S. V. Astashkin and V. I. Ovchinnikov- Functorial Approach to Interpolation of Operators of Weak...

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    T h e a u t h o r d e e p l y t h a n k s V . A . T o p o n o g o v f o r p o s i n g t h e p r o b l e m a n d f o r h i s s u g g e s t i o n sd u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s w o r k .

    L I T E R A T U R E C I T E Di. S . A . A k b a r o v a n d V . A . T o p o n o g o v , " A c o m p a r i s o n t h e o r e m f o r t r i a n g l e s o n a c l a s s o f

    R i e m a n n i a n m a n i f o l d s , " T r u d y I n st . M a t . , S i b . O t d . , A k a d . N a u k S S S R , 9, 1 6 - 2 5 ( 1 98 7 ) .2 . V . A . T o p o n o g o v , " R i e m a n n s p a c e s o f c u r v a t u r e s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w b y a p o s i t i v e n u m b e r , "

    D o k l . A k a d . N a u k , 1 2 8 , N o . 3 , 7 1 9 - 7 2 1 ( 1 9 5 8 ) .3 . V . A . T o p o n o g o v , " E s t i m a t e s o f l e n g t h s o f c l o s e d g e o d e s i c s o n a c o n v e x s u r f a c e , " D o k l.

    A k a d . N a u k S S S R , 1 2 4 , No . 2 , 2 8 2 - 2 8 4 ( 1 9 5 9 ) .4 . D . G r o m o l l , W. K l i n g e n b e r g , a n d W . M e y e r , R i e m a n n s c h e G e o m e t r i e i m G r o s s e n , 2 , A u f l . ,S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g , N e w Y o r k ( 1 9 7 5 ) .5 . V . A . T o p o n o g o v , " R i e m a n n s p a c e s o f c u r v a t u r e b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w , " U s p. Ma t . N a u k , 1 4 ,

    N o . I , 8 7 - 1 3 0 ( 1 9 5 9 ) .6 . A . D . A l e k s a n d r o v , I n t r i n s i c G e o m e t r y o f C o n v e x S u r f a c e s [ in R u s s i a n ] , G o s t e k h i z d a t ,

    M o s c o w - L e n i n g r a d ( 1 94 8 ).7. A . B e s s e , M a n i f o l d s A l l of W h o s e G e o d e s i c s a r e C l o s e d , E r g e b n i s s e d e r M a t h e m a t i k ,

    V o l . 9 3, S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g , N e w Y o r k ( 1 9 7 8) .

    F U N C T O R I A L A P P R O A C H T O I N T E R P O L A T I O N O F O P E R A T O R SO F W E A K T Y P E

    S . V . A s t a s h k i n a n d V. I . O v c h i n ~ i k o v U D C 5 1 7 . 9 8 2 . 2 7

    i . I f f ( t ) i s a s u b m u l t i p l i c a t i v e f u n c t i o n o n t h e s e m i - a x i s ( 0, ~ ) , t h e n , as is w e l lk n o w n [ I, p . 7 5 ], t h e r e e x i s t t h e n u m b e r s

    In / (t )a s = l i t n l n / ( t ) , ~ ] = l i m ~ .t--*O+ In t t- 4~

    I n a p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , i f a f u n c t i o n ~ ( t ) i s p o s i t i v e o n ( 0, ~ ), t h e n t h e f u n c t i o n d { ~ (t ) =q~ (s t )s up -n -~ v i s s u b m u l t i p l i c a t i v e a n d ~ = ~ / K ~ a n d 5~----~//~ a r e c a l l e d r e s p e c t i v e l y t h e l o w e r a n d u p

    s>0 q) ( s)p e r d i l a t i o n e x p o n e n t s o f ~. I f ~ i s c o n c a v e , t h e n 0 ~ ~ < 5 ~ i.I n a n o t h e r a p p r o a c h , l e t X b e a s y m m e t r i c s p a c e o f m e a s u r a b l e f u n c t i o n s o n ( 0, ~ ) w i t h

