S Vocabulary reference

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Starter unit

Food

beans (n) /biːnz/ judías

carrots (n) /ˈkærəts/ zanahorias

cheese (n) /tʃiːz/ queso

chicken (n) /ˈtʃɪkɪn/ pollo

chilli sauce (n) /ˈtʃɪli sɔːs/ salsa de chile

pepper (n) /ˈpepə(r)/ pimienta

salt (n) /sɒlt/ sal

sugar (n) /ˈʃʊɡə(r)/ azúcar

yoghurt (n) /ˈjɒɡət/ yogur

crunchy (adj) /ˈkrʌntʃi/ crujiente

healthy (adj) /ˈhelθi/ sano, saludable

spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante, especiado

sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dulce

tasty (adj) /ˈteɪsti/ sabroso

Learn it

lose (v) /luːz/ perder

miss (v) /mɪs/ echar de menos

Feelings and qualities

angry (adj) /ˈæŋgri/ enfadado

excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ ilusionado, alterado

funny (adj) /ˈfʌni/ gracioso

lonely (adj) /ˈləʊnli/ solo

nervous (adj) /ˈnɜːvəs/ nervioso

relaxed (adj) /rɪˈlækst/ relajado

surprised (adj) /səˈpraɪzd/ sorprendido

tired (adj) /ˈtaɪəd/ cansado

Holidays

book a hotel / hostel / B and B (v)

/ˌbʊk ə həʊˈtel / ˈhɒstl / biː ən ˈbiː/reservar un hotelbuy souvenirs (v) /ˌbaɪ ˌsuːvəˈnɪəz/comprar souvenirsexplore a new place (v) /ɪkˌsplɔːr ə njuː ˈpleɪs/ explorar un lugar nuevoget sunburned (v) /ˌɡet ˈsʌnbɜːnd/quemarse (al sol)go abroad on holiday (v) /ˌɡəʊ əˌbrɔːd ɒn ˈhɒlədeɪ/ir de vacaciones al extranjerohave an accident (v) /ˌhæv ən ˈæksɪdənt/tener/sufrir un accidentehire a car (v) /ˌhaɪər ə ˈkɑː(r)/alquilar un cochelose your suitcase / passport (v)

/ˌluːz jɔː ˈsuːtkeɪs / ˈpɑːspɔːt/ perder la maleta / el pasaportemeet new people (v) /ˌmiːt njuː ˈpiːpl/conocer gente nuevamiss a flight / bus / train (v)

/ˌmɪs ə ˈflaɪt / ˈbʌs / ˈtreɪn/perder un vuelo / el autobús / el trensend a postcard (v) /ˌsend ə ˈpəʊstkɑːd/mandar una postal

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Grammar referenceS

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Starter unit

Past simple

Afirmativa You watched TV.

Negativa She did not / didn’t watch TV.

Interrogativa Did you watch TV?

UsosUtilizamos el past simple si sabemos cuándo se completó una acción en el pasado. Did you see the film? We saw the film last night. Verbos irregularesNo hay reglas para la formación de los verbos irregulares. Hay que aprendérselos en la lista.

Present simple and present continuous

Present simple Present continuous

Afirmativa I sometimes eat spicy food.He sometimes eats spicy food.

I am learning Greek.She is learning Greek.

Negativa We don’t eat spicy food.She doesn’t eat spicy food.

We aren’t learning Greek.He isn’t learning Greek.

Interrogativa Do you often eat spicy food?Does he often eat spicy food?

Are you learning Greek?Is she learning Greek?

UsosEl present continuous describe acciones que se están desarrollando mientras hablamos. They’re shopping for clothes at the moment.También se utiliza para referirse al futuro inmediato. I’m having a coffee with my friend this afternoon.Utilizamos el present simple para hablar de acciones que se repiten y cosas que son, en general, ciertas. She reads her book every night.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

+ = −

Breve sweet sweeter as/so sweet as not as/so sweet as the sweetest

Largo interesting more interesting as/so interesting as not as/so interesting as the most interesting

Irregular good bad

betterworse

as/so good asas/so bad as

not as/so good asnot as/so bad as

the bestthe worst

UsosUtilizamos el comparativo + than para comparar dos o más cosas o personas diferentes. A melon is sweeter than an orange.Se utiliza as/so + adjetivo + as para comparar dos cosas o personas iguales. This melon is as/so sweet as the orange I had earlier.Empleamos el superlativo para comparar tres o más cosas o personas entre sí. Of the three dishes, the curry is the tastiest one.

1 Vocabulary reference

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 1 Time for change

Word builder: noun suffixes 1

arrive (v) /əˈraɪv/ llegar

arrival (n) /əˈraɪvl/ llegada

populate (v) /ˈpɒpjuleɪt/ poblar

population (n) /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ población, número de habitantes

protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger

protection (n) /prəˈtekʃn/ protección

survive (v) /səˈvaɪv/ sobrevivir

survival (n) /səˈvaɪvl/ supervivencia

Learn it!

career /kəˈrɪə(r)/ trayectoria profesional

study for a degree /ˌstʌdi fər ə dɪˈɡriː/cursar un grado / una licenciatura

Functional language

Reacting to newsHow awful / surprising / exciting!

That’s fantastic / dreadful / understandable!

Oh dear! / no! / really?

What a pity / shame!

That sounds nice / terrible!

What is / was it like?

How do / did you feel?

What happened next?

Behaviour

acceptable (adj) /əkˈseptəbl/ aceptable

common (adj) /ˈkɒmən/ normal, habitual

direct (adj) /dəˈrekt, dɪ-, daɪ-/ directo

dishonest (adj) /dɪsˈɒnɪst/ mentiroso

easy-going (adj) /ˌiːziˈɡəʊɪŋ/ de trato fácil

fair (adj) /feə(r)/ justo

familiar (adj) /fəˈmɪliə(r)/ conocido

honest (adj) /ˈɒnɪst/ sincero

indirect (adj) /ˌɪndəˈrekt, -dɪ-, -daɪ-/ no directo

obligatory (adj) /əˈblɪɡətri/ obligatorio

rare (adj) /reə(r)/ poco común

strict (adj) /strɪkt/ estricto

unacceptable (adj) /ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl/ inaceptable

unfair (adj) /ˌʌnˈfeə(r)/ injusto

unfamiliar (adj) /ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)/ desconocido

voluntary (adj) /ˈvɒləntri/ voluntario

Personal qualities

active (adj) /ˈæktɪv/ activo

adventurous (adj) /ədˈventʃərəs/ aventurero

ambitious (adj) /æmˈbɪʃəs/ ambicioso

artistic (adj) /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/ artístico

confident (adj) /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ seguro de sí mismo

creative (adj) /kriˈeɪtɪv/ creativo

curious (adj) /ˈkjʊəriəs/ curioso

hard-working (adj) /ˌhɑːd ˈwɜːkɪŋ/ trabajador

logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/ lógico

mathematical (adj) /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkl/ matemático

organized (adj) /ˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ organizado

sociable (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ sociable

Growing up ceremonies

hunt (v) /hʌnt/ cazar

status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ estado

tattoo (n) /təˈtuː/ tatuaje

tribe (n) /traɪb/ tribu

warrior (n) /ˈwɒriə(r)/ guerrero, guerrera

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Grammar reference1

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 1 Time for change

Modals of obligation, prohibition and necessity: have to, must and need to

AfirmativaI / You / We / They have to / had to / need to / needed to / must read.He / She / It has / had to / needs / needed to read.

