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Supplementary materials: Eye Tracking in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism (Chapter 5)* denotes a study that was included in the synthetic review of eye-tracking research (Godfroid, 2019)

StudyTopic Task

Font size and type# of items per condition

Primary Secondary

Boxell & Felser (2017, BLC) *Syntactic processing (Shallow Structure

Hypothesis)Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R, Courier New

74 items (50 fillers) (4 items for each of 4

experimental & 2 control conditions)

Chamorro, Sorace, & Sturt (2016, BLC) *

L1 attrition; syntactic processing Reading short sentences - 18, Times New Roman


conditions, plus 64 fillers)

Clahsen, Balkhair, Schutter, & Cunnings (2013, SLR) *

Morphology processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R


conditions)

Dussias & Sagarra (2007, BLC) * Bilingual syntactic parsing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R

108 items (8 items in each of 2 conditions, plus 60

distractors and 32 fillers)

Ellis et al. (2014, APL) *Learned attention in temporal reference

acquisition

Phase 2: Sentence decoding; Phase 3: Comprehension

testing- N/R

Phase 2: 6 items x 6 repetitions; Phase 3: 24

items x 2 repetitions

Felser & Cunnings (2012, APL) * Processing of reflexive pronouns Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R, Courier New

36 items (12 fillers) (6 items in each of 4

conditions)

Felser, Cunnings, Batterham, & Clahsen (2012, SSLA) * Sentence processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R, Courier New

Exp1: 60 items (32 fillers) (7 items for each of 4

conditions); Exp2: 80 items (56 fillers) (6 items in each

of 4 conditions)

Felser, Sato, & Bertenshaw (2009, BLC) *

Processing of reflexive pronouns Reading short texts Comprehension posttest 21, Courier New 72 items (48 filers) (6 items

in each of 4 conditions)

Godfroid et al. (2015, SSLA) * Implicit and explicit knowledge Judging grammaticality GJT N/R

68 sentences (34 grammatical, 34

ungrammatical; same set of sentences for timed and

untimed conditions)


Godfroid & Uggen (2013, SSLA) * Grammar Acquisition Reading short paragraphs Comprehension check N/R24 short sentences (12

items in each of 2 conditions)

Hopp & León Arriaga (2016, SLR) * Sensitivity to case marking Reading short paragraphs Comprehension posttest 20, Arial

96 items (48 fillers) (transitive verbs: 8 items for each of 4 conditions,

plus 16 items with ditransitive verbs )

Keating, (2009, LL) * Sensitivity to gender agreement violations Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R


conditions)

Lim & Christianson (2015, APL) *Sensitivity to subject-

verb agreement violations

Reading for translation or comprehension

Comprehension and translation 14, monotype font

124 item (84 fillers) (10 items in each of 4

conditions)

Roberts, Gullberg, & Indefrey (2008, SSLA) *

Subject pronoun resolution Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R


conditions)

Sagarra & Ellis (2013, SSLA) * Sensitivity to tense incongruences Reading short sentences - N/R


conditions)

Spinner, Gass, & Behney (2013, SSLA) *

Grammatical processing and

ecological validityReading short sentences Multiple choice posttest Exp 1: 44, Calibri, Exp 2:

24, Calibri

96 items (32 familiar nouns divided evenly between 4 conditions and 32 novel

nouns divided evenly between 4 conditions; plus

32 adjectives divided evenly between 2

conditions)

Vainio, Pajunen, & Hyönä (2016, SLR) *

Morphosyntactic processing (Shallow

Structure Hypothesis)Reading short sentences - 13, Courier New


conditions)

Van Assche, Duyck, & Brysbaert (2013, SSLA) * Cognate processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R

174 items (108 fillers) (33 cognates and 33

noncognates, divided evenly between present and

past tense)

Zufferey, Mak, Degand, & Sanders (2015, SLR) * Discourse processing Reading short sentences Verification statements N/R

