S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Transcript of S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Dr. Kamal Kar
CLTS Foundation, Calcutta, India
2nd ADB Partners Sanitation Dialogue
23-25 May 2011, Manila Philippines
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Globally millions of tones of humanexcreta poured in the open everyday
In India alone nearly 600 millions are practicing
open defecation, thousands of truck loads of shit is
being released in the open everyday, more than 42
children dying every hour from diarrhea, &waterborne enteric diseases
OD contaminates water bodies on a daily basis and
valuable human excreta not used in food security A
child dies in every 15 second, millions of U5
children suffering sever bouts of diarrhea (mostly
poor)
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Traditional - professional ‘mind-set’ intackling the problems
Subsidize * Standardize *Prescribe *
Top-down hygiene behaviour teaching*
Health as key motivator for hygiene
behaviour change
Attract the poor in ways like rewards so that
they use toilets
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Fate of free toilets in a slum of a
Municipality town near Calcutta, India
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Fate of subsidized sanitation hardware-Portloko, Sierra Leone, Ibb, Yemen
Who’s
design for
whom?
QuickTime™ and adecompressor
are needed to see this picture.
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Fate of sanitation subsidy in Yemen
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Abandoned Collapsed Communal Latrine –Dangme
West District, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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The Origin
Originated in Bangladesh in 1999-2000 from the process of
evaluation of a traditional WATSAN project
Spread rapidly in Bangladesh through NGOs mainly Water
Aid, Plan International and partner NGOs
DFID supported scaling it up in Bangladesh
WSP (SA and EAP) was instrumental in bringing it to India,
Indonesia, and other countries in South Asia and East Asia
Pacific regions
Through Plan International introduced in 13 countries inEastern and Southern Africa in 2007
Since 2008 with support of UNICEF introduced in 22 countries
in Africa including West and Central Africa and in Latin
America (Bolivia)
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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• More than 20 million people in 44 countries across
Asia, Africa and Latin America benefit from CLTS
• More than 1000 facilitators and trainers in these
countries have been actively engaged inimplementing and training of CLTS
• The Hand Book on CLTS has been translated in to
at least ten different languages including French,
Spanish and Portuguese
•
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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What is Community – Led TotalSanitation ?
They are total & involve/affect everyone incommunities e.g. total elimination of opendefecation, total freedom from hunger)
Collective Community decision & collective localaction are the keys
Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance They are locally decided and don't dependent on
external subsidies and prescriptions or pressures
Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions
who lead future collective initiatives They often don’t follow externally determined mode
of development and blue print
Local diversity and innovations are main elements
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Entry/ IgnitionPRA
DefecationareaansectDefecationMappingFlowiagramCalculation
faecesetc.
Community
realization of
terrible impact
of faecal-oral
contamination
Self EmpoweredCommittee formed
Identification
of right
person in the
community
How to get a
latrine slab Registration
daily monitoring
on mapStart pit
latrine
from
tomorrow
We do it
first and
stop open
defecatio
n
10 H/H10 H/H
Spreading
messagesfrom the
mosque
Each of us
cover 10
families
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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P. R. A.
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Land less don’t have place for defecation.
Land owners often blame them for defecating
in open. Landless poor (women specially) are
the worst victims who want to come out of
that humiliation.
Participatory
Planning
Latrineowners can’t
get rid of
negative
impacts as
many others
adding faceseverywhere.
Spoilingenvironment
by open
defecation
Will form positive
pressure groups
from within to
convince others for
having latrineBetter
off
Med
ium
Poor
Very poor
Moving towards 100% sanitised village
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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More yellow powder in places where there is more shit-
Sierra Leone
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are needed to see this picture.
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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QuickTime™ and adecompressor
are neededto see this picture.
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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QuickTime™ andadecompressor
are needed to seethis picture.
Food and shit demonstration
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are neededto see this picture.
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Children’s procession protesting againstopen defecation
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are neededto see this picture.
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Worried faces of mothers after their own
analysis- Llala Gua, Bolivia
Shit
everywhere.
Our
childrengrowing on
shit- we
can’t accept
this
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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QuickTime™ and adecompressor
are neededto see this picture.
Notice who is teaching and who is learning
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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“If we defecate in the open, we eat eachothers shit, if you don’t wash your hands with
ash or soap, you eat your own shit” - a
Natural Leader of CLTS from Malawi
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Who’s idea and who's decision matters in householdsanitation?South Sumatra, Indonesia
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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N e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d t o i l e t s i n v i l l a g e s o f B a n g l a d e s hN e w l y c o n s t r u c t e d t o i l e t s i n v i l l a g e s o f B a n g l a d e s h -- g r e a tg r e a t
s e n s e o f o w n e r s h i p a n d p r i d es e n s e o f o w n e r s h i p a n d p r i d e
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Great mosaic of latrine models innovated bylocal communities in Kampung Spu in
Cambodia
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Do we have patience to allow communities to
gradually move up the Sanitation Ladder?