Negativa I / You / We / They don’t have to / didn’t have to / don’t need to / didn’t need to stay.He / She / It doesn’t have to / didn’t have to / doesn’t need to / didn’t need to / mustn’t stay.

Interrogativa Do / Did I / you / we / they have to / need to finish?Does / Did he / she / it have to / need to read?

Must tiene la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto. Se utiliza con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.

Usos• Have to y must se utilizan para describir una obligación o una norma.• Don’t have to se emplea para referirse a algo que no es obligatorio.• Lo contrario de must y have to es mustn’t, que describe una prohibición.• En la forma interrogativa se utiliza have to, y no must.• Need to se emplea para hablar de algo que es necesario hacer.

Modals of ability and permission: can, will be able to and allow / be allowed to

Las formas de can, could y will be able to son las mismas para todos los pronombres sujeto.

Afirmativa I can speak French. They could speak French. We will be able to speak French.

Negativa I can’t speak French. You couldn’t speak French. She won’t be able to speak French.

Interrogativa Can you speak French? Could he speak French? Will you be able to speak French?

Allow sigue el patrón de los verbos regulares. Para utilizar be allowed to, solo hay que cambiar el verbo be.

Afirmativa The teacher allows / allowed Sam to leave early.

Sam was / The Students were allowed to leave early.

Negativa The teacher doesn’t / didn’t allow Sam to leave early.

Students aren’t allowed to leave early.Sam wasn’t allowed to leave early.

Interrogativa Does / Did the teacher allow students to leave early?

Are / Were students allowed to leave early?

Usos• Allow someone to y be allowed to se utilizan para expresar permiso.

Modals of advice: should, ought to

Should / ought to tienen la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto.

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

Lauren should / ought to be more hard-working.

We shouldn’t / ought not to make a lot of noise.

What should Kay do?

Usos• Should / ought to se utilizan para dar consejos o hacer recomendaciones. Empleamos ought to en frases

afirmativas y negativas, mientras que should se utiliza en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

2 Vocabulary reference

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 2 Storytelling

reader (n) /ˈriːdə(r)/ lector, lectora

scene (n) /siːn/ escena

setting (n) /ˈsetɪŋ/ escenario

Storytelling 2

(have a) gift (n) /ˌhæv ə ˈɡɪft/ (tener un) don

ghost (n) /ɡəʊst/ fantasma

(tell a) joke (n) /ˌtel ə ˈdʒəʊk/ (contar un) chiste

live (adj) /laɪv/ en vivo, en directo

performer (n) /pəˈfɔːmə(r)/ artista

(tell a) legend (n) /ˌtel ə ˈledʒənd/ (contar una) leyenda

Word builder: adverbs of degree

a bit (adv) /ə ˈbɪt/ un poco

incredibly (adv) /ɪnˈkredɪbli/ increíblemente

quite (adv) /kwaɪt/ bastante, muy

very (adv) /ˈveri/ muy

Learn it!

Common errorcharacter (n) /ˈkærəktə(r)/ personaje

Functional language

Expressing preferencesI’d prefer … (to + infinitive)

I’d prefer not to.

I’d love … (to + infinitive)

I don’t really like …

That sounds much better than …

Describing films

action and adventure /ˌækʃn ənd ədˈventʃə(r)/ de acción y aventuras

animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/ animación, dibujos animados

comedy /ˈkɒmədi/ comedia

documentary /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/ documental

horror /ˈhɒrə(r)/ de terror

sci-fi and fantasy /ˌsaɪ faɪ ən ˈfæntəsi/ de ciencia ficción y fantasía

thriller /ˈθrɪlə(r)/ thriller, de suspense

disappointing (adj) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ decepcionante

dramatic (adj) /drəˈmætɪk/ impresionante, espectacular

dull (adj) /dʌl/ soso

entertaining (adj) /ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ/ entretenido

exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emocionante

frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo

funny (adj) /ˈfʌni/ gracioso

informative (adj) /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/ informativo

original (adj) /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original

predictable (adj) /prɪˈdɪktəbl/ predecible

realistic (adj) /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ realista

shocking (adj) /ˈʃɒkɪŋ/ impactante

spectacular (adj) /spekˈtækjələ(r)/ espectacular

surprising (adj) /səˈpraɪzɪŋ/ sorprendente

Storytelling 1

actor (n) /ˈæktə(r)/ actor

beginning (n) /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ comienzo

critic (n) /ˈkrɪtɪk/ crítico, crítica

editor (n) /ˈedɪtə(r)/ editor, editora

ending (n) /ˈendɪŋ/ final, desenlace

film director (n) /ˈfɪlm dəˌrektə(r), dɪ-, daɪ-/ director, directora de cine

main character (n) /meɪn ˈkærəktə(r)/ personaje principal

novelist (n) /ˈnɒvəlɪst/ novelista

plot (n) /plɒt/ argumento

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Grammar reference2

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 2 Storytelling

Past simple

Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They watched a film last night.

Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They didn’t watch a film last night.

Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they watch a film last night?

Past continuous

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I was reading. I wasn’t reading. Was I reading?

You were reading.

You weren’t reading.

Were you reading?

He / She was reading.It was raining.

He / She wasn’t reading.It wasn’t raining.

Was he / she reading?Was it raining?

We / They were reading.

We / They weren’t reading.

Were we / they reading?

UsosEl past continuous se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el pasado. Jess was writing a review.

Past simple and past continuous;

when / while

UsosEl past simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción que se completó en el pasado. Andy met his friends at the Zombie Lab

yesterday afternoon.El past continuous describe una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado. What were you doing at seven o’clock? They weren’t showing the film.When y whileUtilizamos el past continuous y el past simple en la misma frase cuando una acción interrumpe otra. El past continuous describe la acción más larga, y el past simple la acción que la interrumpe. En general, utilizamos while con el past continuous, y when con el past simple. While we were watching the film at the cinema,

my mobile phone rang! I was watching a short film on the internet

when the electricity went off.

