S ystems Analysis Laboratory Helsinki University of Technology 1 We have the tools How to attract...

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S ystemsAnalysis LaboratoryHelsinki University of Technology

We have the toolsHow to attract the people?

Creating a culture of Web-based participation in environmental decision making

Raimo P. HämäläinenJyri Mustajoki

Mika Marttunen

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Web-tools

New possibilities to support participatory decision making • Decision analytical tools• Tools for participation

Experiences of web support in environmental management• Multiple objectives• Multiple stakeholders• Often in georaphically different locations

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Development of lake regulation policies

Lake Päijänne• 1995–1999

Lake Kallavesi• 1999–2001

Pirkanmaa lakes• 1999–2003

In collaboration with Finnish Environment Institute

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The tools usedwww.Decisionarium.hut.fi

Opinions-Online (www.opinion.hut.fi)Platform for global participation, voting, surveys, and group decisions

Web-HIPRE (www.hipre.hut.fi)Value tree based decision analysis and support

Joint Gains (www.jointgains.hut.fi) used only in a student role playing test

Multi-party negotiation support with the method of improving directions

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Opinions-Online v.2.0

Online generation of web-survey forms

Multiple / single choice questions

Open ended

Different ways of setting priorities• Ranking,• Approval voting,• Multiattribute rating

On-line analysis of the results• Possibility to view and link to the results according to

any field on the questionnaire• Allows to see differences between stakeholder groups

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Opinions-Online - Creating a new session

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Opinions-Online - Analysis of results

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Web-HIPRE

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Who can use Web-HIPRE to create and evaluate preference models?

• Requires methodological supportNot easily applicable with general public• Ok in steering groups with assistance

Independent analysis of steering group members' models with Web-HIPRE?• Possibly Ok – still risk of misunderstandings

Web-based learning material can help understand the methods and software

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Public

Web-HIPRE

Opinions-Online

Web Site

Decisio

n o

n reco

mm

end

ation

s

Steering Group

Results

to Web

Preferenceelicitation

Analysisof results

Preferenceelicitation

Information

Feedback Analysis ofthe feedback

Analysis ofthe feedback

Information

Analysisof results

Web

Ind

ep

en

de

nt

us

e A

ss

iste

du

se

Framework for the use of Web

Results

to Web

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Stages in a traditional participatory environmental policy process

1. Initial screening of stakeholder concerns

2. Evaluation and modeling of the problem

3. Informing the public, e.g. about decision recommendations

4. Collecting and analysing feedback from the public

5. Decision on policy recommendations

6. Public evaluates the decision

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1. Initial screening of stakeholder concerns

Web does not yet provide natural ways to inform about possibilities to participate

Traditional ways of informing the public still needed• Newspapers, radio, TV, …• Mail questionnaires

• Expensive to send and analyze

Once public has been informed, Web can be used for e-participation

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2. Evaluation and modeling of the problem

Decision analysis provides a transparent way to model preferences• Stakeholder weights and rankings can be

published on the Web

Decision analysis interviews• Analyst assures the proper use of the

methods

Decision conferences/workshops• Individual preference models as a basis of

discussion and group models

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Lake PäijänneSteering group, 20 people• Decision analysis interviews with HIPRE and

Web-HIPRE• Typical models publicly available on the Web

Initial screening by mail questionnaires

10 public meetings, including interactive DA

Closing seminar• 51 participants• Results of the value tree analyses• Opinions-Online feedback

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Lake Päijänne Web site

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3. Web Site for Informing the Public

Impacts of policy alternatives• Pictures, text, graphs, diagrams

Description of Web-HIPRE models of the steering group members• Clear separation of facts and values• Aim to explain the values and objectives of

different stakeholder groups• Can be analyzed by stakeholders in local

meetings

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Pirkanmaa lakes Web site

Information about the recommendations on the Web

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4. Collecting and analysing public feedback

Direct links to opinions-online surveys and results• opinions from different geographical areas and

stakeholder groups• people learn each others’ perspectives – feeling that

they have a voice

Everyone does not have access to Internet• Alternative ways to participate, e.g. by mail, should be

provided• Web tools can still be used by entering the opinions

from the mail questionnaires into the web

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Pirkanmaa lakes

Opinions-Online was the primary way to collect public feedback about the regulation recommendations• Web questionnaire and material broadly

advertised on:• e-Mail lists, Web pages• Local newspapers • Local radio and TV

• Possibility to alternatively reply by regular mail• 333 replied on the Web and 6 by mail

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Visits to the Web questionnaire

Open from February 19 to March 7

Weekend

Weekend

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Pirkanmaa lakes Web site

Results available for the public

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Is Web participation too easy?

• How to assure that stakeholders examine the different options thoroughly?

• E.g. in the Pirkanmaa Web questionnaire very few people visited the information material provided on the recommendations

Learning of the regulation and understanding of the other stakeholders' views may not happen

Public anchored onto just expressing a voice or a vote but were not ready for active participation?

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Discussion

The Web-based framework meets several objectives of public participation• Openness• Fairness• Clarification of facts and values• Opportunity for every person to present an

opinion - not only stakeholder representatives• Provides a possibility for an active role for the

public

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Culture grows from positive experiences

Collaboration of DA researchers and policy planners

Small steps

Simple Web-based tools first• Web pages for information• Surveys• Steering group use of DA tools• Interactive evaluation of decision models by stakeholdes

Can the public use DA tools independently?

This will take years

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How to attract the people?It is not enough to have tools – technology push does not work !

New innovations take 30 years to be accepted

eTools for participation are available but they are not enough:

Participation process has to be designed with a systems intelligent perspective

-Communication so that trust will not be lost

-Collaboration and learning as a working mode

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ReferencesM. Marttunen and R.P. Hämäläinen (1995): Decision analysis interviews in environmental impact assessment, European Journal of Operational Research, 87(3), 1995, 551-563.

M. Marttunen, E.A. Järvinen, J. Saukkonen and R.P. Hämäläinen (1999): Regulation of Lake Päijänne - a learning process preceding decision-making, Finnish Journal of Water Economy, 6, 29-37. (in Finnish)

J. Mustajoki and R.P.Hämäläinen (2000): Web-HIPRE: Global decision support by value tree and AHP analysis, INFOR, 38(3), 208-220.

R.P. Hämäläinen, E. Kettunen, M. Marttunen and H. Ehtamo (2001): Evaluating a Framework for Multi-Stakeholder Decision Support in Water Resources Management, Group Decision and Negotiation, 10(4), 331-353.

R.P. Hämäläinen (2003): Decisionarium - Aiding Decisions, Negotiating and Collecting Opinions on the Web, Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 12(2-3), 101-110

J. Mustajoki, R.P. Hämäläinen and M. Marttunen (2004): Participatory multicriteria decision support with Web-HIPRE: A case of lake regulation policy, Environmental Modelling & Software, 19(6), 537-547.

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Web sitesFindings of 20 years of research in environmental decision analysis and participation:www.environment.sal.hut.fi/

Lake Päijänne project: www.paijanne.hut.fi

Lake Kallavesi project: www.kallavesi.hut.fi

Pirkanmaa lakes project: www.pirkanmaa.hut.fi

Decisionarium: www.decisionarium.hut.fi

Finnish Environment Institute: www.vyh.fi

Water Resources in Finland:www.vyh.fi/eng/environ/state/waterre/waterre.htm

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