OpendefecationO
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Pour flush latrine
Latrines with plasticpan and water seal
Offset Pit latrines
Simple Pit Latrines
S ani t a t i on b e h a vi or s c h an g
e s a s c omm uni
t y
m o v e s u p t h e l a d d e r
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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C it I t d di t it l t i Sk ill
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Community Innovated direct pit latrine- Skun village,
Banteay Srei, Cambodia
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Proud Kepala Desa showing different toiletmodels to visitors- Lumajang,East Java,Indonesia
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Tin sheet,
old plastic
bottles and
plasticsheets are
used to
construct
such toilets
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Locally innovated toilet model in flood proneareas and in places with high water table at
Sambas, West Kalimantan
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Stop
Open
DefecationAll 213 H/H
Repair
platform
of all 69
hand tube wells
Clean up
garbage and
Repair Road
Clean up
drain
In 5 months
ten slums covering
more than 800 H/Hs
have stopped OD by
constructing toilets mobilizinmore money than what KUS
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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BOLIVIABOLIVIA
SIERRA LEONESIERRA LEONE NIGERIANIGERIA
UGANDAUGANDA
ZAMBIAZAMBIA
MALAWIMALAWI
KENYAKENYA
ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA
YEMENYEMEN
TANZANIATANZANIA
NEPALNEPALPAKISTANPAKISTAN
INDIAINDIA
BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
CAMBODIACAMBODIA
INDONESIAINDONESIA
EAST TIMOREAST TIMOR
Global Spread of CLTS
AfghanistanAfghanistan
EGYPTEGYPT
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Challenges of sustainability what
Markets could do?Linking market is necessary wherever possible.
Participatory Technology Development followedby Market Research is necessary
2.6 billion we are targeting need wide range of choice which addresses location specificity,diversity and captures their perceptions of toilets
This includes all the shifts we have learnt in CLTS
in materials of construction, longevity and design
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Challenge of multiplying Facilitators,
Trainers and Community Consultants The pace with which demand for CLTS is growing
there is need to train hundreds of trainersimmediately in Africa and Latin America (Franco phone Africa,
Spanish speaking countries specially)
Thousands of ‘Natural Leaders’ turned in to‘Community Consultants’ with in countries
Dozens of Champions with in the GovernmentMinistries and Departments
A few Ministers and MPs or elected people’srepresentatives in each countries
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8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Institutional ChallengesDifficulty to escape from the old established
mind-set of ‘donor’ and ‘recipient’ defining‘uppers’ and ‘lowers’
Inertia in moving out of the preference of ‘things’ to ‘people’. Shift from ‘latrineconstruction’ to ‘ creating Natural Leaders’ and ‘ ODF villages’
Pressure of spending huge sums
Variations in the focus of institutions workingonly on water and sanitation versus thoseworking with wider humane objectives
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Institutional ChallengesCLTS as a fad and some have their own
version of ‘community led’ (subtle difference between‘functional participation’ to ‘interactive participation’ or ‘self mobilization’)
Struggle to streamline other approaches of sanitation with true empowermentencouraged in CLTS. TSSM in Indonesia, TSC in India, others in
Ethiopia, individual house hold vs community
CLTS is just one another approach and it
might survive better if other sanitationapproaches work freely without using thislabel. All approaches have uniqueness.
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Institutional ChallengesChallenges of intellectual institutional
supremacy- who knows more and whoprescribes the best solutions?
Competition for attracting more donorfunding by implementing agencies
Struggle and compromise to fit in a new
community led approach in the oldexisting system of government structuredesigned to perform in a ‘supply driven’ rather than ‘demand driven’ mode
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Political ChallengesAsia: Countries like India, China with better per
capita still support subsidized, externallyprescribed household sanitation where ascountries like Bangladesh, Cambodia scaled up
CLTS exponentially. Percentage of usage of externally funded toilets are appalling
Africa: Quicker understanding and acceptance of the approach by governments of Sierra Leone,Malawi, Zambia, Ethiopia
Ab d d F L i d i
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Abandoned Free Latrines depicts
welfare mindset of institutions
in Fatenayili ODF Village
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Existing ‘Social solidarity and communitycooperation’ as insider to insider subsidy- can
those be recognized?Need to document and recognize huge local
resources mobilized by local communities
8/6/2019 S9A Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Origin, Spread and Scaling up by Kamal Kar
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Wh t i th t ti l f CLTS i
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What is the potential of CLTS incountries in the East Asia and the
Pacific region?CLTS has been adopted by the government of
Indonesia, Cambodia and has been spreading fast
WESLIC-III has been scaling up CLTS
In Cambodia, Lao, PDR, VietnamIntroduced in East Timor by Water Aid Australia
Still a lot need to be done
Major sector players and funding agencies need to have
a better understanding of the approach and itsunderlying principals, and support
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The Ethical Challenges The challenges are personal, professional and
institutional.“We” and our normal views and reflexes are the
problem.
“They”, people in communities, are the solution.
Serious unlearning is entailed, and then continuouslearning, adapting, improvising and innovating to
enable the poor to become an active partner in
development and not remain as passive recipient.
These changes of understanding and behaviour applyat all levels – Ministers, senior officials, staff in funding
agencies, and Government and NGO staff.
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What are our challenges today?
Sanitation to be addressed as a part of larger poverty reductionstrategy given its known implications for dignity, productivity,
human health and well being.
Emergence of ODF communities - first critical step towards
achieving safe sanitation that effectively prevents the fecal
contamination of water
Initially developing few hundreds of ODF Communities as
learning laboratories for CLTS
Natural Leaders as Community Consultants- scaling up CLTS
How to enhance emergence of innovative local institutions aschampions on CLTS?
How to involve local communities as active partners of research
in technology development and in sanitation marketing?
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THANK YOU