Quantifiers: too, too much, too many,

(not) enough

Adjetivos Sustantivos contables

Sustantivos incontables

The plot is too predictable.

There are too many special effects.

There’s too much dialogue in the film.

The film isn’t exciting enough!

Are there enough tickets for everybody?

There’s enough action.

too many / too much = más de lo necesarioenough = la cantidad necesarianot enough = no la cantidad necesariaUsosToo se utiliza delante de los adjetivos. The novel is too long.Utilizamos too many delante de los sustantivos contables en plural. There are too many short films in the competition.Empleamos too much delante de los sustantivos incontables. There was too much violence in the film.Se utiliza (not) enough detrás de los adjetivos. Lily’s story isn’t interesting enough.Utilizamos (not) enough delante de sustantivos incontables y sustantivos contables en plural. The play didn’t have enough romance. The film received enough awards.

Verbs with -ing and to

Verbo + -ing Verbo + to Ambos

dislike, don’t mind, enjoy, recommend, miss, stop

agree, appear, learn, decide, plan, promise, seem, want

like, love, hate, can’t stand, prefer, start

A menudo necesitamos utilizar un verbo seguido de otro. El segundo verbo puede adoptar formas distintas. En algunos casos, va seguido de una forma en -ing. I enjoy singing. Otros verbos van seguidos del infinitivo con to. I wanted to go home.Hay verbos a los que pueden acompañar tanto la forma en -ing como el infinitivo con to. I’d love to come to your party. They love travelling.

3 Vocabulary reference

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 3 Choices, choices

Food adjectives

delicious (adj) /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ delicioso

mild (adj) /maɪld/ suave

nutritious (adj) /njuˈtrɪʃəs/ nutritivo

sour (adj) /ˈsaʊə(r)/ ácido, amargo

spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante, especiado

sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dulce

Learn it!

Common errorborrow (v) /ˈbɒrəʊ/ tomar prestado

lend (v) /lend/ prestar

Functional language

Making and responding to suggestionsWhat about … ? / How about … ? (+ -ing)

Why don’t we … ?

Let’s … (+ infinitive)

No, that’s boring.

That’s not a bad idea, but …

That sounds like a good idea / plan.

I’m happy with that suggestion.

Reaching an agreementDo we all agree (with that idea / suggestion)?

Yes, definitely.

Yes, that’s fine by me.

Money and shopping

afford (v) /əˈfɔːd/ permitirse

bargain (n) /ˈbɑːɡən/ ganga

be worth (v) /ˌbi ˈwɜːθ/ valer

borrow (v) /ˈbɒrəʊ/ tomar prestado

brand (n) /brænd/ marca

cost (v) /kɒst/ costar

discount (n) /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ descuento

lend (v) /lend/ prestar

sales (n) /seɪlz/ rebajas

save up (v) /ˌseɪv ˈʌp/ ahorrar

waste (v) /weɪst/ desperdiciar

Free-time activities

archery (n) /ˈɑːtʃəri/ tiro con arco

athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ atletismo

computer skills (n) / kəmˈpjuːtə skɪlz/ conocimientos informáticos

drama (n) /ˈdrɑːmə/ teatro

fashion design (n) /ˈfæʃn dɪˌzaɪn/ diseño de moda

kayaking (n) /ˈkaɪækɪŋ/ kayak

rock climbing (n) /ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ/ escalada

street art (n) /ˈstriːt ɑːt/ arte callejero

street dance (n) /ˈstriːt dɑːns/ danza callejera

trail biking (n) /ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ/ andar en bicicleta de montaña

wakeboarding (n) /ˈweɪkbɔːdɪŋ/ skateboarding, skate acuático

Phrasal verbs

catch up (v) /ˌkætʃ ˈʌp/ alcanzar

fill up (v) /ˌfɪl ˈʌp/ llenarse

join in (v) /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ unirse a, incorporarse a

miss out (v) /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt/ perderse (algo)

pick up (v) /ˈpɪk ˌʌp/ aprender, adquirir

queue up (v) /ˈkjuː ˌʌp/ hacer cola

set up (v) /ˈset ˌʌp/ colocar

take up (v) /ˈteɪk ˌʌp/ probar, empezar a practicar

try out (v) /ˌtraɪ ˈaʊt/ probar

turn up (v) /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ acudir

wash up (v) /ˌwɒʃ ˈʌp/ fregar los platos

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Grammar reference3

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 3 Choices, choices

Present perfect with for and since

En las frases de present perfect, for y since describen la duración de una acción o un hecho que empezó en el pasado y sigue en el presente.Utilizamos “for + periodo de tiempo” para describir la duración de una actividad (for five years). For suele ir seguido de una expresión temporal: for three months, for five days, etc. I’ve had the same mobile phone for two years.

(And I still have it.)Utilizamos “since + expresión de tiempo” para indicar en qué momento del pasado se inició la acción (since last week). Since se coloca delante de la expresión de tiempo. My mum has been a shop owner since 2011.How long se utiliza con el present perfect para preguntar acerca de la duración de una acción. En general, la respuesta contiene for o since. ‘How long has your mum been a shop owner?’

‘Since 2011’ / ‘For three years.’

Present perfect with still, yet and

already

UsosUtilizamos still, yet y already con el present perfect.Still y yet refuerzan la idea de que una situación no ha cambiado. Still se utiliza en frases negativas, delante de has / have. Yet se coloca al final de la frase. Kylie still hasn’t bought a dress for the

wedding. Tim hasn’t picked up any rock climbing skills

yet.Yet se coloca al final de la forma interrogativa del present perfect para preguntar si alguien ha hecho algo. Have you taken up Italian yet?Already se utiliza con la forma afirmativa del present perfect para subrayar el hecho de que alguien ha hecho algo. Se coloca entre has / have y el participio pasado. Beth has already caught up with the other

riders.

Present perfect

Afirmativa

I / You have started. I’ve / You’ve started.

He / She / It has started.

He’s / She’s / It’s started.

We / They have started. We’ve / They’ve started.

Negativa

I / You have not started. I / You haven’t started.

He / She / It has not started.

He / She / It hasn’t started.

We / They have not started.

We / They haven’t started.

Interrogativa

Have I / you started? Where have I / you started?

Has he / she / it started?

Why has he / she / it started?

Have we / they started? Why have we / they started?

