Electronic Supplementary Material for

Rasia LL, Candela AM. Reappraisal of the giant caviomorph rodent Phoberomys

burmeisteri (Ameghino, 1886) from the late Miocene of northeastern Argentina, and

the phylogeny and diversity of Neoepiblemidae

1. Material and methods

Abbreviations. MACN, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’,

Buenos Aires, Argentina; MLP, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; MPM, Museo

Regional Provincial Padre ‘M. J. Molina’, Rio Gallegos, Argentina.

2. List of characters used in the phylogenetic analysis. Modified from Kramarz et al.

(2013) and Kerber et al. (2016).

[1.] Hypsodonty. brachyodont (0); protohypsodont (1); euhypsodont (2). OrderedAdditive.

1.[2.] Hypoflexus/id isolated from parafossette/metafossettid in adult stages. Present (0);

absent (1).

[3.] Penetration degree of the hypoflexus in upper molars (in adults). hypoflexus does not

extends more than half way across crowns (0); hypoflexus extends more than half way

across crowns (1); hypoflexus crosses completely the crowns (2). OrderedAdditive.

Taken from Kramarz (2001a).

[4.] Number of transverse crests on M1-M2 in adult stages. five (0); four (1); three (2); two

(3). OrderedAdditive.

2.[5.] Cement. absent (0); present (1).

3.[6.] Lower cheek teeth strongly juxtaposed. absent (0); present (1).

[7.] Width of the flexa/ids. normal (0); compressed (1); very thick (2). OrderedAdditive

(modified from Kramarz, 2001a, 2005).

4.[8.] Leading edges wider than trailing edges. absent (0); present (1).

5.[9.] Metalophulid II in juvenile stages. transverse, labially attached to the posterior arm of

protoconid (0); transverse, isolated labially (anterior valley Y-shaped) (1); oblique,

labially connected to anterolophid (2); absent (3).

6.[10.] Upper incisor with flat anterior face and enamel equally far on lateral and medial

faces. absent (0); present (1).

[11.] Posterior extension of the lower incisor. posterior to m3 (0); below m3 (1); below m2

(2); below m1 (3). OrderedAdditive.

7.[12.] Fossa for insertion of M. nasolabialis profundus. shallow, undifferentiated (0); as a

deep groove on premaxillary above incisors (1).

8.[13.] Nasals widest point. anterior (0); middle (1).

9.[14.] Rostrum long, diastema longer than P4-M3 length. absent (0). present (1).

10.[15.] Rostrum sloping upwards on ventral surface. present (0); absent (1).

11.[16.] Premaxillaries posteriorly longer than nasals. absent (0); present (1).

12.[17.] Frontals penetrate between maxillaries and premaxillaries. absent (0). present (1).

13.[18.] Large rostral opening of the nasolacrimal canal. absent (0); present (1).

14.[19.] Groove in bottom of infraorbital foramen laterally limited by a distinct bony wall.

absent (0); present (1).

15.[20.] Base of upper incisors excluded from rostral masseteric fossa. absent (0); present

(1).

16.[21.] Relative position of the dorsal root of the zygoma. anterior to the limit between

M1-M2 (0); posterior to the limit between M1-M2 (1).

17.[22.] Frontals longer than parietals. absent (0); present (1).

18.[23.] Lacrimal-jugal contact. absent (0); present (1).

19.[24.] Anterior margin of internal nares. anterior to M3 (0); at M3 or posterior (1).

20.[25.] Premaxillary-maxillary suture. straight across incisive foramen (0); turns back at

incisive foramen (1).

21.[26.] Cheek tooth rows strongly converge anteriorly. absent (0); present (1).

22.[27.] Sagittal crest. Present (0); absent (1).

[28.] Presence/absence of tympanic fenestra. absent or represented by small foramina (0);

present as a notch below the external acoustic meatus (1); present as a large

dehiscence, isolated from the external acoustic meatus (2). OrderedAdditive. Modified

from McPhee (2011).

23.[29.] Squamosal-mastoid contact. absent, lateral process of supraoccipital well

developed (0); present, lateral process of supraoccipital reduced (1).

24.[30.] External acoustic meatus as a complete tube oriented dorsally. absent (0); present

(1).

25.[31.] Dorsal exposure of the epitympanic recess. absent (0); present (1).

26.[32.] Paracondyles. absent (0); present (1).

27.[33.] Concavity of the mandibular diastema. concave, diastema much lower than the

alveolar line (1); plane, diastema almost at the same height of the alveolar line (0).

28.[34.] Mental foramen. present (0); absent (1).

29.[35.] Mandibular symphysis with enlarged digastric crest. absent (0); present (1).

30.[36.] Masseteric crest. normally developed (0); reduced or absent (1).

31.[37.] Coronoid process. normal (0); vestigial (1).

32.[38.] Very deep hystricognathous groove. absent (0); present (1).

33.[39.] Fossa for the muscle masseter medialis pars posterior. reduced or absent (0); very

developed as a deep groove at the base of the coronoid process (1).

