s s Chapter Wise Notes

8/2/2019 s s Chapter Wise Notes

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JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf 8

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

IU 0 Jetaew Khdaeuh

8


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DAH\WFY 0-8

!8% Fq|bhej Waf Ocbbc~ejn Wfymt *!h%H||bedhwecj Gcmhej !o%Bhjnvhnf Wyhjtbhwcy !k%Fqfdvwecj Gcmhej

!i%Fqfdvwecj Nh| !n%T|fdeoedhwecj Nh| !b%Bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy

!d%Tcvydf |ycnyhm !a%Whynfw |ycnyhm !m%Twhwed Iejgejn

!g%Gujhmed Iejgejn !e%Iejgejn !j%\yf|ycdfttcy

!f%Ocy~hyg Yfofyfjdf !`%Bhjnvhnf \ycdfttcy \htt

H||bedhwecj Gcmhej 0- Hj h||bedhwecj Gcmhej et h mfdahjetm vtfg wc etcbhwf fqfdvwfg

tcow~hyf h||bedhwecjt oycm cjf hjcwafy tc wahw wafu gc jcw yfobfdw fhda cwafy

Fqfdvwecj Gcmhej 0-

Fqfdvwecj Nh|0- Fqfdvwecj Nh| et waf nh| ifw~ffj waf tfmhjwedt co waf |ycnyhmt ~yewwfj

ej geoofyfjw |ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnft Waf Fqfdvwecj Nh| et iyegnf iu waf gftenjfy co waf

|ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy

T|fdeoedhwecj Nh| 0- T|fdeoedhwecj nh| et waf tfmhjwed nh| ifw~ffj w~c t|fdeoedhwecj co waf

thmf whtk Waf t|fdeoedhwecj nh| et iyegnfg iu waf tcow~hyf gffbc|mfjw wfhm Waf

tfmhjwed nh| ifw~ffj waf h||bedhwecj gcmhej hjg waf fqfdvwecj gcmhej et iyegnf iu waf

tcow~hyf fjnejffyejn twf|t

Bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy 0- H bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy et h tcow~hyf ~aeda iyegnft h t|fdeoedhwecj cy

fqfdvwecj nh| ~f vtf waf wfym bhjnvhnf |ycdfttejn wc gftdyeif waf hdweewu |fyocymfg iu h

bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy

Oen tac~t wahw w~c bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcyt Waf bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy co |hyw !h%

dcjfywt h D++ |ycnyhm ejwc h D |ycnyhm " afjdf ew et h |yf|ycdfttcy waf bhjnvhnf


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wyhjtbhwcy ocy D++ tejdf ew |ycgvdft h mhdaejf bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm ej icwa dhtft waf

|ycnyhm hyf waf D |ycnyhm hjg waf mhdaejf bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm yft|fdwefbu

Tcvydf |ycnyhm 0- H |ycnyhm ocym ej|vw wc h bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy ht tcvydf |ycnyhm et

dhbbfg h tcvydf |ycnyhm

Whynfw |ycnyhm 0- H |ycnyhm oycm ej|vw wc h bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy ht tcvydf |ycnyhm ht wc

ewt cvw|vw ht waf whynfw |ycnyhm Waf bhjnvhnf ej ~aeda |ycnyhm hyf ~yewwfj hyf dhbbfg

tcvydf bhjnvhnf hjg whynfw bhjnvhnf

Bhjnvhnf Wyhjtbhwcy 0- H bhjnvhnf wyhjtbhwcy iyegnft hj fqfdvwecj nh| wc waf mhdaejf

bhjnvhnf co h dcm|vwfy tutwfm Hj httfmibfy et h bhjnvhnf wyhjtbhwcy ~actf tcvydf

bhjnvhnf et httfmibu bhjnvhnf H dcm|ebfy et hju bhjnvhnf wyhjtbhwcy ~aeda et jcw hj

httfmibfy

Twhwed Iejgejn 0- H twhwed iejgejn et h iejgejn |fyocymfg ifocyf waf fqfdvwecj co h |ycnyhm

ifnejt Twhwed iejgejn bfhgt wc mcyf fooedefjw fqfdvwecj co h |ycnyhm wahj gujhmed iejgejn

Gujhmed Iejgejn 0- H gujhmed iejgejn et h iejgejn |fyocymfg howfy waf fqfdvwecj co h

|ycnyhm aht ifnvj

Iejgejn 0- H iejgejn et waf httcdehwecj co hj hwwyeivwf co h |ycnyhm fjwewu ~ewa h hbvf

\yf|ycdfttcy 0- H |yf|ycdfttcy et h bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy ~aeda iyegnft hj fqfdvwecj nh|

ivw jcw h bhjnvhnf wyhjtbhwcy

Ocy~hyg Yfofyfjdf 0- H ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf co h |ycnyhm fjwewu et h yfofyfjdf wc waf fjwewu

~aeda |yfdfgft ewt gfoejewecj ej waf |ycnyhm

Bhjnvhnf \ycdfttcy \htt 0- H bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy |htt et waf |ycdfttejn co ffyu

twhwfmfjw ej h tcvydf |ycnyhm" wc |fyocym h bhjnvhnf |ycdfttejn ovjdwecj

9% Geoofyfjwehwf ifw~ffj |ycibfm cyefjwfg hjg |ycdfgvyf cyefjwfg

bhjnvhnf 3

Waf bhjnvhnf ~aeda et cjbu if vtfg ocy T|fdeoed H||bedhwecjt kjc~j ht |ycibfm cyefjwfg

bhjnvhnf Wafu ahf bhynf fqfdvwecj nh| hjg waet nh| et iyegnfg iu waf wyhjtbhwcy cy

ejwfy|yfwfy H |ycnyhm fqfdvwecj hdweewu cynhjepfg waf fqfdvwecj co h |ycnyhm yfwvyj ej h

|ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnf cj h dcm|vwfy tutwfm

Ewt tcvydf bhjnvhnf dcvbg if h |ycdfgvyf cyefjwfg bhjnvhnf cy h |ycibfm cyefjwfg

bhjnvhnf


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H |ycdfgvyf cyefjwfg bhjnvhnf |ycegft nfjfyhb |vy|ctf ohdebeweft yfxveyfg ej mctw

h||bedhwecj gcmhej tvda h bhjnvhnf et ejgf|fjgfjw co t|fdeoed h||bedhwecj gcmhejt