En la forma oral de las frases afirmativas se suelen utilizar las formas contractas (’s / ’ve / haven’t / hasn’t) precedidas de un pronombre sujeto. En los textos formales utilizamos las formas completas ( have / has, have not / has not).Nota: no se debe confundir la forma breve de has (’s) con la de is (también ’s).El participio pasado se construye como el past simple.Verbos regulares: start ➞ started study ➞ studiedVerbos irregulares:Consulta la lista.UsosEl present perfect se utiliza para hablar de experiencias y hechos del pasado, en aquellos casos en los que no se sabe, o no es importante saber, cuándo sucedieron. I’ve borrowed £20. I haven’t taken up athletics this year. There has been a lot of noise upstairs lately.A veces usamos ever en cuestiones a significar en cualquier momento en nuestra vida hasta este momento. Have you ever tried out wakeboarding?

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 4 Communication

4 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: -ing and -ed adjectives

embarrassed (adj) /ɪmˈbærəst/ avergonzado

embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ embarazoso

excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ ilusionado, alterado

exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emocionante

frightened (adj) /ˈfraɪtnd/ asustado

frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo

irritated (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ enfadado

irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ molesto, irritante

Functional language

Asking for help on the phoneI’ve just bought … and I need some help with it.

Could you explain how to … (+ infinitive)?

Can you tell me … ?

Could you help me with … , please?

Good afternoon, … . How can I help you?

Thank you very much for your help.

Emotions

amusing (adj) /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ gracioso

annoying (adj) /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ molesto, irritante

confusing (adj) /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/ confuso

embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ embarazoso

fascinating (adj) /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ fascinante

frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo

frustrating (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ/ frustrante

inspiring (adj) /ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ/ inspirador

irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ molesto, irritante

motivating (adj) /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ motivador

relaxing (adj) /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/ relajante

upsetting (adj) /ʌpˈsetɪŋ/ triste

worrying (adj) /ˈwʌriɪŋ/ preocupante

Gadgets

browse (v) /braʊz/ mirar, echar un vistazo a/en

charge (v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ cargar

mute (v) /mjuːt/ quitar el sonido

plug in (v) /ˌplʌɡ ˈɪn/ enchufar

press (v) /pres/ pulsar

scroll (v) /skrəʊl/ desplazarse

swipe (v) /swaɪp/ pasar

switch off (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ apagar

switch on (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒn/ encender

tap (v) /tæp/ tocar, introducir

unplug (v) /ˌʌnˈplʌɡ/ desenchufar

update (v) /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ actualizar

Communicating with music

express (v) /ɪkˈspres/ expresar

hit (v) /hɪt/ golpear

invite (v) /ɪnˈvaɪt/ invitar

spread news (v) /ˌspred ˈnjuːz/ difundir noticias

squeeze (v) /skwiːz/ estrujar, exprimir

warn (v) /wɔːn/ avisar, advertir

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Grammar reference4

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 4 Communication

Present perfect and past simple

Present perfect

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I / You / We / They have seen the film.

I / You / We / They haven’t seen the film.

Have I / you / we / they seen the film?

He / She / It has arrived.

He / She / It hasn’t arrived.

Has he / she / it arrived?

Consulta el past simple en la página 82.UsosEl present perfect se utiliza para describir acciones que empezaron en el pasado y siguen en la actualidad. He has lived in Canada since 2013.El past simple describe acciones que se completaron en el pasado, si sabemos exactamente cuándo. He moved to Canada two years ago.Utilizamos distintas expresiones temporales con cada tiempo verbal.Con el past simple, se utilizan expresiones que especifican el momento concreto en el que se dio la acción:yesterday, last night, last week, last year, at six o’clock, etc.Con el present perfect, incluimos expresiones referidas al momento en el que comenzó la acción, o al periodo que va desde entonces hasta ahora:since (2010), for (10 years)

Present perfect with ever and never

UsosUtilizamos ever con la forma interrogativa del present perfect para preguntar si alguien ha hecho algo a lo largo de su vida, hasta el momento actual. Ever va detrás de have/has y el sujeto, y delante del participio pasado. Has Pete ever visited his aunt in Canada? Never se utiliza en frases en present perfect para decir que no hemos algo en nuestra vida, al menos hasta este momento. Se utiliza con la forma afirmativa del verbo, y se coloca ente have/has y el participio pasado. They have never eaten Japanese food.

Subject and object questions

Subject questionsEn las preguntas sobre el sujeto, la partícula interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o cosa que realiza la acción (el sujeto del verbo).

‘Who phoned you last night?’ ‘Carl phoned me.’ ‘ What caused the accident?’ ‘The icy weather

caused it.’

Las preguntas sobre el sujeto se construyen con una partícula interrogativa y el verbo principal. Tienen la misma estructura que las frases afirmativas, y no incluyen verbos auxiliares.

Who painted the Mona Lisa ?

partícula interrogativa (= sujeto)

verbo principal

objeto

Object questionsEn las preguntas sobre el objeto, la partícula interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o cosa que recibe la acción (el objeto del verbo).

‘What did you drink?’ ‘I drank orange juice.’ ‘Where did you go?’ ‘I went to the cinema.’

Las preguntas sobre el objeto se construyen con un verbo auxiliar y el infinitivo del verbo principal.

Who did you call ?

partícula interrogativa (= objeto)

auxiliar sujeto infinitivo del verbo principal

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 5 A life of crime

5 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: negative prefixes

fair (adj) /fea(r)/ justo

unfair (adj) /ʌnˈfea(r)/ injusto

legal (adj) /ˈliːɡ(a)l/ legal

illegal (adj) /ɪˈliːɡ(a)l ilegal

logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪk(a)l/ lógico

illogical (adj) /ɪˈlɒdʒɪk(a)l/ ilógico

possible (adj) /ˈpɒsɪb(a)l/ posible

impossible (adj) /ɪmˈpɒsɪb(a)l/ imposible

responsible (adj) /rɪˈspɒnsɪb(a)l/ responsable

irresponsible (adj) /ɪrɪˈspɒnsɪb(a)l/ irresponsable

Learn it!