    L e b e s g u e m e a s u r e . T h e n t h e d i l a t i o n o p e r a t o r O T X ( t ) = X ( ~ - ~ t ) i s c o n t i n u o u s o n X an d S( T ) =~ o ~ X + X i s a S u b m u l t i p l i c a t i v e f u n c t i o n o n ( 0, ~ ) [ I, p. 1 3 1] . T h e n u m b e r s ~ X = a S a n d ~ X =~ S a r e c a l l e d r e s p e c t i v e l y B o y d ' s l o w e r a n d u p p e r i n d i c e s o f th e s p a c e X . I t i s e a s i l y v e r i -f i a b l e t h a t 0 ~ a X ~ ~ X ~ i.

    L e t ~ ( t ) a n d K ( t ) be m e a s u r a b l e p o s i t i v e f u n c t i o n s o n ( 0 , ~ ) . G i v e n a s y m m e t r i c s p a c eX , w e d e n o t e b y X< , 6 t h e s p a c e o f m e a s u r a b l e f u n c t i o n s x ( t ) s u c h t h a t K ( t ) x * * ( ~ ( t ) ) E X ,w i t h t h e n o r m ( )x * ( s ) d s .I l x l l ~ , 6 = ] ] x * * ( t ) = - T - "

    o

    H e r e x * ( s ) i s t h e d e c r e a s i n g r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f I x ( s) l [ I ] .T h e s p a c e s X K , 6 a r i s e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e f u n d a m e n t a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n t h e o r e m f o r s y m -

    m e t r i c s p a c e s p r o v e d b y S . G . K r e i n a n d E. M. S e m e n o v . R e c a l l t h a t f o r a p o s i t i v e c o n c a v ef u n c t i o n ~ o n ( 0 , = ) t h e L o r e n t z s p a c e A ( ~ ) i s t h e B a n a c h s p a c e o f m e a s u r e m e n t f u n c t i o n s o n( 0, = ) w i t h t h e n o r m

    S a m a r a . V o r o n e z h . T r a n s l a t e d f r o m S i b i r s k i i M a t e m a t i c h e s k i i Z h u r n a l , V o l . 3 2, N o . 3 ,p p. 1 2 - 2 3 , M a y - J u n e , 1 9 91 . O r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s u b m i t t e d S e p t e m b e r 4, 1 98 9 .

    3 6 0 0 0 3 7 - 4 4 6 6 / 9 1 / 3 2 0 3 - 0 3 6 0 5 1 2 . 5 0 1 9 9 2 P l e n u m P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n

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    oox l~(~ =- . (t) dq) (t),

    0

    a n d t h e M a r c i n k i e w i c z s p a c e i s t h e s p a c e w i t h t h e n o r mt~ x * ( s ) d s

    II x I I ~ ( ~ ) = s u p 0t>o ~ (t )T h r o u g h o u t w h a t f o l l o w s ~ ( t ) = t / < p ( t ) , T - I ( t ) = l / ( ~ ( t ) .K r e i n - S e m e n o v T h e o r e m [ 1 , T h e o r e m 6 . 1 , p . 1 7 5 ] . L e t f u n c t i o n s (0 , oo) ~ 0 (t ), ~ i ( t ) , ~ ( t )a n d r d e f i n e d o n ( 0 , ~ ) b e p o s i t i v e , c o n c a v e , a n d s u c h t h a t1 ) t h e f u n c t i o n ( h ( t ) % ( ~ o ( t ) i s i n c r e a s i n g ;2 ) t h e r a n g e o f t h e f u n c t i o n ~ 0 ( t ) / r c o n t a i n s t h e d o m a in o f t h e f u n c t i o n ( ~ o ( ~ ) / % ( t )(0 < t < ~ ) .