72 items (32 fillers) (16 conditional relations [8 correct, 8 incorrect], 16 contrastive relations [8

correct, 8 incorrect], and 8 for temporal relations)


Table S5.1 Design features of eye-tracking studies on L2 and bilingual grammar processing, knowledge, and representation


StudyTopic Task


Primary Secondary

Balling (2013, BLC) * Bilingual lexicon and task effects

Sentence reading & reading for translation - 18, Tahoma

105 items (42 cognates, 63 non-cognates [29 cognates with non-appropriate L1

translations in the context, 34 non-cognates])

Carrol & Conklin (2017, BLC) * Bilingual idiom processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest N/R

92 idioms (40 fillers) (Exp1: 13 for each of 4 conditions, plus 40 fillers; Exp2: 10 for each of 4 conditions, plus 40

fillers)

Carrol, Conklin, & Gyllstad (2016, SSLA) *

Idiom or multi-word processing Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest 18, Courier New 40 idioms for each condition

Cop, Dirix, Van Assche, Drieghe, & Duych (2017, BLC) * Bilingual lexicon Reading a long text Comprehension posttest 14, Courier New

13 chapters of a book (Dutch: 94 identical cognates

out of 1776 unique words; English:142 out of 1742)

De León Rodríguez et al. (2016, BLC) * Lexical processing Reading aloud stimulus - Uppercase 72, Courier

New

440 items (160 real words in each of 2 languages, plus 60

pseudo-words in each language)

Elgort, Brysbaert, Stevens, & Van Assche (2018, SSLA) *

Contextual vocabulary learning Reading a long text - 14, Courier New 14 items for each word type

(lower-frequency & control)

Godfroid et al. (2018, BLC) * Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading a long text Comprehension posttest 18, Consolas

29 target words (exposure as a continuous variable, ranging from 1 - 23

occurrences)

Godfroid, Boers, & Housen (2013, SSLA) *

Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading short paragraphs - 18, Courier New

20 paragraphs (8 fillers) (9 paragraphs with unknown words; 3 paragraphs with

known words)

Godfroid & Spino (2015, LL) * Methodology Reading short paragraphs - 18, Courier New

20 paragraphs (8 fillers) (9 paragraphs with unknown words; 3 paragraphs with

known words)Hoversten & Traxler (2016, BLC) * Homograph Reading short paragraphs Comprehension posttest N/R 119 items (90 fillers) (14


processingcongruent & 15 incongruent

or 15 congruent & 14 incongruent)

Miwa, Dijkstra, Bolger, & Baayen (2014, BLC) * Bilingual lexicon Lexical decision - 44, Courier New 450 words (250 words and

200 nonwords)

Mohamed (2018, SSLA) * Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading a long text - 18, Courier New

40 items (20 target words, 20 control words) (encounters as a continuous variable,

ranging from 1 to 30 occurrences)

Pellicer-Sánchez (2016, SSLA) * Incidental vocabulary acquisition Reading texts Comprehension posttest 18, Courier New

12 words (6 target words, 6 control words). Each word occurred 8 times in the text.

Philipp & Huestegge (2014, BLC) * Language switching Reading short sentences - 20, Courier New320 items (8 items for each

language, presented 20 times each)

Siyanova-Chanturia, Conklin, & Schmitt (2011, SLR) * Idiom processing Reading short stories Comprehension posttest N/R 21 items (7 items for each of

3 conditions)

Sonbul (2015, BLC) *Sensitivity to collocational

frequencyReading short sentences Comprehension posttest 14, Courier New


conditions)

Yi, Lu, & Ma (2017, SLR) * Processing of multi-word units Reading short sentences Comprehension posttest 20, Song


conditions)

Table S5.2 Design features of eye-tracking studies on L2 vocabulary and the bilingual lexicon


StudyTopic Task


Primary Secondary

Alsadoon & Heift (2015, MLJ) * Input enhancement Sentence reading Meaning recognition N/R 36 trials