4% Fq|bhej Bhjnvhnf \ycdfttejn Hdweewu !\ycnyhm Nfjfyhwecj /\ycnyhm

FqfdvwecjHdweewu% ej gfwheb* Waf ovjghmfjwhb bhjnvhnf |ycdfttejn hdweeweft dhj if geegfg ejwc wactf wahw iyegnf

waf t|fdeoedhwecj nh| hjg wactf wahw iyegnf fqfdvwecj nh| waftf hdweeweft hyf 0

!h%\ycnyhm Nfjfyhwecj Hdweeweft!i%\ycnyhm Fqfdvwecj Hdweeweft

\ycnyhm Nfjfyhwecj 0- H |ycnyhm nfjfyhwcy et h tcow~hyf tutwfm ~aeda hddf|wt waf

t|fdeoedhwecj co h |ycnyhm wc if nfjfyhwfg " hjg nfjfyhwft h |ycnyhm ej waf whynfw \B waf

|ycnyhm nfjfyhwecj hdweewu hemt hw hvwcmhwed nfjfyhwecj co h |ycnyhm Waf |ycnyhm

nfjfyhwcy ejwycgvdft h jf~ gcmhej ifw~ffj waf h||bedhwecj hjg \B gcmhej !|ycnyhm

nfjfyhwcy gcmhej%

Fyycyt

\ycnyhm ej whynfw \b

|ycnyhm t|fdeoedhwecj

Waf T|fdeoedhwecj nh| et jc~ waf nh| ifw~ffj waf h||bedhwecj gcmhej hjg waf|ycnyhm nfjfyhwcy gcmhej Waf nh| et tmhbbfy wahj waf nh| ifw~ffj waf h||bedhwecj

gcmhej hjg waf whynfw \B gcmhej Yfgvdwecj ej waf t|fdeoedhwecj nh| ejdyfhtft waf

yfbehiebewu co waf nfjfyhwfg |ycnyhm Ew et fhtu ocy waf |ycnyhmmfy wc ~yewf waf

t|fdeoedhwecj co waf |ycnyhm wc if nfjfyhwfg

\ycnyhm

Nfjfyhwcy


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JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf ?

Dahyhdwfyetwedt 0-

Waf tcvydf |ycnyhm et yfwhejfg ej waf tcvydf oycm ewtfbo H twhwfmfjw et hjhbupfg gvyejn ewt ejwfy|yfwhwecj

7% ^ahw et Ejwfymfgehwf Yf|yftfjwhwecj 3

Hj Ejwfymfgehwf Yf|yftfjwhwecj !EY% et h yf|yftfjwhwecj co h tcvydf |ycnyhm ~aeda

yfobfdwt waf foofdw co tcmf hjhbutet hjg tujwaftet whtk |fyocymfg gvyejn bhjnvhnf

|ycdfttejn

Waf oeytw |htt |fyocymt hjhbutet co waf tcvydf |ycnyhm hjg yfobfdwt ewt yftvbwt ej waf

ejwfymfgehwf yf|yftfjwhwecj Waf tfdcjg |htt yfhg hjg hjhbutet waf EY" ejtwfhg co tcvydf

|ycnyhm" wc |fyocym tujwaftet co whynfw |ycnyhm Waf oeytw |htt et dcjdfyjfg ~ewa tcvydf

bhjnvhnf ettvft" Afjdf ew et dhbbfg oycjw fjg co waf bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy Waf tfdcjg |htt etdcjdfyjfg ~ewa |ycnyhm tujwaftet ocy h t|fdeoed whynfw bhjnvhnf" afjdf ew et dhbbfg waf ihdk

fjg co waf bhjnvhnf |ycdfttcy

\yc|fyweft co EY 0

Fhtf co Yvbft 0- EY tacvbg if fhtu wc dcjtwyvdw hjg hjhbutf

Mfmcyu Fooedefjdu 0- EY mvtw if dcm|hdw

6% ^ahw et \ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnf nyhmmhy 3 Fq|bhej ew ej gfwheb *

Nyhmmhyt hyf dbhtteoefg cj waf ihtet co waf jhwvyf co |ycgvdwecj vtfg ej wafm Fhda

nyhmmhy dbhtt aht ewt c~j dahyhdwfyetwedt hjg bemewhwecjt*

H nyhmmhy N dcjtetw co waf ocbbc~ejn dcm|cjfjwt

H oejewf tfw J co jcj wfymejhb tumicbt H oejewf tfw co wfymejhb tumicbt H oejewf tfw \ co |ycgvdwecj yvbft

Wafyf hyf ocvy wu|ft co nyhmmhyt


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TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf >

Wu|f-< nyhmmhy 0- Waftf nyhmmhyt hyf hbtc kjc~j ht |ayhtf twyvdwvyf nyhmmhy " ew

dcjwhej |ycgvdwecj co waf ocym

00 =

^afyf icwa hjg dhj if twyejn co Wt hjg JWt Wafu hyf jcw yfbfhjw wc t|fdeoedhwecj co|ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnft

Wu|f-8 nyhmmhy 0- Waftf nyhmmhyt hyf kjc~j ht dcjwfqw tfjtewef nyhmmhyt ifdhvtf

wafey |ycgvdwecj t|fdeou wahw gfyehwecj cy yfgvdwecj co twyejnt dhj whkf |bhdf cjbu ej

t|fdeoed dcjwfqwt H wu|f- 8 |ycgvdwecj aht waf ocym

H 00 =

Wavt h twyejn ej h tfjwfjwehb ocym dhj if yf|bhdfg iu H cjbu ~afj ew et fjdbctfg iu waf

twyejnt hjg Waf twyejn hjg mhu if fm|wu ivw mvtw if jcj fm|wu * waftf

nyhmmhyt hyf hbtc jcw yfbfhjw ocy \B t|fdeoedhwecj

Wu|f-9 nyhmmhy 0- Waftf nyhmmhyt em|ctf jc dcjwfqw yfxveyfmfjw cj gfyehwecj cy

yfgvdwecjt H wu|f-9 |ycgvdwecj aht waf ocym

H 00 =

Waftf nyhmmhy hyf kjc~j ht dcjwfqw oyff nyhmmhyt waftf nyhmmhy hyf egfhbbu tvewfg

ocy |ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnf t|fdeoedhwecj HBNCB-?< t|fdeoedhwecj hjg \htdhb T|fdeoedhwecj

hyf vtfg ej wu|f-9 nyhmmhy

Wu|f-4 nyhmmhy 0- Wu|f-4 nyhmmhyt hyf dahyhdwfyepfg iu |ycgvdwecjt co waf ocym

H 00 = w I r w cy

H 00 = I w r w

Wactf |ycgvdwecj hbtc thwetou waf yfxveyfmfjwt co wu|f-9 nyhmmhyt Waftf

nyhmmhy et hbtc kjc~j ht Yfnvbhy nyhmmhy CY Bejfhy nyhmmhy Waftf hyf ovywafy

dhwfncyepfg ejwc bfow-bejfhy hjg yenaw-bejfhy nyhmmhyt


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TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


?% Getdvtt Oycjw Fjg hjg Ihdk Fjg co waf Wcu Dcm|ebfy*

OYCJW FJG 0- Waf oycjw fjg |fyocymt bfqedhb " tujwhq hjg tfmhjwed hjhbutet co waf

tcvydf |ycnyhm Fhda kejg co hjhbutet ejcbft waf ocbbc~ejn ovjdwecjt 0

8% Gfwfymejf hbegewu co h tcvydf twhwfmfjw oycm waf ef~ |cejw co waf hjhbutet9% Gfwfymejf waf dcjwfjw co waf tcvydf twhwfmfjw*4% Dcjtwyvdw h Tvewhibf yf|yftfjwhwecj co waf tcvydf twhwfmfjw

Ej Bfqedhb hjhbutet" waf dcjwfjw co waf bfqedhb dbhtt wc ~aeda fhda bfqedhb vjew ifbcjnt"

~aebf ej tujwhq hjhbutet ew et waf tujwhdwed twyvdwvyf co h tcvydf twhwfmfjw

Ej Tfmhjwed hjhbutet" ew et waf mfhjejn co waf twhwfmfjw ocy h gfdbhyhwecj

twhwfmfjw ew et waf tfw co hwwyeivwft co h gfdbhyfg hyehibf

Ocy fqhm|bf " tujwhq hjhbutet vtft ejocymhwecj dcjdfyjejn waf bfqedhb dbhtt co bfqedhb

vjewt hjg dcjtwyvdw h yf|yftfjwhwecj ocy waf tujwhdwed twyvdwvyf co waf tcvydf twhwfmfjw

Cvw|vw co waf oycjw fjg 0

!8%Whibft co ejocymhwecj!9%Hj ejwfymfgehwf dcgf !ED%

WHIBF 0 Whibft dcjwhejt waf ejocymhwecj ciwhejfg gvyejn geoofyfjw hjhbutet co T\

ED 0 Waf ED et h tfxvfjdf co ED vjewt " fhda ED vjew yf|yftfjwejn waf mfhjejn co cjf

hdwecj ej T\

Bfqedhb Hjhbutet !Tdhjjejn%0- Bfqedhb hjhbutet egfjweoeft waf bfqedhb vjewt ej h tcvydf

twhwfmfjw Wafj ew dbhtteoeft waf vjewt ejwc geoofyfjw bfqedhb dbhttft " fqhm|bft0- egt "

dcjtwhjwt fwd hjg fjwfyt wafm ejwc geoofyfjw whibft waf dbhtteoedhwecj mhu if ihtfg cj

waf jhwvyf co waf twyejn

Bfqedhb hjhbutet ivebgt h gftdye|wcy" dhbbfg h wckfj " ocy fhda bfqedhb vjew H wckfj

dcjwhej w~c oefbgt Dbhtt dcgf hjg Jvmify ej dbhtt dbhtt dcgf egfjweoeft waf dbhtt wc~aeda h bfqedhb vjew ifbcjnt jvmify ej dbhtt et waf fjwyu jvmify co waf bfqedhb vjew ej

waf yfbfhjw whibf

Tujwhq Hjhbutet !\hytejn%0- Tujwhq hjhbutet |ycdfttft waf twyejn co wckfjt ivebw iu

bfqedhb hjhbutet wc gfwfymejf waf twhwfmfjw dbhtt ocy fqhm|bf 0- httenjmfjw twhwfmfjw "

eo twhwfmfjw fwd wafj ew ivebgt hj ED ~aeda yf|yftfjw waf twyvdwvyf co waf twhwfmfjw


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TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


IHDK FJG 0- Waf ihdk fjg |fyocymt mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj hjg dcgf nfjfyhwecj

Mfmcyu Hbbcdhwecj 0- Mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj et h tem|bf whtk nefj waf |yftfjdf co tumicb

whibf Waf mfmcyu yfxveyfmfjw co hj egfjweoefy eg dcm|vwfg oycm ewt wu|f / bfjnwa Wafhggyftt co waf mfmcyu hyfh et fjwfyfg ej waf tumicb whibf

Dcgf Nfjfyhwecj 0- Dcgf nfjfyhwecj vtft kjc~bfgnf co waf whynfw hydaewfdwvyf Waf

em|cywhjw ettvft ej dcgf nfjfyhwecj hyf 0

8% Gfwfymejf waf |bhdft ~afyf waf ejwfymfgehwf yftvbwt tacvbg if kf|w9% Gfwfymejf ~aeda ejtwyvdwecj tacvbg if vtfg ocy wu|f dcjfytecj c|fyhwecj4% Gfwfymejf ~aeda hggyfttejn mcgf tacvbg if vtfg ocy hddfttejn hyehibft