    I f a l i n e a r o p e r a t o r a c t s b o u n d e d i y f r o m A ( ~ 0 ) to M ( ~ 0 ) a n d f r o m A ( ~ I ) t o M ( ~ z ) , t h e n i ta c t s b o u n d e d l y f r o m a n y s y m m e t r i c s p a c e X s a t i s f y i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n 6 % < O ~ x ~ x ' < y % t o t h es p a c e X K , 6 , w h e r e 6 ( t ) i s s o m e m e a s u r a b l e p o s i t i v e s o l u t i o n o f t he e q u a t i o n ~}o(5(t))/~1(6(t))=~0 (t )/ 'q ~ l ( t ) an d u ( t ) =~ 0 (6 ( t ) ) / c~o ( t ) = ~1 (6 ( t ) ) /~ 1 ( t ) .

    T h i s t h e o r e m , c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h p r o b l e m s o f i n t e r p o l a t i o n o f o p e r a t o r s o f w e akt y p e , l a t e r h a s b e e n e x t e n d e d i n v a r i o u s w a y s . W e c a n p o i n t o u t [ 2 ] , w h e r e t h e c o u p l e( A (~ 0 ), A ( ~ ) ) i s r e p l a c e d b y a n a r b i t r a r y c o u p l e o f B a n a c h s p a c e s a n d , w h i c h i s no l e s s i m -p o r t a n t , i t i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n t e r p o l a t i o n s p a c e s a r e o b t a i n a b l e b y m e a ns o f t h e 3 ~ - m e t h o d( s e e [ 2 , C o r o l l a r y 2 ] ) . T h e s e t o p i c s a r e v e r y t h o r o u g h l y c o v e r e d i n [ 3 ] .

    T h e m a i n g o a l o f t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r i s t o c l a r i f y t h e f u n c t i o n a l m e a n i n g o f t h e K r e i n -S e m en ov t h e o r e m ( t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e i n t e r p o l a t i o n s p a c e s an d f u n c t i o n s s e e i n [ 1 ] o r [ 4 ] ) .T h i s m a k es i t p o s s i b l e t o p r o v e a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e t h e o r e m i n t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e K r e i n -S e m en o v t h e o r e m w i l l a p p l y t o t h e c o u p l e ( L 1 , L ~) o f f u n c t i o n s o n t h e s e m i a x i s .

    L e t E b e t h e B a n a c h i d e a l s p a c e ( B I S ) [ 5 ] o f t w o - s i d e d n u m e r i c a l s e q u e n c e s a = ( a j ; j . . . .a n d l e t q0 b e a n o n n e g a t i v e f u n c t i o n o n ( 0 , ~ ) . T h e n E ( ~) i s a B I S w i t h t h e n o r m [ [( aj) ll~ (~ )=I I a ~ ( 2 0 ) l ~ .

    L e t u s b r i e f l y r e c a l l t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e r e a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n m e t h od . F o r a B a n a c hc o u p l e ( X 0, X ~ ) a n d 0 < s, t < ~ , w e d e f i n e P e e t r e ' s 3 ~ - a n d f - f u n c t i o n a l s [ 6] :

    X~XO+X1,x~ X if ( s , t , x ; X o, X ~ ) = m a x [ s l lX l l x s t [ I x ] ] : q ] (x~X o 3 X ~ ) .

    A s u s u a l , 3 ~ ( t , x ; X o, X , ) = Y { ( I , t, x ; X 0, X , ) , ~ ( t , x ; X o, X 1 ) = ] ( i , t, x ; X 0, X 1 ) . L e t ~ n s - 1 ) cE . T h e J - m e t h o d s p a c e ( X 0 , X z ) ~ c o n s i s t s o f a l l x e X 0 + X z , f o r w h i c h t h e n o r m ~ x~ =~ ( 9 ~ ( 2 J , x ; X 0 , X 1 ) ) j ~ E i s f i n i t e . I f E c s 1 + s t h e n t h e ~ - m e t h o d s p a c e (X o , X z ) ~c o n s i s t s o f x e X0 + X z a d m i t t i n g t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

    o oX = ~ Uj ( .converge nce in X 0 q- X1) ,j ~ - -mow h e r e u j e X 0 n X z , a n d t h e n o r m i s d e f i n e d a s f o l l o w s :

    l i~ ! ! = i , ~ il ( S ( 2 , ~ j ; X o , x ~ ) ) j l l ~ .(~,;)A B I S E is c a l l e d a p a r a m e t e r o f t h e r e al i n t e r p o l a t i o n m e t h o d i f it i s i n t e r p o l a t i v e

    w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o u p l e s s = ( s = ( s s a n d s = ( ~ , s [ i ~ a n y l i n -e a r o p e r a t o r c o n t i n u o u s f r o m s t o ~ a n d f r o m s - z ) t o s - z ) i s c o n t i n u o u s i n E l .