Choi (2017, LTR) *

Input enhancement; idiom processing,

incidental vocabulary acquisition

Reading texts - N/R 14 collocations

Cintrón-Valentín & Ellis (2016, SSLA) * Form focused instruction Sentence decoding; - N/R

18 items (each containing both cue types) x 2

repetitions in the exposure phase

Indrarathne & Kormos (2017, SSLA) * ISLA Reading texts Comprehension posttest 24, Calibri 21 items

Indrarathne & Kormos (2018, BLC) * ISLA Reading texts Comprehension posttest 24, Calibri 21 items

Révész, Sachs, & Hama (2014, LL) * Validation of task complexity

Picture-cued story telling task - N/R 16 items (8 simple, 8

complex)

Shintani & Ellis (2013, JSLW) * Corrective feedback in L2 writing

Reading written stories with feedback (DCF

group) or without feedback (ME group)

- N/ROne written story (an

average of 3.17 items per essay)

Winke (2013, SSLA) * Input enhancement Reading texts - 18, Arial 17 passive forms

Table S5.3 Design features of eye-tracking studies on instructed second language acquisition


Study Topic

Task

Font size and type # of items per conditionPrimary Secondary

Bisson et al. (2014, APL) * Subtitle processing in film Watching movies - N/R

4 DVD chapters of a movie (Dutch: 249 subtitles, English: 311 subtitles)

Montero Perez, Peters, & Desmet (2015, MLJ) *

Vocabulary processing through captioning and

test announcementWatching clips Comprehension posttest N/R A total of 18 target words in

two French clips

Muñoz (2017, System) * Subtitle processing Watching cartoons Comprehension posttest N/R2 clips (English: 248

subtitles, Spanish: 260 subtitles)

Winke, Gass, & Sydorenko (2013, MLJ) *

Caption processing in short video Watching clips Comprehension posttest N/R 2 clips (caption number not

reported)

Table S5.4 Design features of eye-tracking studies on subtitles and captions processing


StudyTopic Task


Primary Secondary

Bax (2013, LT) * Cognitive processing of L2 reading test Reading for test - 11, Arial 11 items

Lee & Winke (2018, LT) * AssessmentVarious (Describe pictures,

Explain series of events, Ask questions)

- N/R 7 items

McCray & Brunfaut (2018, LT) * Cognitive processing of L2 reading test

Completing banked gap-fill tasks - N/R 24 items

Suvorov (2015, LT) * Listening assessment Watching lectures - N/R 6 videos (3 context videos, 3 content videos)

Table S5.5 Design features of eye-tracking studies on L2 assessment


Study TopicTask

# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration)

Fixation Cross

Primary Secondary

Marian & Spivey (2003, APL) *

Bilingual comparison of

lexical activation based on

phonological cues

Manipulate items -

Four conditions (between-language competitor

present/absent x within-language competitor

present/absent) with five items per condition; bilinguals

performed the experiment twice, in Russian and in

English

NA (Real objects) NA Yes

Marian & Spivey (2003, BLC) *

Bilingual comparison of

lexical activation based on

phonological cues

Manipulate items -

Four conditions (between-language competitor

present/absent x within-language competitor

present/absent) with 10 items per condition; bilinguals only performed the experiment in

English

NA (Real objects) NA Yes

Mercier, Pivneva, & Titone (2014, BLC) *

Inhibitory control in bilingual

spoken word processing

Clicking -

Eight conditions (word type [target, control] X display

types [within language competitor, across language

competitor, within/across language competitor, control])

with twenty items per condition

Yes Yes(207 ms)

Yes(before preview)


Mercier, Pivneva, & Titone (2016, BLC) *

Effects of language switch

on bilingual spoken word

processing (cross-language

competition)

Clicking -

Eight conditions (word type [target, control] X display

types [within language competitor, across language

competitor, within/across language competitor, control])

with 20 items per condition

Yes Yes(207 ms)

Yes(before preview)

Singh & Mishra (2012, BLC) *

Effects of proficiency on

oculomotor control (using stroop task)