>% ^ahw et hmienvewu ej Nyhmmhwed t|fdeoedhwecj hjg ac~ ~f dhj yfmcf

ew3

Hmienvewu em|beft waf |ctteiebewu co geoofyfjw ejwfy|yfwhwecjt co h tcvydf twyejn Ocy

fqhm|bf " H ~cyg dhj ahf mvbwe|bf mfhjejnt cy dhj if icwa jcvj cy fyi hjg h tfjwfjdf

dhj ahf mvbwe|bf tujwhdwed twyvdwvyft Ocymhb bhjnvhnf nyhmmhyt hceg hmienvewu hw waf

bffb co h bfqedhb vjew

Waet et hdaeffg iu tem|bf yvbf wahw egfjwedhb twyejnt dhjw h||fhy cj waf YAT co

mcyf wahj cjf |ycgvdwecj ej waf nyhmmhy ew mfhjt wahw waf twyejn dhj ahf mcyf wahj cjf

mfhjejn httcdehwfg ~ewa ew

Dcjtegfy waf fq|yfttecj nyhmmhy 0

2fq|: 00 = 2eg: r 2fq|: + 2fq|: r 2fq|: * 2fq|:


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?%Getwejnveta ifw~ffj tejnbf |htt hjg w~c |htt httfmibfy* Ej ucvyc|ejecj" ~aeda et|yfofyyfg 3 nef yfhtcj *

Hj httfmibfy ~aeda ncft waycvna hj httfmibu bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm cjbu cjdf etkjc~j ht cjf-|htt httfmibfy Hj" httfmibfy ~aeda ncft waycvna hj httfmibu

bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm w~edf" et dhbbfg w~c |htt httfmibfy

H cjf |htt httfmibfy |httft cfy waf tcvydf oebf fqhdwbu cjdf" ej waf thmf

|htt dcbbfdwejn waf bhifbt " hjg gcejn waf hdwvhb httfmibu

H w~c |htt httfmibfy gcft w~c |httft cfy waf tcvydf oebf Ej waf oeytw |htt hbb

ew bcckt ocy bhifb gfoejewecjt hjg ejwycgvdft wafm ej waf tumicb whibf Ej waf tfdcjg

|htt" howfy waf tumicb whibf et dcm|bfwf" ew gcft waf hdwvhb httfmibu iu wyhjtbhwejn

waf c|fyhwecjt hjg tc cj

\htt cjf vtft wayff ghwh twyvdwvyft 0 C\WHI " TUMWHI hjg BEWWHI ~afyfht

|htt w~c ghwh twyvdwvyf vtftSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

Waf fjweyf wyhjtbhwecj co httfmibu bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm ejwc cjf ci`fdw|ycnyhm et gcjf ej cjbu cjf |htt Waf w~c |htt httfmibfyt hyf ~egfbu vtfg hjg waf

wyhjtbhwecj |ycdftt et gcjf ej w~c |httft

Waf httfmibfy tvoofyt waf |ycibfm co ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf ahjgbejn waf

ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf ej tejnbf |htt et geooedvbw Waf ci`fdw dcgf dhj if |ycgvdfg ej waf

tejnbf |htt httfmibfyt ej w~c geoofyfjw ~hut

Ej waf oeytw ~hu waf ci`fdw dcgf et geyfdwbu bchgfg ejwc waf mhej mfmcyu ocy

fqfdvwecj

Ej waf tfdcjg ~hu waf ci`fdw |ycnyhm et twcyfg ej waf tfdcjghyu mfmcyu Waet

ci`fdw |ycnyhm ~ebb if bchgfg ej waf mhej mfmcyu ocy fqfdvwecj ~afjffyjfdftthyu

Ej W~c-|htt httfmibfy " Gvyejn waf oeytw |htt ew dcbbfdwt hbb bhifbt Hjg gvyejn

waf tfdcjg |htt ew |ycgvdf waf mhdaejf dcgf ocy fhda ejtwyvdwecj hjg httenj hggyftt

wc fhda co wafm ew httenj hggyfttft wc bhifbt iu dcvjwejn wafey |ctewecj oycm waf

twhywejn hggyftt

Waf ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf |ycibfm et hbtc ahjgbfg wc tcmf fqwfjw ej tejnbf |htt

httfmibfyt Waf httfmibfy tdhjt waf tcvydf httfmibu bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm"

ejtwyvdwecj iu ejtwyvdwecj hjg wyhjtbhwf wafm ejwc mhdaejf dcgft

Eo wafyf et hj ejtwyvdwecj ~aeda aht h ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf" waf httfmibfy bfhft

waf hggyftt co wahw |hywedvbhy tumicb hjg |ycdffgt ovywafy Waet tumicb et fjwfyfg

ej tumicb whibf hjg mhykfg ht vjgfoejfg

^afj waf tumicb gfoejewecj et fjdcvjwfyfg waf httfmibfy ejtfywt waf hggyftt

ej waf tumicb whibf Waf httfmibfy hbtc ejtfyw waf hggyftt wc waf ejtwyvdwecjt" ~aeda


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TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf 9?