    I n t h e s eq u e l , w e s h a l l a s s o c i a t e w i t h a n y p o s i t i v e c o n c a v e f u n c t i o n ~ ( s) t h e f u n c t i o no f t w o v a r i a b l e s ~ ( s , t ) = t ~( s/ t) ( t h e r e w i l l b e n o c o n f u s i o n f r o m d e n o t i n g i t b y t h e s a m e l e t -

    361

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    t e r ) . T h e f u n c t i o n ~ ( s , t) i s i n c r e a s i n g i n e a c h a r g u m e n t a n d h o m o g e n e o u s , ~ ( s , l ) =. ~ (s ),b y ~ * ( s , t ) w e s h a l l d e n o t e t h e f u n c t i o n i / ~ ( s - ~, t - ~ ). I f E = s t h e n i t i s n o th a r d t o s h o w t h a t t h e s p a c e ( X 0 , X ~ ) E c o n s i s t s o f x e X 0 + X z e x p r e s s i b l e i n t h e f o r m x =

    u ~ ( u ~ X 0 ~ X 1 ), w h e r e~ = i

    a n d t h e n o r m i s e q u i v a l e n t t o i n f ~ q ~ ( I l u h l l X o , l u ~ t l x ~ ) o v e r a l l s u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s .t

    Fr om the equ al ity ~f(t, ; L~, L~) = ; x * ( s ) d s (see, e.g., [i, p.0

    a n y p o s i t i v e c o n c a v e f u n c t i o n q~ w e h a v e

    A n a l o g o u s l y(L~, L 5~o ~ ) / o o ( ~ - - 1 ) = M ((p).

    0(L~, L~ ) (~_~) = A ((~),w h e r e ~ ( ~ ) i s t h e c l o s u r e o f L~ 5 L ~ i n h ( ~ ) w i t h t h e i n d u c e d n o rm .h o l d s i f a n d o n l y i f l im ~ ( t) = ~ .

    1 0 8 ] ) i t f o l l o w s t h a t f o r

    oT h e e q u a l i t y A ( ~ ) = A ( ~)

    2 . L e t u s f i r s t s h o w h o w t h e s p a c e s i n t e r p o l a t i v e b e t w e e n t h e c o u p l e s ( A(, ~0 ), ( . ~) )a n d ( M( ~ 0 ) , M ( ~ ) ) c a n b e d e s c r i b e d w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e r ea l i n t e r p o l a t i o n m e th o d .

    T H E O R E M I. L e t ~ 0 a n d ~ ~ b e p o s i t i v e c o n c a v e f u n c t i o n s s u c h t h a t ~ 7 ~ 0 i s i n c r e a s i n ga n d 6 % < ? ~ . I f B o y d ' s i n d i c e s o f a s y m m e t r i c s p a c e X s a t i s f y t h e c o n d i t i o n s

    t h e n X c a n b e c o n s t r u c t e d b y t h e j r - m e t h o d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o u p l e s o f L o r e n t z a n dM a r c i n k i e w i c z s p a c e s :

    0 ,~x = ( .~ ( ~ 0 ), A ( ~ ) ) ~ = ( M ( ~ 0 ), M ( ~ ) ) ~ ' ,w h e r e E i s a p a r a m e t e r o f t h e r e a l m e t h od .

    P r o o f . F i r s t c o n s i d e r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c as e : X = M ~ _ 8 = M (~ ), w h e r e ~ ( t ) = t 5 % < 0