Looking-while-reading

Six conditions (congruency [congruent, non-congruent, neutral] X display [color & direction) with 24 items per

condition

Yes NA Yes

Tremblay (2011, BLC) *

Recognition of vowel-initial

words in context of liaison (e.g.,

l'ordinateur)

Clicking -Two conditions (lexical

competitor and control) with 48 items per condition

Yes(4000 ms)

Yes (after preview)

Table S5.6 Design features of visual world studies on L2 and bilingual word recognition


Study TopicTask

# of items per condition Color Pictures Picture Preview(Duration) Fixation Cross

Primary Secondary

Dijkgraaf, Hartsuiker, & Duyck (2017, BLC) *

Predictive language

processing in monolingual vs.

bilingual listening

Looking-while-listening -

Four conditions (Dutch, English x constraining,

neutral) with 9 items per condition

No or NR Yes (2200 ms)

Yes (before preview)

Ito, Corley, & Pickering (2018, BLC) *

Cognitive load effects on

predictive abilityClicking

Complete Working

Memory task

Two conditions (predictable vs unpredictable) with eight items

per conditionNo or NR Yes

(1000 ms) No or NR

Table S5.7 Design features of visual world studies on L2 semantic prediction


Study TopicTask


Primary Secondary

Dussias et al. (2013, SSLA) * Gender Processing

Click on image in sentence

Respond to plausibility judgment

Four conditions (masculine, feminine x same or different

gender) with 28 items per condition

Yes No Yes

Grüter, Lew-Williams, & Fernald (2012, SLR) *

Gender Processing


Four conditions (masculine, feminine x same or different

gender) with 6 items per condition

Yes Yes(2000 ms) No or NR

Hopp (2013, SLR) * Gender Processing


Two conditions (same gender, different gender) with 5 and 15 items, respectively (5 items for

each gender in the different-gender condition)

Yes

Yes(participants

named all four images and then

had an additional 3000

ms)

Yes(presented with preview, sound

altered participants to

look at the cross)

Hopp & Lemmerth (2018, SSLA) * Gender Processing


60 articles (five in each of 12 conditions [same, different x

congruency x 3 genders]),Yes

Yes(participants



ms silent preview)



look at the cross)

Mitsugi (2017, APL) *

Processing of case markers in Japanese (NS vs

NNS processing)

Clicking -Two conditions (active vs passive) with six items per

conditionNo or NR No or NR Yes

Mitsugi & MacWhinney (2016, BLC) *

Processing of case markers in Japanese (NS vs

NNS processing)

Looking-while-listening

Comprehension Y/N

question

Three conditions (canonical, scrambled, and accusative)

with eight items per conditionNo or NR No or NR Yes

Morales et al. (2016, BLC) * Gender Clicking - Exp. 1: Two conditions No or NR No or NR Yes


Processing

(gender congruent vs gender incongruent) with 12 items per

conditionExp. 2: Three conditions (congruent, incongruent,

different-gender) with 14 items per condition

Suzuki (2017, APL) *Implicit and

explicit knowledge


Comprehension Y/N

question

Two conditions (target vs competitor) with eight items

per condition for each of three structures.

No or NR Yes(5500 ms) No or NR

Suzuki & DeKeyser (2017, LL) *Implicit and

explicit knowledge


Comprehension Y/N

question

Two conditions (target vs competitor) with eight items

per condition for each of three structures.