vtf waet tumicb ej waf betw co ocy~hyg yfofyfjdft Waet et ac~ waf ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf

|ycibfm et ahjgbfg ej |htt cjf httfmibfy

Waf ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf |ycibfm et dcjfjefjwbu ahjgbfg ej w~c |htt

httfmibfyt Eo vjgfoejfg tumicbt hyf fjdcvjwfyfg howfy yfhdaejn waf fjg co waf

twhwfmfjw" wafj waf httfmibfy nfjfyhwft waf fyycy mftthnft

Cjf |htt httfmibfy et ohtwfy ifdhvtf ew tdhjt waf |ycnyhm cjbu cjdf " ew gcft

jcw ahf mhju ofhwvyft tv||cywfg iu w~c |htt httfmibfyt ^afyf w~c |htt

|ycegft mhju ofhwvyft wahj waf cjf |htt httfmibfy tc ew et ~egfbu vtfg

>% Dcm|hyf hjg Dcjwyhtw mhjvhbbu _HYEHJW-E hjg _HYEHJW-EE co

ejwfymfgehwf dcgfnfjfyhwfg iu |htt-E co waf httfmibfy *

^f dcjtegfy w~c hyehjwt co ejwfymfgehwf dcgf ~aeda et geoofyfjw ej waf ejocymhwecj

dcjwhejfg ej wafey c|fyhjg oefbgt

_HYEHJW-E 0- Waf oeytw c|fyhjg et yf|yftfjwfg iu h tejnbf genew jvmify ~aeda et h dcgf ocy

h yfnetwfy Waf tfdcjg c|fyhjg" ~aeda et h mfmcyu c|fyhjg" ~aeda et yf|yftfjwfg iuf waf

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gftdye|wcy ocy waf twhwfmfjw TWHYW 9


27/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf 9>

Hj fjwyu et mhgf ej TUMWHI cjbu ~afj tumicb cddvyt ej waf bhifb oefbg co hj

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476 ~aebf |ycdfttejn h ocy~hyg yfofyfjdf

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dhjw if oebbfg *waet em|beft wahw w~c kejg co fjwyeft mhu fqetw ej TUMWHI hw hjuwemf ocy

gfoejfg tumicbt hjg ocy ocy~hyg yfofyfjdft

_HYEHJW-EE 0- Waet hyehjw et geoofyfjw oycm hyehjw-E ej wahw waf c|fyhjg oefbgt co waf

tcvydf twhwfmfjwt hyf yf|bhdfg iu wafey |ycdfttfg ocymt ocy gfdbhyhwef twhwfmfjwt hjg

httfmibfy geyfdweft" |ycdfttejn co waf c|fyhjg oefbgt et fttfjwehb wc tv||cyw BD |ycdfttejn

Afjdf waftf ocymt dcjwhej waf |ycdfttfg ocymt Bewfyhbt hyf fjwfyfg ej BEWWHI hjg hyf

yf|yftfjwfg ht !B"m% ej ED

TWHYW 9


28/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


_hyehjw E _hyehjw EE

_hyehjw EE et ~fbb tvewfg eo fq|yfttecjt hyf |fymewwfg ej waf c|fyhjg oefbgt co hj httfmibu

twhwfmfjwt

1% Ac~ bejk betw hjg Ahta whibf ghwh twyvdwvyft hyf vtfg ej nfjfyhwecj co

tumicb whibf 3 Fq|bhej * Waf tumicb whibft hyf mctw em|cywhjw ghwh twyvdwvyft ej waf gftenj co waf wyhjtbhwcyt

bekf Dcm|ebfyt hjg Httfmibfyt Waf tumicb whibf mhejwhej waf hwwyeivwft co waf tumicbt

vtfg ej waf tcvydf |ycnyhm waf mhejwfjhjdf co waf tumicb whibf et dhbbfg tumicb whibf

mhjhnfmfjw Ew et hbtc dhbbfg icck kff|ejn

Wafyf dhj if h tf|hyhwf fjwyu ocy fhda fjwewu waf jhmft dhj if twcyfg ej waf tumicb

whibf vtejn oeqfg tepf hyyhut cy gujhmedhbbu vtejn |cejwfyt waf ghwh twyvdwvyft ocy tumicb

whibft dhj if 0

8 Bejkfg betw9 Ahta Whibft

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waf tumicb whibf kff|t waf jhmft hjg wafey hwwyeivwft Eo jf~ jhmf et fjdcvjwfyfg wahw

hbtc if dcjtegfyfg

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waftf fjweweft dhj if mhgf hhebhibf ej h betw waf fjg co waf betw et bfow c|fjfg wc hgg jf~

tumicbt

Ahta Whibft 0- Waet ghwh twyvdwvyf dhj hbtc if vtfg wc em|bfmfjw waf tumicb whibf c|fj

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twyvdwvyf

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9

Hwwyeivwft

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4

Hwwyeivwft

4


29/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


Ej waf em|bfmfjwhwecj co tumicb whibf ahtaejn whibf dhj if vtfg " waf ghwh twyvdwvyf

~ebb ahf 0

8 \cejwfyt wc tumicb whibf fjwyeft9 Tumicb whibf fjwyeft ocy jhmftWaf |cejwfyt ~ebb |cejw waf jhmft ej tumicb whibf fjwyeft Waftf hyf afhgfyt wc waf

jhmft Waftf hyf ciwhejfg iu waf ahta ovjdwecj Waf betw dhj if gujhmedhbbu mhejwhejfg

\8

\9

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\6

Waet wu|f co ghwh twyvdwvyf aht ifwwfy |fyocymhjdf cfy waf betw ej ahjgbejn waf

c|fyhwecjt bekf tfhydaejn" ejtfywecj hjg xvfyeft

5% Fq|bhej Tujwaftet \ahtf hjg Hjhbutet \ahtf co hj httfmibfy *

Tujwaftet \ahtf 0- Waf ovjghmfjwhb ejocymhwecj yfxveyfmfjwt hyetf ej waftujwaftet |ahtf co hj httfmibfy

c Dcjtegfy waf httfmibu twhwfmfjwMC_FY IYFN " CJF

Waf oeytw ewfm co waf ejocymhwecj gf|fjgt cj waf tcvydf |ycnyhm Afjdf ew

mvtw if hhebhibf iu hjhbutet |ahtf waf tfdcjg ewfm co ejocymhwecj gcft jcw

gf|fjg cj waf tcvydf |ycnyhm" ew mfyfbu gf|fjgt cj waf httfmibu bhjnvhnf

Tujwaftet |ahtf dhj gfwfymejf waet ejocymhwecj ocy ewtfbo

W~c ghwh twyvdwvyft hyf |bhdfg gvyejn waf tujwaftet |ahtf 0

8 Tumicb whibf9 Mjfmcjed whibfFhda ewfm co waf tumicb whibf aht w~c |yemhyu oefbgt- jhmf hjg hggyftt Waf

whibf et ivebw iu waf hjhbutet |ahtf Hj fjwyu ej waf mjfmcjed whibf aht w~c |yemhyu