Common errorburglar (n) /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ ladrón, ladrona (de casas)

thief (n) /θiːf/ ladrón, ladrona

Functional language

Describing a photoat the bottom / top

behind

in the background / foreground

in the corner / middle

on the left / right

He / She can’t be

He / She could be

He / She might be

He / She must be

Criminals and crime fighters

burglar (n) /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ ladrón, ladrona (de casas)

detective (n) /dɪˈtektɪv/ detective

fraudster (n) /ˈfrɔːdstə(r)/ estafador, estafadora

judge (n) /dʒʌdʒ/ juez, jueza

lawyer (n) /ˈlɔːjə(r)/ abogado, abogada

mugger (n) /ˈmʌɡə(r)/ atacante (ladrón, ladrona)

police officer (n) /pəˈliːs ˌɒfɪsə(r)/ agente de policía

private investigator (n) /ˌpraɪvət ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪtə(r)/ investigador/a privado/a

thief (n) /θiːf/ ladrón, ladrona

traffic warden (n) /ˈtræfɪk ˌwɔːdn/ agente de tráfico

Crimes

arson (n) /ˈɑːsn/ incendio provocado

burglary (n) /ˈbɜːɡləri/ robo

credit card fraud /ˈkredɪt ˌkɑːd ˌfrɔːd/ fraude con tarjetas de crédito

drug-dealing (n) /ˈdrʌɡ ˌdiːlɪŋ/ tráfico de drogas

forgery (n) /ˈfɔːdʒəri/ falsificación

identity theft /aɪˈdentəti ˌθeft/ usurpación de identidad

mugging (n) /ˈmʌɡɪŋ/ robo con asalto

pickpocketing (n) /ˈpɪkpɒkɪtɪŋ/ robo (de carteristas)

shoplifting (n) /ˈʃɒplɪftɪŋ/ robo (en comercios)

speeding (n) /ˈspiːdɪŋ/ exceso de velocidad

vandalism (n) /ˈvændəlɪzəm/ vandalismo

People in town

business owner (n) /ˈbɪznəs ˌəʊnə(r)/ dueño, dueña de un negocio

ecologist (n) /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/ecologista

household (n) /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ casa, familia

local council (n) /ˌləʊkl ˈkaʊnsl/ ayuntamiento

resident (n) /ˈrezɪdənt/ residente

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Grammar reference5

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 5 A life of crime

Relative pronouns

Se utiliza para…

who personas

which cosas/ideas

where lugares

whose posesión / pertenencia

UsosLos pronombres relativos who y which muestran la persona, el objeto o la idea a la que nos referimos. He’s the man who the police arrested. The sandwich which I made wasn’t very nice.Utilizamos el adverbio relativo where para indicar el lugar al que nos estamos refiriendo. This is the office where she works.Whose hace referencia a una persona que posee o es dueña de algo.

He’s the boy whose bag she took.

(dueño) (posesión)

Modals of deduction

Certeza must She / He must be the thief.

Imposibilidad can’t

She / He can’t be the thief

Posibilidad could / may / might

She / He may / might be the thief.He could be the thief.

UsosMust describe certeza cuando creemos que algo es, sin ninguna duda, cierto. You saw the crime, so you must know who

did it.En ocasiones, incluimos probably en la frase. You saw the crime, so you probably know who

did it.A veces, cuando describimos algo que puede ser cierto, utilizamos perhaps. Perhaps you left your keys in the car.Empleamos can’t para hablar de algo que creemos imposible, o, sin duda, falso. This can’t be Mia’s house. It’s too big.Could, may, might se utilizan para hablar de algo que es posiblemente cierto. We may go to the concert, depending on the

price of the tickets. My mum might be at home, but I’m not sure.

Your keys could be in the cupboard.

Past perfect

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I / You / He / She / It / We / They had started.

I / You / He / She / It / We / They hadn’t begun.

Had I / you / he / she / it / we / they fallen?

I / You / He / She / It / We / They’d started.

I / You / He / She / It / We / They hadn’t begun.

El past perfect se construye con had + el participio pasado del verbo.UsosEl past perfect se utiliza cuando hablamos del pasado y hacemos referencia a un pasado anterior a él. Para la acción más reciente, utilizamos el past simple. I thought I had locked the door, but I hadn’t. Had you seen my note when I phoned?El past perfect se emplea para responder a preguntas sobre el pasado encabezadas por How long? How long had you been a detective when you

retired? I’d been a detective for twenty years.

Used to + infinitive

Afirmativa My uncle used to be a police officer. Now he is a private detective.

Negativa They didn’t use to have security in the shopping centre, but now they do.

Interrogativa Did he use to create false identities?

UsosUtilizamos used to + infinitivo para hablar de hábitos o estados del pasado que ya no se dan en la actualidad.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 6 Creativity

6 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: compound nouns

baseball match (n) /ˈbeɪsbɔːl mætʃ/ partido de béisbol

football pitch (n) /ˈfʊtbɔːl pɪtʃ/ campo de fútbol

hockey stick (n) /ˈhɒki stɪk/ palo/stick de hockey

ice hockey (n) /ˈaɪs ˌhɒki/ hockey sobre hielo

ice rink (n) /ˈaɪs rɪŋk/ pista de hielo

ice skates (n) /ˈaɪs skeɪts/ patines para el hielo

lacrosse pitch /ləˈkrɒs pɪtʃ/ campo de lacrosse

lacrosse stick (n) /ləˈkrɒs stɪk/ palo de lacrosse

spectator sports (n) /spekˈteɪtə spɔːts/ deportes de/para espectadores

sports coach (n) /ˈspɔːts kəʊtʃ/ preparador/a deportivo/a

summer sport (n) /ˈsʌmə spɔːt/ deporte de verano

Learn it! Collective nouns

club /klʌb/ club, grupo

crowd /kraʊd/ multitud

team /tiːm/ equipo

Functional language

Talking about foodHow is it cooked?

It’s cooked on the grill / in the oven / in a pan.

What’s it made from?

What does it come with?

That smells / looks / sounds / tastes …

I don’t like the smell / look / sound / taste of it.

… are favourites / is a favourite of mine.

I prefer … to …

Environment verbs

bury (v) /ˈberi/ enterrar

destroy (v) /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ destruir

dump (v) /dʌmp/ arrojar

poison (v) /ˈpɔɪzn/ envenenar

pollute (v) /pəˈluːt/ contaminar

preserve (v) /prɪˈzɜːv/ preservar

protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger

recycle (v) /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ reciclar

reduce (v) /rɪˈdjuːs/ reducir

reuse (v) /ˌriːˈjuːz/ reutilizar

save (v) /seɪv/ ahorrar

throw away (v) /ˌθrəʊ əˈweɪ/ tirar, desechar

Technology adjectives

convenient (adj) /kənˈviːniənt/ conveniente

efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ eficiente

high-quality (adj) /ˈhaɪ ˌkwɒləti/ de buena calidad

impractical (adj) /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ poco práctico

inconvenient (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt/ inadecuado

inefficient (adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt/ poco eficiente

low-quality (adj) /ˈləʊ ˌkwɒləti/ de poca/baja calidad

practical (adj) /ˈpræktɪkl/ práctico

reliable (adj) /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable

time-consuming (adj) /ˈtaɪm kənˌsjuːmɪŋ/ que requiere tiempo

time-saving (adj) /ˈtaɪm ˌseɪvɪŋ/ que ahorra tiempo

unreliable (adj) /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ poco fiable

useful (adj) /ˈjuːsfl/ útil

useless (adj) /ˈjuːsləs/ inútil

Winter sports

goal (n) /ɡəʊl/ gol

ice rink (n) /ˈaɪs rɪŋk/ pista de hielo

pass (v) /pɑːs/ pasar

slide (v) /slaɪd/ deslizarse

spectator (n) /spekˈteɪtə(r)/ espectador, espectadora

trophy (n) /ˈtrəʊfi/ trofeo

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Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 6 Creativity

Grammar reference6Usos

La voz pasiva se utiliza para decir lo que le ocurre al sujeto de la frase. En las frases pasivas, el énfasis se centra en la acción, que es más importante que la persona que la realiza.

