common features of indian subcontinent) :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY Reasons for formation of saarc(common features of indian subcontinent) Central location inAsia. All countries gained independence after Second World War. As a result of British Colonialism, all countries have same

cultural background and history. All countries form part of the third world. The region is poor and over populated. Predominanceof agriculture. Therefore, dependence of the economy on southwest monsoon.

OBJECTIVES OF SAARC :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY OBJECTIVES OF SAARC PROMOTION AND STRENGTHENING OF COLLECTIVE

SELF-RELIANCE. STRENGTHENING OF COOPERATION AMONG THE COUNTRIES ON MATTERS OF COMMONINTEREST. (REGIONAL COOPERATION) ACCELERATION OF ECONOMIC GROWTH, SOCIAL PROGRESS ANDCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION. PROMOTION OF MUTUAL/CULTURAL TRUST AND

UNDERSTANDING IN APPRECIATION OF ONE ANOTHERS PROBLEM. SUPRESSION/ELIMINATION OFTERRORISM AND SMUGGLING OF DRUGS. PROVISION TO ALL INDIVIDUALS THE OPPORTUNITIES TO LIVE INDIGNITY AND TO REALISE THEIR FULL POTENTIALS. PROMOTION OF THE WELFARE OF THE PEOPLES OFSOUTH ASIA AND IMPROVEMENT OF THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE.

Need To Include Afghanistan And Myanmar as an extension of South Asia :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY Need To Include Afghanistan And Myanmar as an extension of South Asia Close proximity Afghnistan in the North West & Myanmar in the East. Hindukush Range in Afghanistan is the western extension of Himalayasand the Arakan Yoma of Myanmar are the eastern extension. Both Afghanistan and Myanmar have a hot wet rainy season causedby the South West Monsoon Winds. They share the same history and polity as the rest of the subcontinent.

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Population distribution in SAARC Countries :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY Population distribution in SAARC Countries

Geographical Extent of SAARC Countries :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY Geographical Extent of SAARC Countries

INDIA :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY INDIA Seventh largest country. Second most populous country. Extends from 80N to 370Nlatitudes & 680E to 970E longitude. It take standard time from 82030E Meridian. 5 and a half hours ahead of GMT. It isbounded by three sides by Arabian Sea (west), Indian Ocean (south) and the Bay of Bengal (east). Shares boundaries withPakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar & Bangladesh. Southernmost point is Indira Point. Separated from

Srilanka by the Palk Strait. Eight Degree Channel separates India from Maldives and Lakshadweep. 1.02 Billion populationaccording to 2001 Census. Fertile Northern plains have the highest population density. Strategic location: Central location in Asia Trade Routes, Air Routes, Long Coastline.

PAKISTAN :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY PAKISTAN The Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The country originally divided into East andWest Pakistan. In 1971 East Pakistan broke away to become Bangladesh and West Pakistan come to be known as Pakistan. Iranin the west, Afghanistan in the northwest. China in the north, India in the east and south east. Arabian sea in south. Extends from240N to 370N latitude & 610E to 750E longitude. It takes standard time from 750E longitude. 05 hours ahead of GMT & 30

minutes behind the Indian Standard Time (IST). Has historical importance as all ancient culture and civilization existed here Indus Valley Civilization at the sites of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Pakistan Physical Features :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY Pakistan Physical Features Two Physical divisions The Western Mountains BaluchistanPlateau, Kirthar mountain, Sulaiman and Hindukush mountains. These mountains provide natural bountary between Indiansubcontinent and rest of Asia. Two natural passes Khyber Pass near Peshawar in Hindu Kush and Bolan Pass near Quetta inKirthar. Highest Peak Tirich Mir. Region is mostly dry. The Indus River Basin consist vast lowlands drained by Indus Riverand its various tributaries Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum in east and River Kabul in west. Indus flows from north to south,flows in lower course in Thar Desert and with its abundant water supply, converted this desert land into a rich agricultural region.Forms fertile delta before joining Arabian Sea.