34.[40.] Shape of paraoccipital process. anteroposteriorly compressed (0); blunt or poorly

developed (1); elongated (2).

35.[41.] Mastoid exposes on the occiput. present (0); absent (1). Taken from Kramarz

(2001a; see also Vucetich 1975).

36.[42.] Location of the mandibular foramen. high in the mandibular ramus, opening dorso-

medially (0); posterior to the retromolar fossa, opening dorsally (1); on the labial portion

of the retromolar fossa, opening dorsally (2).

37.[43.] Interrupted enamel layer. absent (0); present (1).

38.[44.] Multilamined M3 (six laminae or more). absent (0); present (1).

39.[45.] Calcaneus with secondary sustentacular facet. absent (0); present (1). Taken from

Candela & Picasso (2008).

3. Data matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis

Prospaniomys 00010000000??0000?01010000100010100000001?00?

Branisamys 01000000011?10001?00?1??10???0??0??0?10???00?

Scleromys osbornianus 100200001100-1001?1001000011100?0000010???00?

‘Scleromys’ shurmanni 1001000020000110101001011011?00?0010010???00?

Tetrastylus 2??110112?01?100001011?1011110011110110??0000

Dinomys 2??110112100100000100001111110011010110100000

Garridomys 101210011?1???????0?????????????0000000???00?

Eoviscaccia 101310113?????????????????????????????????10?

Prolagostomus 2?231111-01??110?100???0011201001001001?1210?

Lagostomus 2?231111-111111[01]11101110010201001101001212101

Chinchilla 2?221011-030-11111011100011201101001001212101

Lagidium 2?221011-031111111011110011201101001001212101

Neoepiblema ambrosettianus 2-221020-01001100010100101010000111[01]001?0100?

Neoepiblema horridula 2-221020-?1???????1????1?1??????1111001??100?

Phoberomys burmeisteri 2-221020-?1?????????????????????1??10?1??101?

Phoberomys pattersoni 2-221020-??????????????1?10???001???0?1???010

Perimys 2?131020-?30-110110110?10101010010?1001?0110?

4. List of material and bibliographic sources used for the phylogenetic analysis

Prospaniomys priscus - Álvarez & Arnal (2015); Arnal & Kramarz (2011); Kramarz et al.

(2013).

Branisamys luribayensis - Kramarz et al. (2013).

Scleromys osbornianus - MACN-A 5692; Kramarz et al. (2013).

‘Scleromys’ shurmanni - Kramarz et al. (2013).

Tetrastylus – T. intermedius MACN-Pv 8323; Kramarz et al. (2013); Rovereto (1914).

Dinomys branickii - Kramarz et al. (2013); Nasif (2010).

Garridomys curunuquem - Kramarz et al. (2013).

Eoviscaccia spp. – E. australis MACN-Ch1297 (holotype), MACN-Ch 1298; Kramarz et

al. (2013); Vucetich (1989); Kramarz (2001b); Bertrand et al. (2012).

Prolagostomus spp. – Prolagostomus sp. MACN-Sc 4369, MACN-Sc 4368, MLP 91-IX-2-

165; Pr. profluens MLP 15-65, 15-88, MACN-A 4441, Pr. imperialis MLP 15-115

(holotype), MACN-A 4427 to 33, Pr. pusillus MLP 15-136 (holotype), MACN-A

4434 to 36, Pr. divisus MLP 15-152 (holotype), MLP 15-129, MACN-A 4437; Pr.

rosendoi MLP 76-VIII-30-3 (holotype).

Lagostomus spp. – L. maximus, MACN-Ma 48.274, 48.276, 48.277, 48.279, 48.280, 48.281,

49.5, 49.8, 49.12, 49.13, 49.14, 49.16, 49.17, 49.43, 49.44, 49.45, 49.46, 49.48, 49.141,

53.8, 53.9, 53.10, 53.11, 53.13, 53.19, 53.20, 53.21, 53.24, 53.25, 53.27, 53.33, 53.34,

53.35, 53.36, 53.37; L. telenkechanum, Rasia & Candela (2016a); L. incisus, Rasia &

Candela (2013, 2016b).

Chinchilla laniger - MACN-Ma 52.90, 39.390, 16267, 20633; Candela & Picasso (2008);

Kramarz et al. (2013).

Lagidium spp. - MACN-Ma 13933, MACN-Ma 13936, MACN-Ma 14312; Kramarz et al.

(2013).

Neoepiblema ambrosettianus - MACN-Pv 13473 (holotype), MACN-Pv 3404, 4031, 4542,

8885; MACN-Pv 4580 (holotype of ‘Euphilus kurtzi’), MACN-A 5829, 5830,

MACN-Pv 2484, 3276, 4480; Negri & Ferigolo (1999); Kerber et al. (2016).

Neoepiblema horridula – MLP 69-XII-2-20 (holotype) , MACN-Pv 2609, 3458, 4504,

4505, 9036, 13362, 13365, 13414, 15318, MACN-A 1522, 1523, 5874; Negri &

Ferigolo (1999); Kerber et al. (2016).