Past simple passive

Para construir el past simple de la voz pasiva, utilizamos esta estructura: sujeto + past simple de be + participio pasado The laptop was stolen. The emails were written by me.

Para construir la forma negativa, se emplea esta estructura: sujeto + past simple de be + not + participio pasado The burgers were not cooked properly. The house wasn’t cleaned.

Afirmativa Negativa

I was told. I wasn’t told.

You were told. You weren’t told.

He / She / It was told. He / She / It wasn’t told.

We / You / They were told.

We / You / They weren’t told.

Construimos el past simple de la forma interrogativa de la voz pasiva con esta estructura: past simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado Was the thief caught?

En las respuestas breves, solo utilizamos la forma de past simple del verbo be. Were trainers worn in the 1800s? No, they weren’t.

Interrogativa Respuestas breves

Afirmativa Negativa

Was I told? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

Were you told? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.

Was he / she / it told?

Yes, he / she / it was.

No, he / she / it wasn’t.

Were we / you / they told?

Yes, we / you/ they were.

No, we / you / they weren’t.

Present simple passive

Para construir el present simple de la voz pasiva, utilizamos la siguiente estructura:

sujeto + present simple de be + participio pasado

English is spoken here. We’re invited to the party.

Para formar la negativa, empleamos esta estructura: sujeto + present simple de be + not + participio pasado The dresses are not made by hand. Ice hockey isn’t played in the summer.

Afirmativa Negativa

I’m invited. I’m not invited.

You’re invited. You aren’t invited.

He’s / She’s / It’s invited.

He / She / It isn’t invited.

We’re / You’re / They’re invited.

We / You / They aren’t invited.

Construimos la forma interrogativa del presente de la voz pasiva con esta estructura:

present simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado: Is football played in the summer?

En las respuestas breves, solo incluimos la forma de present simple de be. Are the fish fed every day? Yes, they are.

Interrogativa Respuestas breves

Afirmativa Negativa

Am I invited? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Are you invited? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.

Is he / she / it invited?

Yes, he / she / it is.

No, he / she / it isn’t.

Are we / you / they invited?

Yes, we / you/ they are.

No, we / you / they aren’t.

Utilizamos by para introducir el complemento agente, es decir, la persona o el objeto que realiza la acción. All the songs are written by James. Many accidents are caused by speeding.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 7 A big improvement

7 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: -ing form as a subject

find out (v) – finding out (n) /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ / /ˌfaɪndɪŋ ˈaʊt/ descubrir – encontrar, descubrir

get up (v) – getting up (n)/ˌɡet ˈʌp/ / /ˌɡetɪŋ ˈʌp/ levantarse – levantarse

set up (v) – setting up (n)/ˌset ˈʌp/ / /ˌsetɪŋ ˈʌp/ colocar – poner en marcha

work (v) – working (n) /wɜːk/ / /ˈwɜːkɪŋ/ trabajar – trabajar

Learn it!

False friendscarpet (n) /ˈkɑːpɪt/ moqueta

folder (n) /ˈfəʊldə/ carpeta

Functional language

Preparing for travelWhere are you flying to?

Would you like a window or an aisle seat?

Has anyone interfered with your bags since you packed them?

Do you have any hand luggage?

How many stops is that?

Which … does the … leave from?

Is the … on time?

Sports qualities

accuracy (n) /ˈækjərəsi/ precisión

balance (n) /ˈbæləns/ equilibro

coordination (n) /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/ coordinación

flexibility (n) /ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ flexibilidad

resistance (n) /rɪˈzɪstəns/ resistencia

speed (n) /spiːd/ velocidad

strength (n) /streŋθ/ fortaleza

beat (v) /biːt/ ganar, vencer

compete (v) /kəmˈpiːt/ competir

draw (v) /drɔː/ empatar

improve (v) /ɪmˈpruːv/ mejorar

take the lead (v) /ˌteɪk ðə ˈliːd/ ir primero, ser el líder

Household jobs

change the sheets (v) /ˌtʃeɪndʒ ðə ˈʃiːts/ cambiar las sábanas

clean the worktop (v) /ˌkliːn ðə ˈwɜːktɒp/ limpiar la superficie de trabajo

close the blinds (v) /ˌkləʊz ðə ˈblaɪndz/ cerrar las persianas

cut the grass (v) /ˌkʌt ðə ˈɡrɑːs/ cortar la hierba

do the washing (v) /ˌduː ðə ˈwɒʃɪŋ/ hacer la colada

empty the bin (v) /ˌempti ðə ˈbɪn/ vaciar el cubo de la basura

mop the floor (v) /ˌmɒp ðə ˈflɔː(r)/ limpiar el suelo

set the table (v) /ˌset ðə ˈteɪbl/ poner la mesa

vacuum the carpet (v) /ˌvækjuəm ðə ˈkɑːpɪt/ pasar el aspirador

wash the dishes (v) /ˌwɒʃ ðə ˈdɪʃɪz/ fregar los platos

Social networks

cutting-edge (adj) /ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ (tecnología) punta

post (v) /pəʊst/ publicar

profile picture (n) /ˈprəʊfaɪl ˌpɪktʃə(r)/ fotografía de perfil

share (v) /ʃeə(r)/ compartir

status update (n) /ˈsteɪtəs ˌʌpdeɪt/ actualizar estado

upload (v) /ˌʌpˈləʊd/ cargar

VOC APP

Grammar reference7

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 7 A big improvement

Future with will

Afirmativa He will go.

Negativa They won’t go.

Interrogativa Will you go?

Will se utiliza con el infinitivo sin to. La forma es la misma para todos los pronombres sujeto. He will play in the match.La forma negativa es will not, que a menudo se contrae como won’t. I will not arrive on time. = I won’t arrive on

time.UsosUtilizamos will y won’t para expresar una opinión sobre el futuro, y para hacer predicciones basadas en lo que nosotros creemos, sin evidencias externas (consulta el apartado sobre be going to). We’ll have a good time at the weekend.También empleamos will para describir decisiones espontáneas. It’s hot. I’ll open the window.