PakistanNatural Resources and Economic Activities :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY PakistanNatural Resources and Economic Activities Poor in natural vegetation. Broad-leaved

evergreen trees like chestnut, deodar, chir, pine, fir and spruce found on mountain. Short grasses and shrubs, scattered trees foundin the semi-desert areas. Eastern part is fertile sandy area. Water from Indus and tributaries. Largest network of irrigation canalsin the world. Main occupation is agriculture. Wheat is the staple diet mostly grown in Punjab. Other food grains rice, maize,millets and barley. Superior quality cotton (cash crop) grown in the dry irrigated lands. Other cash crops sugarcane, tobacco,oilseeds and fruits. Cattle rearing is important providing meat, dairy products, wool for carpet weaving and hides and skins forleather industry. Not very rich in mineral resources. Reasonable reserves of coal, iron, gold, mineral oil, limestone and rock salt.Dense network of roads and railways, mainly in Punjab. Karachi is main seaport.

BANGLADESH :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BANGLADESH Formerly East Pakistan. Came into existence in 1971 as The PeoplesRepublic of Bangladesh. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country. Almost surrounded by India on threesides west, north and east. It shares borders with Myanmar in the southeast. To the south lies Bay of Bengal. Extends between20030N to 27045N latitudes & 880E to 93045E longitudes. Takes standard time from 900E Meridian. 06 hours ahead of GMT.

BangladeshPhysical Features :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BangladeshPhysical Features Vast low-lying alluvial plain of Ganga-Brahmaputra delta.(largest in the world) Brahmaputra is known as Jamuna in Bangladesh. After Brahmaputra meets Ganga in Bangladesh, the jointstream is called Padma. Coastal region is marshy land. Rivers flood the adjoining areas during rainy season and spread fertile silt.Hilly areas are found in north-eastern part bordering India. Southeast, near Myanmar, is the Chittagong Hill tract. Highest peak in

Bangladesh is Keyokradong. (extreme southeastern part of the country)

BANGLADESHNATURAL RESOURCES & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BANGLADESHNATURAL RESOURCES & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Coastal areas aremarshy and have mangrove forests. This area is called Sundarbans. (Sundari tree). Rich in wildlife and home to Royal Bengal

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Tiger. Rich fertile alluvial soil is important natural resource. Farming is important economic activity. Small landholdings. Rice(Staple food) & Jute (golden fibre) are the main agricultural crops. Other crops are tea, coconuts, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds,potatoes, betel leaves and tobacco. Livestock for farm products. Fish is essential part of diet. Not rich in minerals. Main mineralsare limestone, lignite, few petroleum and natural gas deposits. Jute processing is the most important industry. Land transport isnot well developed. Water transport is well developed. Inland port are Dhaka, Chandpur. Chittagong and Monga are main Sea

ports. International airport located in Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet. Main export good is Jute products.

SRI LANKA :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY SRI LANKA Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Only 35km away fromsouthernmost tip of mainland of India. Pear shaped Island country. Extends from 60N to 100N latitude & 800E to 820Elongitude. It follows Indian Standard Time. Surrounded by Indian Ocean and separated from India by Gulf of Munnar and PalkStrait. A chain of sand-banks, called the Adams Bridge runs between India and Sri lanka.

SRI LANKAPHYSICAL FEATURES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY SRI LANKAPHYSICAL FEATURES Known as Pearl of the East due to picturesque hills,

rivers, waterfalls, beaches and forests. South-central part is mountaineous. Coast is broad in north and narrow in south, west andeast. Pidurutalagala is the highest mountain peak. Other important peak is Adams peak. Entire island, except for Jaffna Peninsulain north and coastal plain in the northwest, is made up of hard rocks. Rivers are short and swift flowing making waterfalls.Mahaveli Ganga is the longest river.

SRI LANKANATURAL VEGETATION & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY SRI LANKANATURAL VEGETATION & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Agriculture mostimportant economic activity. Alluvial soil by rivers in valleys and coastal areas. Rice is staple diet but its total production is notenough for local needs. Plantation is important. Main cash crops Tea, Rubber, Coconut, Cocoa and spices. Pearl fishing ispractised in Gulf of Munnar. Not rich in mineral resources. Graphite & gemstones are valuable mineral resources. Sri Lankanindustries are agro based and forest based. Well developed road and railway network. Colombo and Trincomalee are importantseaports. One-fourth of the population are Tamilians (migrants from India). Main languages are Sinhalese, Tamil and English.