Phoberomys burmeisteri – Kerber et al. (2016); Horovitz et al. (2006); Carrillo & Sánchez-

Villagra (2015).

Phoberomys pattersoni – MLP 15-246 (holotype), MACN-Pv 2446, MACN-Pv 2494,

MACN-Pv 2645, MACN-Pv 3288, MACN-Pv 3470, MACN-Pv 3475, MACN-Pv

4729, MACN-Pv 6620, MACN-Pv 9026 (holotype of ‘Ph. praecursor’), MLP 15-

257, MLP 15-254, MACN-Pv 3290, MACN-Pv 3448, MACN-Pv 3461 (holotype of

‘Dabbenea minima’), MACN-Pv 4068, MACN-Pv 2542, MACN-Pv 13480, MLP 15-

249, MLP 15-251 (holotype of ‘D. insolita’), MLP 15-256, MLP 15-261, MLP 41-

XII-13-149, MLP 52-X-5-80.

Perimys spp. – Pe. incavatus, MACN-A 52-152 (holotype); Pe. aemulus, MACN-PV 4393

(holotype); Pe. diminutus, MACN-Pv 4423 (holotype); Pe. pacificus, MACN-Pv

4421 (holotype); Pe. procerus, MACN-Pv 362 to 364(holotype); Pe. scalaris,

MACN-Pv 4417 (holotype); Pe. angulatus, MACN-Pv 4414 to 4416 (holotype); Pe.

perpinguis, MACN-Pv 1985 to 1992 (holotype); Pe. Intermedius, MACN-Pv 2052

(holotype); Perimys sp., MPM-Pv 3684.

Figure 1. Most parsimonious tree showing node numbers

5. List of synapomorphies of the most parsimonious 1 tree

(Node numbers refer to nodes in Figure 1)

Prospaniomys

No autapomorphies

Branisamys

Char. 2: 0 --> 1

Char. 4: 1 --> 0

Char. 25: 0 --> 1

Scleromys osbornianus

No autapomorphies

‘Scleromys’ shurmanni

Char. 13: 1 --> 0

Char. 15: 0 --> 1

Tetrastylus

Char. 12: 0 --> 1

Char. 21: 0 --> 1

Char. 34: 0 --> 1

Dinomys

Char. 14: 1 --> 0

Char. 22: 1 --> 0

Garridomys

No autapomorphies

Eoviscaccia

No autapomorphies

Prolagostomus

No autapomorphies

Lagostomus

Char. 10: 0 --> 1

Char. 19: 0 --> 1

Char. 27: 1 --> 0

Char. 34: 0 --> 1

Chinchilla

No autapomorphies

Lagidium

No autapomorphies

Neoepiblema ambrosettianus

No autapomorphies

Neoepiblema horridula

No autapomorphies

Phoberomys burmeisteri

No autapomorphies

Phoberomys pattersoni

No autapomorphies

Perimys

Char. 11: 1 --> 3

Char. 20: 0 --> 1

Node 18 (Branisamys+Chinchilloidea)

No synapomorphies

Node 19 (Dinomyidae)

Char. 19: 0 --> 1

Char. 29: 0 --> 1

Node 20 (Chinchilloidea)

Char. 1: 0 --> 1

Char. 9: 0 --> 1

Char. 14: 0 --> 1

Node 21 (‘Scleromys’ shurmanni+(Dinomys+Tetrastylus))

Char. 9: 1 --> 2

Char. 24: 0 --> 1

Char. 35: 0 --> 1

Node 22 (Dinomys+Tetrastylus)

Char. 1: 1 --> 2

Char. 5: 0 --> 1

Char. 7: 0 --> 1

Char. 8: 0 --> 1

Char. 17: 1 --> 0

Char. 26: 0 --> 1

Char. 33: 0 --> 1

Char. 37: 0 --> 1

Node 23 (Garridomys+Eoviscaccia+Chinchillidae+Neoepiblemidae)

Char. 3: 0 --> 1

Char. 5: 0 --> 1

Char. 8: 0 --> 1

Node 24 (Eoviscaccia+Chinchillidae+Neoepiblemidae)

Char. 7: 0 --> 1

Char. 43: 0 --> 1

Node 25 (Lagostominae)

Char. 6: 0 --> 1

Node 26 (Chinchillidae)

Char. 28: 1 --> 2

Char. 45: 0 --> 1

Node 27 (Chinchillidae+Neoepiblemidae)

Char. 1: 1 --> 2

Node 28 (Chinchillinae)

Char. 11: 1 --> 3

Char. 16: 0 --> 1

Char. 20: 0 --> 1

Char. 31: 0 --> 1

Node 30 (Neoepiblema+Phoberomys)

Char. 43: 1 --> 0

Node 31 (Neoepiblemidae)

Char. 7: 1 --> 2

Char. 8: 1 --> 0

Char. 22: 1 --> 0

Char. 24: 0 --> 1

Char. 27: 1 --> 0

Node 32 (Phoberomys)

Char. 44: 0 --> 1

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