Future with be going to

Afirmativa I’m going to stay here.He / She / It’s going to stay here.We / You / They’re going to stay here.

Negativa I’m not going to stay here.He / She / It isn’t going to stay here.We / You / They aren’t going to stay here.

Interrogativa Am I going to stay here?Is he / she / it going to stay here?Are we / you / they going to stay here?

UsosUtilizamos be going to / not going to para describir planes y decisiones sobre el futuro. We’re going to go rock climbing at the

weekend.Be going to describe predicciones basadas en evidencias externas que vemos o de las que somos conocedores. He’s driving too fast. He’s going to have an

accident!

Future continuous

Afirmativa Tomorrow at this time I’ll be relaxing on the beach. I really need a holiday!

Negativa They won’t be waiting for me at the airport when I arrive.

Interrogativa Will you be staying with your aunt in Rome?

UsosEl future continuous describe hechos que se estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro.

Indefinite pronouns

Afirmativa Negativa e interrogativa

Cosas somethingeverythingnothing

anything

Lugares somewhereeverywherenowhere

anywhere

Personas someone / somebodyeveryone / everybodyno one / nobody

anyone / anybody

UsosLos pronombres indefinidos con some- y any- hacen referencia a cosas, personas y lugares, sin decir exactamente qué o quiénes son. There’s someone in the kitchen.

Is there anything in the fridge?Everything, everyone / everybody y everywhere significan “todas las cosas”, “toda la gente” y “(en) todos los lugares”. She’s already been everywhere in Europe. Utilizamos nothing, no one / nobody y nowhere con un verbo en afirmativa para referirnos a “ninguna cosa” “ninguna persona” y “ningún lugar”. También podemos emplear anything, anyone / anybody y anywhere y un verbo en negativa. El significado es el mismo. There’s nobody here. = There isn’t anybody

here.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 8 Living together

8 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: noun suffixes 2

difference (n) /ˈdɪfrəns/ diferencia

different (adj) /ˈdɪfrənt/ diferente

diverse (adj) /daɪˈvɜːs/ variado, diverso

diversity (n) /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ diversidad

happiness (n) /ˈhæpinəs/ felicidad

happy (adj) /ˈhæpi/ contento, feliz

independence (n) /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ independencia

independent (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ independiente

sad (adj) /sæd/ triste

sadness (n) /ˈsædnəs/ tristeza

tolerance (n) /ˈtɒlərəns/ tolerancia

tolerant (adj) /ˈtɒlərənt/ tolerante

violence (n) /ˈvaɪələns/ violencia

violent (adj) /ˈvaɪələnt/ violento

Functional language

ApologizingI apologize for …

I’m so sorry.

I’m really sorry about …

I’ll do better next time.

It won’t happen again!

Next time I’ll remember to … (+ infinitive)

That’s all right.

Never mind.

Don’t worry about it.

Personality adjectives

charming (adj) /ˈtʃɑːmɪŋ/ encantador

generous (adj) /ˈdʒenərəs/ generoso

jealous (adj) /ˈdʒeləs/ celoso

lazy (adj) /ˈleɪzi/ vago, gandul

loyal (adj) /ˈlɔɪəl/ leal

proud (adj) /praʊd/ orgulloso

selfish (adj) /ˈselfɪʃ/ egoísta

sensible (adj) /ˈsensəbl/ sensato

sensitive (adj) /ˈsensətɪv/ sensible

strong (adj) /strɒŋ/ fuerte

stubborn (adj) /ˈstʌbən/ obstinado

talkative (adj) /ˈtɔːkətɪv/ hablador, parlanchín

thoughtful (adj) /ˈθɔːtfl/ considerado

unpredictable (adj) /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/ impredecible

vain (adj) /veɪn/ presumido

Relationships and phrasal verbs

fall out (v) /ˌfɔːl ˈaʊt/ enfadarse

get on with (v) /ˌɡet ˈɒn ˌwɪd/ llevarse bien con

look up to (v) /ˌlʊk ˈʌp ˌtə/ admirar a

make up (v) /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ reconciliarse

pick on (v) /ˈpɪk ˌɒn/ meterse con, acosar

put up with (v) /ˌpʊt ˈʌp ˌwɪd/ soportar a

tell off (v) /ˌtel ˈɒf/ regañar

turn to (v) /ˈtɜːn ˌtə/ recurrir a

Conflict

battle (n) /ˈbætl/ batalla

independence (n) /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ independencia

peace (n) /piːs/ paz

rule (v) /ruːl/ gobernar

violence (n) /ˈvaɪələns/ violencia

Learn it!

False friendsassist (v) /əˈsɪst/ ayudar

attend (v) /əˈtend/ acudir a

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Grammar reference8

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 8 Living together

Second conditional

Afirmativa Negativa

If I / you got up earlier, I / you wouldn’t be late.

If I / you didn’t go to bed late, I / you wouldn’t be so tired.

If he / she / it acted well, he / she / it would get a good review.

If he / she / it didn’t act badly, he / she / it wouldn’t get a bad review.

If we / they did more sport, we / they would be fitter.

If we / they didn’t do sport, we / they wouldn’t be very fit.

Interrogativa

If you got up earlier, would you walk to school?

If he / she / it acted well, would he / she / it get a good review?

If we / they studied more, would we / they do better at school?

El condicional de segundo grado se forma con if + sujeto + past simple, + would / wouldn’t + infinitivo. Solemos utilizar las formas contractas.La proposición encabezada por if también puede ir en la segunda parte de la frase. El significado es el mismo. If Mark had a mobile phone, I’d call him. Amy would make up with Nigel if he

apologized.Para formular preguntas, añadimos una partícula interrogativa al comienzo de la proposición encabezada por would. What would you upload if you had a website? If you had a website, what would you upload? Cuando empleamos el verbo be en el past simple, debemos utilizar la forma was para I, he, she, it. Sin embargo, en el condicional de segundo grado, también podemos utilizar were. Ambas formas son correctas. If I was / were rich, I’d travel around the world. She’d learn better if she wasn’t / weren’t so

tired.UsosUtilizamos el condicional de segundo grado para describir situaciones imaginarias, y los resultados de las mismas. If Maria was here, she would tell us what she

thinks.

First conditional

Afirmativa Negativa

If I / you go to the party, I’ll / you’ll see Joshua.

If I / you don’t go to the party, I / you won’t see Joshua.

If he / she / it helps, things will be easier.

If he / she / it doesn’t help, things won’t be easier.

If we / they study hard, we’ll / they’ll go to university.