oefbgt mjfmcjed hjg c|dcgf Waf tujwaftet |ahtf vtft waftf whibft wc ciwhej waf

mhdaejf hggyftt ~ewa ~aeda h jhmf et httcdehwfg


30/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf 4% Gfoejf waf ghwh twyvdwvyft vtfg ej waf cjf |htt mhdyc |ycdfttcy

hbncyewam* Wafyf hyf wayff Ghwh twyvdwvyft vtfg ej cjf |htt mhdyc |ycdfttcy

8 GFOWHI Mhdyc gfoejewecj whibf9 JHMWHI Mhdyc jhmf whibf4 HYNWHI \hyhmfwfy hbvft whibf

GFOWHI0 ~aeda dcjwhejt waf mhdyc |ycwcwu|f hjg waf twhwfmfjwt wahw mhkf-v| waf mhdyc

icgu


37/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


JHMWHI0 ~aeda dcjwhejt waf mhdyc jhmft hjg |cejwfyt wc waf ifnejjejn hjg fjg co waf

mhdyc gfoejewecj ej GFOWHI

HYNWHI0 ~aeda dcjwhejt waf hynvmfjw hbvft co waf yft|fdwef |hyhmfwfy ejdbvgfg ej waf

mhdyc |ycwcwu|f twhwfmfjw

1% Fq|bhej waf mhdyc Fq|hjtecj hjg Dcjgewecjhb Mhdyc Fq|hjtecj*

Mhdyc Fq|hjtecj 0- mhdyc dhbb bfhgt wc mhdyc fq|hjtecj Gvyejn mhdyc fq|hjtecj" waf

mhdyc dhbb twhwfmfjw et yf|bhdfg iu h tfxvfjdf co httfmibu twhwfmfjwt Wc geoofyfjwehwf

ifw~ffj waf cyenejhb twhwfmfjwt co h |ycnyhm hjg waf twhwfmfjwt yftvbwejn oycm mhdyc

fq|hjtecj" fhda fq|hjgfg twhwfmfjw et mhykfg ~ewa h + |yfdfgejn ewt bhifb oefbg*

W~c kfu jcwhwecj dcjdfyjejn mhdyc fq|hjtecj hyf 0

Fq|hjtecj wemf dcjwycb obc~ 0 Waet gfwfymejft waf cygfy ej ~aeda mcgfb twhwfmfjwt hyf

etewfg gvyejn mhdyc fq|hjtecj

Bfqedhb tvitwewvwecj0 Bfqedhb Tvitwewvwecj et vtfg wc nfjfyhwf hj httfmibu twhwfmfjw oycm h

mcgfb twhwfmfjw

Dcjgewecjhb Mhdyc Fq|hjtecj 0- ^aebf ~yewejn h nfjfyhb |vy|ctf mhdyc" ew et em|cywhjw wc

fjtvyf fqfdvwecj fooedefjdu co ewt nfjfyhb dcgf Dcjgewecjhb mhdyc fq|hjtecj afb|t ej

nfjfyhwejn httfmibu dcgf tvewfg wc waf |hyhmfwfyt ej h mhdyc dhbb waet et hdaeffg iu

fjtvyejn wahw h mcgfb twhwfmfjw et etewfg cjbu vjgfy t|fdeoed dcjgewecj gvyejn waf

fq|hjtecj co h mhdycWaf HEO hjg HNC twhwfmfjwt hyf vtfg ocy waet |vy|ctf

Ocy fqhm|bf 0 Ew et yfxveyfg wc gffbc| h mhdyc F_HB tvda wahw h dhbb

F_HB H" I" D

Nfjfyhwft fooedefjw dcgf wc fhbvhwf H-I+D ej HYFN ~afj waf oeytw w~c |hyhmfwfyt co h dhbb

hyf egfjwedhb" F_HB tacvbg nfjfyhwf h tejnbf" MC_FY ejtwyvdwecj wc bchg waf 4yg |hyhmfwfy

ejwc HYFN

5% Fq|bhej waf |htt twyvdwvyf co mhdyc-httfmibfy ej gfwhebt*

Wc gftenj waf |htt twyvdwvyf co h mhdyc-httfmibfy ~f egfjweou waf ovjdwecjt co h mhdyc

|yf|ycdfttcy hjg waf dcjfjwecjhb httfmibfy ~aeda dhj if mfynfg wc hghjwhnf

\htt E

8 Mhdyc gfoejewecj |ycdfttejn

9 TUMWHI dcjtwyvdwecj


38/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


\htt EE

8 Mhdyc fq|hjtecj9 Mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj4 \ycdfttejn co bewfyhbt7 Ejwfymfgehwf dcgf nfjfyhwecj

\htt EEE

8 Whynfw Dcgf nfjfyhwecj\htt EE et bhynf ej tepf tejdf ew |fyocymt mhju ovjdwecj hbb waf ghwh twyvdwvyft co

waf mhdyc |yf|ycdfttcy jffgt wc fqew gvyejn waet |htt


39/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


DAH\WFY 0-?8% ^ahw et mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj3 Getdvtt ewt wu|ft ej gfwhebt*

Mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj ejcbft wayff em|cywhjw whtkt 0

8 Gfwfymejf waf hmcvjw co mfmcyu yfxveyfg wc yf|yftfjw waf hbvf co h ghwh ewfm9 Vtf hj h||yc|yehwf mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj mcgfb wc em|bfmfjw waf tdc|f co ghwh4 Gfwfymejf h||yc|yehwf mfmcyu mh||ejn wc hddftt waf hbvft ej h jcj tdhbhy ghwh ewfm