No or NR Yes (5500 ms) No or NR

Trenkic, Mirkovic, & Altmanm (2014, BLC) *

Morphosyntactic processing (as

opposed to relying on pragmatic

affordances)

Clicking -

Four conditions (no. of referent [1 vs 2] X

definiteness) with three items per condition

Yes Yes(4000 ms)

Yes(before preview)

Table S5.8 Design features of visual world studies on visual world studies on L2 morphosyntactic prediction


Study TopicTask


Primary Secondary

Sekerina & Trueswell (2011, BLC) *

Contrast interpretation

Manipulate items -

Four conditions (prosody X visual context) with five items

per conditionNA (Real objects) NA Yes

Table S5.9 Design features of visual world research on heritage language prediction based on multiple cues


Study TopicTask


Fixation Cross

Primary Secondary

Andringa & Curcic (2015, SSLA) *

Influence of explicit

instruction in online

processing (interface

hypothesis)

Clicking -Four conditions (animacy X

object type [direct vs indirect] with nine items per condition

No or NR Yes(1000 ms)

Yes(before preview)

Bolger & Zapata (2011, LL) * Vocabulary learning

Verifying stimulus-match -

Two conditions (semantic relatedness) with eight items

per conditionNo or NR NA No or NR

Hopp (2016, SLR) * Gender Processing


Two conditions (same gender, different gender) with 5 and 15 items, respectively (5 items for

each gender in the different-gender condition)

Yes

Yes(participants



ms silent preview)

(participants named all four

images and then had an

additional 3000 ms silent preview)



look at the cross)

Kohlstedt & Mani (2018, BLC) *Predictive language

processing


Four conditions (context [biasing vs neutral] x prime

type [familiar vs pseudo]) with 10 items per condition

Yes Yes(2000 ms)

Yes(before preview)


Table S5.10 Design features of visual world research on effects of L2 instruction


Study TopicTask


Fixation Cross

Primary Secondary

Cunnings, Fotiadou, & Tsimpli (2017, SSLA) *

Interpretation and reanalysis of

overt subject pronouns in a

non-null subject language by

learners with an L1 null subject

language.


Binary-answer comprehension questions

Four conditions (subject or object bias x ambiguous or unambiguous) with 24 sentences

per conditionYes Yes

(1000 ms)

Kim, Montrul, & Yoon (2015, APL) *

Interpretation of reflexives and

pronounsClick and drag -

Two conditions (coargument & picture NP) with 18 items

per condition Yes

Yes (same images

throughout the experiment)

No or NR

Pozzan & Trueswell (2016, BLC) *Interpretation of

garden path sentences

Click and drag on images to perform an

action.

- -

Four conditions (Temporary

Ambiguity X Referential

Context [1-, 2-referents]) with

24 items per condition

Yes No or NR

Sekerina & Sauermann (2015, SLR) *

Quantifier interpretation


Y/N description

accuracy task

Two conditions (animate vs inanimate) with 6 items per

conditionYes No or NR No or NR

Table S5.11 Design features of visual world research on L2 and heritage-language referential processing


Study Topic Task


Fixation Cross

Primary Secondary

Flecken (2011, BLC) * Event conceptualization

Describe the action of the

video-

Four experimental conditions (change in state with effected object, with affected object,

with two levels of event representation, and motion events) with 10 items per condition + eight in the

control condition (no change in state)

Yes NA Yes

Flecken, Carroll, Weimar, & Von Stutterheim (2015, MLJ) *

Spatial conceptualization

Describe the action of the

video-

Two conditions (short vs long trajectories) with 10 items per

conditionYes NA Yes

Kaushanskaya & Marian (2007, LL) *

Non-target language

orthography and phonology

interference on target language

production

Name pictures (ignore text on

screen)-

Three conditions (Russian word, nonword, English

translation equivalent) with 22 items per condition No or NR NA Yes

McDonough, Crowther, Kielstra, & Trofimovich (2015, SLR) *

Corrective feedback

(recognition of recasts)

Face-to-face interaction -

14 recasts per participant analyzed No or NR NA NA

McDonough, Trofimovich, Dao, & Dion (2017, SSLA) *

Acquisition of morphosyntactic

feature (word order) via interaction

Face-to-face interaction -

Learning phase: 16 items in each of two conditions (SVO

vs OVS).

Feedback (and subsequent eye gaze analysis) was based on

accuracy of participants responses.

No or NR NA NA


Table S5.12 Design features of visual world research on bilingual and L2 production studies

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