If we / they don’t study hard, we / they won’t go to university.

Interrogativa

If you go to the party, will you see Joshua?

If he /she / it helps, will things be easier?

If we / they study hard, will we / they go to university?

El condicional de primer grado se forma con if + sujeto + present simple, + will / won’t + infinitivo. Solemos utilizar las formas contractas.La proposición encabezada por if también puede ir en la segunda parte de la frase.UsosUtilizamos el condicional de primer grado para describir el resultado de una determinada situación en el futuro. If you ask Liam, he’ll help you. If we don’t rescue these cubs, they won’t

survive. You’ll upset your friends if you are too

competitive.En ocasiones, unless sustituye a if … not. He won’t tell you about his problems unless you

insist. Unless you speak slowly, I won’t understand

you.

will for promises

UsosWill se utiliza para hacer promesas. (I promise) I’ll arrive on time tomorrow. (We promise) We’ll be home by 10.00 p.m. Cuando nos disculpamos, a menudo empleamos will para prometer que eso no volverá a suceder, o que la situación mejorará pronto. I promise it won’t happen again. We’ll do better next time.

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 9 Coming together

9 Vocabulary referenceLearn it!

Common errorlast (adj) /lɑːst/ último

latest (adj) /ˈleɪtɪst/ más reciente

Word builder: prefixes under-

and over-

overcharge (v) /ˌəʊvəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ cobrar demasiado

overdeveloped (adj) /ˌəʊvədɪˈveləpt/ construido en exceso

overpaid (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈpeɪd/ a quien pagan demasiado

overpriced (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈpraɪst/ de precio excesivo

undercharge (v) /ˌʌndəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ cobrar poco

underdeveloped (adj) /ˌʌndədɪˈveləpt/ muy poco construido

underpaid (adj) /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/ a quien pagan demasiado poco

underpriced (adj) /ˌʌndəˈpraɪst/ de precio excesivamente bajo

Functional language

Explaining advantages and disadvantagesAn advantage of that idea is …

A disadvantage of that idea is …

Another advantage of that suggestion is …

The problem with that idea is …

Charity actions

campaign (n) /kæmˈpeɪn/ campaña

contribute (v) /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ aportar, contribuir con

donate (v) /dəʊˈneɪt/ donar

persuade (v) /pəˈsweɪd/ convencer

petition (n) /pəˈtɪʃn/ petición

protest (n) /ˈprəʊtest/ protesta

publicize (v) /ˈpʌblɪsaɪz/ promocionar

raise money (v) /ˌreɪz ˈmʌni/ recaudar fondos

sponsor (v) /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ patrocinar

volunteer (v) /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ voluntario, voluntaria

Fashion adjectives

casual (adj) /ˈkæʒuəl/ informal

delicate (adj) /ˈdelɪkət/ delicado

durable (adj) /ˈdjʊərəbl/ duradero, resistente

fashionable (adj) /ˈfæʃnəbl/ elegante, moderno

full-length (adj) /ˌfʊl ˈleŋθ/ largo

loose (adj) /luːs/ holgado, amplio

old-fashioned (adj) /ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/ pasado de moda

patterned (adj) /ˈpætənd/ estampado

soft (adj) /sɒft/ suave

stylish (adj) /ˈstaɪlɪʃ/ estiloso

tight (adj) /taɪt/ ajustado

waterproof (adj) /ˈwɔːtəpruːf/ impermeable, resistente al agua

Immigration

escape (v) /ɪˈskeɪp/ escapar

immigrant (n) /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ inmigrante

import (n) /ˈɪmpɔːt/ producto de importación

originate (v) /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ ser originario de

persecution (n) /ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃn/ persecución, opresión

refugee (n) /ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/ refugiado, refugiada

VOC APP

Grammar reference9

Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 9 Coming together

Reported speech

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

Susan: ‘My parents often participate in charity campaigns.’

Susan said that her parents often participated in charity campaigns.

Ali and Tom: ‘We plan to help as volunteers at the hospital next month.’

Ali and Tom told me that they planned to help as volunteers at the hospital the following month.

Peter: ‘I love my new waterproof coat.’ Peter said he loved his new waterproof coat.

Maria and Luc: ‘We don’t mind the rain today because it’s Sunday.’

Maria and Luc said that they didn’t mind the rain that day because it was Sunday.

The students: ‘This is our history project for this term.’

The students told the teacher that was their history project for that term.

Alice: ‘These patterned T-shirts aren’t very popular here.’

Alice told her friend those patterned T-shirts weren’t very popular there.

UsosUtilizamos el estilo indirecto para contarle a alguien lo que ha dicho otra persona.El estilo indirecto tiene sus propios verbos introductorios. Los más comunes son say y tell. Siempre incluimos un objeto después de tell, pero nunca detrás de say. Podemos utilizar that tanto detrás de say como de tell, pero no es obligatorio. ‘There is a demonstration for peace this afternoon’, Tom said. Tom said (that) there was a demonstration for peace that afternoon. Anne: ‘Your new glasses are very stylish.’ Anne told me (that) my new glasses were very stylish.’Al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto, a menudo cambia el verbo. El present simple del estilo directo se convierte en past simple en el estilo indirecto. Students: ‘We organize a charity sports day at school every year.’ The students said that they organized a charity sports day at school every year.Otros elementos también cambian en el estilo indirecto:Pronombres sujeto y objeto:I ➞ he / she we ➞ they Eva: ‘I like old-fashioned clothes.’ ➞ Eva said that she liked old-fashioned clothes. Mario and his brother: ‘We fight, but we always make up.’ ➞ Mario and his brother said they fought, but

they always made up.Adjetivos posesivos:my ➞ his / her our ➞ their ‘I can’t find my flip flops’, Lucia said. ➞ Lucia said that she couldn’t find her flip flops. Students: ‘Our school doesn’t have a very big gym.’ ➞ The students said their school didn’t have a very

big gym. Expresiones de tiempo:next (week, year, etc.) ➞ the following (week, year, etc.) today ➞ that day Sarah: ‘I plan to buy a winter coat at the sales next week.’ ➞ Sarah said she planned to buy a winter coat

at the sales the following week. ‘We want to join in the street dance class today,’ Javier said. ➞ Javier said that they wanted to join in the

street dance class that day.Expresiones de lugar:here ➞ there this ➞ that these ➞ those ‘You can buy souvenirs here’, the guide told the tourists. ➞ The guide told the tourists that they could

buy souvenirs there. ‘This yoghurt is too sweet.’ Mark said. ➞ Mark said that that yoghurt was too sweet. Luis: ‘These trainers only cost €10!’ ➞ Luis said that those trainers only cost €10.