Fn hbvft ej hj hyyhu

Wu|ft co Mfmcyu Hbbcdhwecj 0-

8% Twhwed mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj9% Gujhmed mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj

Gujhmed Iejgejn 0- H mfmcyu iejgejn et hj httcdehwecj ifw~ffj waf mfmcyu hggyftt

hwwyeivwft co ghwh ewfm hjg waf hggyftt co mfmcyu hyfh Mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj et waf

|ycdfgvyf vtfg wc |fyocym mfmcyu iejgejn

Mfmcyu iejgejn dhj if gujhmed cy twhwed ej jhwvyf

Ej twhwed mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj " mfmcyu et hbbcdhwfg wc h hyehibf ifocyf waf fqfdvwecj co h

|ycnyhm ifnejt

Twhwed mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj et |fyocymfg gvyejn dcm|ebhwecj

Jc mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj CY gfhbbcdhwecj hdwecjt hyf |fyocymfg gvyejn waf fqfdvwecj co h

|ycnyhm

Ej gujhmed mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj" mfmcyu iejgejnt hyf ftwhibetafg hjg gftwycufg gvyejn

waf fqfdvwecj co h |ycnyhm wu|edhb fqhm|bft co waf vtf co waftf mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj mcgfbt

hyf OCYWYHJ ocy twhwed hbbcdhwecj hjg ibcdk twyvdwvyfg bhjnvhnf bekf \B#B " |htdhb fwd ocy

gujhmed hbbcdhwecj

Gujhmed mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj aht w~c obhcyt 0

8 Hvwcmhwed hbbcdhwecj9 \ycnyhm dcjwycbbfg hbbcdhwecjEj hvwcmhwed gujhmed hbbcdhwecj " mfmcyu et hbbcdhwfg wc waf hyehibft gfdbhyfg ej h

|ycnyhm vjew et fjwfyfg gvyejn fqfdvwecj hjg et gfhbbcdhwfg ~afj waf |ycnyhm vjew et

fqewfg


40/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf 7#9 dhj if yf|bhdfg iu h 0 = 86>16 fbemejhwejn h

geetecj c|fyhwecj

Fbemejhwecj co Dcmmcj Tvi fq|yfttecjt0- Dcmmcj tvi fq|yfttecjt hyf cddvyyfjdft co

fq|yfttecjt acbgejn waf thmf hbvf tvda fq|yfttecj hyf dhbbfg fxvehbfjw fq|yfttecjt

Ocy fqhm|bf 0- h 0 = i*d w 0 = i*d ;

q 0 = i*d + 69 ==: h 0 = w ;

q 0 = w + 69 ;

Afyf DT " dcjwhejt waf w~c cddvyyfjdft co i*d waf tfdcjg cddvyyfjdft co i*d dhj if

fbemejhwfg ifdhvtf waf oeytw cddvyyfjdft co i*d et hb~hut fhbvhwfg ifocyf waf tfdcjg

cddvyyfjdf et yfhdafg gvyejn fqfdvwecj co waf |ycnyhm

Gfhg Dcgf Fbemejhwecj 0- H dcgf ~aeda dhj if cmewwfg oycm h |ycnyhm ~ewacvw hoofdwejn

et yftvbw et dhbbfg gfhg dcgf Gfhg dcgf et gfwfdwfg iu dafdkejn ~afwafy waf hbvf httenjfg

ej hj httenjmfjw twhwfmfjw et vtfg hju~afyf ej waf |ycnyhm

Ocy fqhm|bf 0- Hj httenjmfjw q 0 = 2 fq| : dcjtwewvwft gfhg dcgf eo waf hbvf

httenjfg wc Q et jcw vtfg ej waf |ycnyhm


46/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


Nbcihb C|wemephwecj 0- Waf c|wemepejn wyhjtocymhwecjt hyf h||befg cfy h |ycnyhm

vjew" ef cfy h ovjdwecj cy h |ycdfgvyf

Dcm|hyfg wc bcdhb c|wemephwecj " nbcihb c|wemephwecj yfxveyft mcyf hjhbutet foocywt

wc ftwhibeta waf ofhteiebewu co hj c|wemephwecj

>% Fq|bhej waf geoofyfjdf ifw~ffj |vyf ejwfy|yfwfy hjg em|vyf

ejwfy|yfwfy*

Waf tdafmhwed co ghwh

Tcvydf |ycnyhm

et dhbbfg h |vyf ejwfy|yfwfy waf

tcvydf |ycnyhm et yfwhejfg ej waf tcvydf oycm hbb waycvna ewt ejwfy|yfwhwecj Waet

hyyhjnfmfjw ejdvyt tvitwhjwehb hjhbutet cfyafhgt ~aebf ejwfy|yfwejn h twhwfmfjw

Hj em|vyf ejwfy|yfwfy |fyocymt tcmf |ycdfttejn co waf tcvydf |ycnyhm wc yfgvdf

waf hjhbutet cfyafhg gvyejn ejwfy|yfwhwecj

Waf |yf|ycdfttcy dcjfywt waf |ycnyhm wc hj ejwfymfgehwf yf|yftfjwhwecj !EY%

~aeda et vtfg gvyejn ejwfy|yfwhwecj GHWH

T\ Yftvbw

Fqhm|bf 0- \ctwoeq jcwhwecj et h |c|vbhy ejwfymfgehwf dcgf ocy ejwfy|yfwfyt Waf

ejwfymfgehwf dcgf ocy h tcvydf twyejn h + i*d dcvbg bcck bekf waf ocbbc~ejn 0

T$8> T$7 T$95 * +

^afyf fhda ED vjew yftfmibft h wckfj

1% Getdvtt waf dcm|ebhwecj co waf fq|yfttecj ej gfwhebt hjg hbtc nef

hyecvt twf|t ej waf dcgf nfjfyhwecj co waf Fq|yfttecj *

Waf mh`cy ettvft ej dcgf nfjfyhwecj ocy fq|yfttecj hyf ht ocbbc~t 0

8 Tfbfdwecj co waf ejtwyvdwecjt wc if vtfg ej waf whynfw dcgf9 Vtf co yfnetwfy hjg ahjgbejn co |hywehb yftvbwt

Ejwfy|yfwfy

\yf|ycdfttcy Ejwfy|yfwfy


48/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


Twhwvt 0 ew dcjwhej waf dcgf oyff cy cddv|efgwc ejgedhwf yfnetwfy twhwvt

C|fyhjg gftdye|wcy 0 Eo twhwvt = cddv|efg" waet oefbg dcjwhej waf gftdye|wcy $ ocy waf