NEPAL :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY NEPAL The Kingdom of Nepal, also known as the Himalayan Kingdom. Land locked countrybetween India (east, south & west) and China (south). Extends from 260N to 300N latitude & 800E to 880E longitudes. FollowsIndian standard time.

NEPALPHYSICAL FEATURES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY NEPALPHYSICAL FEATURES Three fourth of Nepal is mountainous. Three Physical

divisions: * The Great Himalayan Range: located north. Mt Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali, 8848 mts), Dhaulagiri, Anapurna etc.* The Middle part is hilly region: Upper part Mahabharat Lekh, Lower Part Shiwalik range. * Marshy lowland (Tarai): Floodedduring monsoon season. Thickly forested and full of wild animals. Large part is cleared for farming.

NepalNatural Resources and Economic Activities :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY NepalNatural Resources and Economic Activities Northern region has temperate evergreenconiferous forests pine, deodar, magnolia etc. Tarai region has moist deciduous forests. Higher altitude fir, birch etc arefound. Soil is generally thin and poor. Only 30% of the total land area is suitable for agriculture. 80% of the people are engagedin agriculture. Agriculture dependent on monsoon rains. Rice staple diet. Limited mineral resources Mica, Lignite, copper, ironand limestone. Great potential for hydroelectricity. Difficult to develop transport in mountainous areas. Poor railway network.Sherpas Best mountaineers, Gurkhas among best soldiers. Hinduism.

BHUTAN :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BHUTAN Small Land locked country in eastern himalayas. Located between India (east, south

and west) and China (Tibet) in the north and north west. Extends between 270N to 290N latitude & 890E to 920E longitudes. Ittakes standard time from 900E Meridian (Six hours ahead of GMT). Rugged topography, hence low population density.

BHUTANPHYSICAL FEATURES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BHUTANPHYSICAL FEATURES Bhutan has high mountains, snow-covered peaks and

narrow river valleys. Steep slopes at various places. Physical divisions are similar like Nepal. * North part Great Himalayas. *Hilly regions Mahabharat lekh, Shiwalik range. * Southern region Tarai. Highest range is Gangar Punsum.

BHUTANNATURAL RESOURCES & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES :

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Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY BHUTANNATURAL RESOURCES & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Rich in forests and waterresources. Perennial rivers. Provide good sites for the development of hydroelectricity. 60% of total area under thick forest. 90%of the people are farmers or herders. Subsistence or shifting type of agriculture. Main crops are rice, wheat, maize, fruits andvegetables. Cattle rearing of Sheep and Yak. Minerals like limestone, coal, lead and zinc. Difficult to develop transport andcommunication due to mountainous terrain. Mahayana Buddhism is state religion.

MALDIVES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY MALDIVES One of the smallest nations in the world. Smallest in Asia. Archipelago of 1,200coral islands and sand banks. Archipelago is formed of 26 natural atolls. Only 200 islands are inhabited. Divided into 19administrative units. Situated in Indian Ocean, towards southwest of India and Sri lanka. Extends between 706N to 0042Slatitude & 72035E to 73045E longitudes. Major part located towards the north of the Equator. The water bodies (sea) covermore than 99 per cent of the total area of the country.

MALDIVESPHYSICAL FEATURES :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY MALDIVESPHYSICAL FEATURES Maldives forms part of submarine mountain range,

associated with volcanic activity. Coral reefs have grown on the crest of this submarine mountain range. All coral reefs are low-lying and average height not more than 02 mts above msl. Islands surrounded by sandy beaches and clear lagoons. Barrier reefsprotect these islands from the destructive effects of the monsoon winds. Highest point is Wilingill island.

MALDIVESNatural Resources and Economic Activities :Prepared By - ARVIND TIRKEY MALDIVESNatural Resources and Economic Activities Main economic activities fishing,

tourism and shipping. Crops grown with the help of rain (south-west). Main crops are milltes, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes &coconuts etc. Rice is not cultivated but imported. Traditional industries are Boat-building, mat-weaving, rope-making,handicrafts and other cottage industries. Difficult to build roads or railways. Boats are the widely used mode of transportation.Air travel is increasing. Islam is the state religion. Most people live in small villages.