c|fyhjg dcjwhejfg ej waf yfnetwfy

Yfnetwfy gftdye|wcyt hyf twcyfg ej hj hyyhu dhbbfg Yfnetwfy gftdye|wcy

Ocy fqhm|bf 0- waf yfnetwfy gftdye|wcy ocy HYFN howfy nfjfyhwejn dcgf ocy h*i

~cvbg if

Waet ejgedhwft wahw yfnetwfy HYFN dcjwhejt waf c|fyhjg gftdyeifg iu gftdye|wcy

$4

5% ^ahw hyf waf hyecvt whtk ejcbft ej mfmcyu hbbcdhwecj |ycdftt*

Hvwcmhwed gujhmed hbbcdhwecj et em|bfmfjwfg vtejn waf fqwfjgfg twhdk mcgfb fhda

yfdcyg ej waf twhdk aht w~c yftfyfg |cejwfyt ejtwfhg co cjf fhda twhdk yfdcyg

hddcmmcghwft waf hyehibf ocy cjf hdwehwecj co h ibcdk " afjdf ~f dhbb ew hj hdwehwecj

yfdcyg !HY% Waf ocbbc~ejn jcwhwecj et vtfg wc yfofy wc waf hdwehwecj yfdcyg co h ibcdk

Gvyejn waf fqfdvwecj co h ibcdk twyvdwvyfg |ycnyhm " h yfnetwfy dhbbfg waf hdwehwecj

yfdcyg ihtf !HYI% hb~hut |cejwt wc waf twhyw hggyftt co waf WCT yfdcyg waet yfdcyg ifbcjnt

wc waf ibcdk ~aeda dcjwhej waf twhwfmfjw ifejn fqfdvwfg

Gujhmed \cejwfy 0-Waf oeytw yftfyfg |cejwfy ej h ibcdkt HY |cejwt wc waf hdwehwecj yfdcyg

co ewt gujhmed |hyfjw waet et dhbbfg gujhmed |cejwfy hjg aht waf hggyftt

gujhmed |cejwfy et vtfg ocy hbbcdhwejn HY

Cddv|efg $4


49/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


Q 0 yfhb ;

H u0 dahy;

I D p "~ 0 ejwfnfy ;

P 0 = 8


50/62

TUTWFM TCOW^HYF

JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf 6" 18%^ahw hyf Fgewcyt 3 Fq|bhej hyecvt wu|ft co fgewcyt* Fgewejn et waf |ycdftt co tfbfdwejn hjg |yf|hyejn bhjnvhnf" emhnft" tcvjg" egfc" cy

oebm waycvna |ycdfttft co dcyyfdwecj" dcjgfjthwecj" cynhjephwecj" hjg cwafy

mcgeoedhwecjt ej hyecvt mfgeh H |fytcj ~ac fgewt et dhbbfg hj fgewcy

Ej cwafy ~hu " waf fgewcy et h |ycnyhm " ~aeda hbbc~t dyfhwejn h oebf" ~aeda dhj

dcjwhej D |ycnyhm" D++ |ycnyhm" httfmibu bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm fwd ew hbbc~t

mcgeouejn hjg v|ghwejn co waf oebf waftf hbb hyf ~cyg |ycdfttejn tcow~hyf

Wafyf hyf mhju wu|ft co fgewcyt " ivw wafu ohbb ejwc w~c nfjfyhb dhwfncyeft 0

8 Bejf fgewcyt9 Ovbb tdyffj fgewcyt

Bejf Fgewcyt 0- Wafyf hyf w~c gfoejewecjt ocy bejf fgewcy Fhybu dcm|vwfy |ycnyhmt

vtfg h bejf fgewcy |ycnyhm" ~aeda fhbvhwfg waf bejft hjg dhvnaw metwhkft

Wu|edhbbu" ac~ffy" waf wfym bejf fgewcy twhjgt ocy h dc|u fgewcy ~ac t|fdeoedhbbu

yfhgt h wfqw bejf iu bejf

Waet wu|f co fgewejn yfxveyft ~cyg ocy ~cyg yfhgejn co h wfqw" hjg h fyu nccg

tfjtf co |yc|fy nyhmmhy hjg vthnf Waf bejf fgewcy mhu mhkf dcmmfjwt wc

em|ycf yfhghiebewu hjg dahjnf hju nyhmmhwedhb metwhkft cy t|fbbejn fyycyt

Waf bejf fgewcy et mcyf oyfxvfjwbu dhbbfg h dc|u fgewcy" tejdf geyfdwbu yfhgejn

hjg fgewejn dc|u et waf mctw em|cywhjw ovjdwecj waf bejf fgewcy mvtw hbtc fhbvhwf

waf wfqw ocy dcjtetwfjdu

Ocy fqhm|bf" h bejf fgewcy menaw fhbvhwf waf ghwft ej h wfqw wc if dfywhej wahw

hbb ghwft hyf dcjtetwfjw Waf bejf fgewcy menaw hbtc yftfhyda hjg dafdk waf ohdwt ej h

gcdvmfjw wc if dfywhej wahw hbb ohdwt hyf hddvyhwf

Ovbb-Tdyffj Fgewcyt 0- H dcm|vwfy |ycnyhm wahw hbbc~t waf vtfy wc ~cyk ~ewa waf

dcm|vwfy ej hj ejwfyhdwef mhjjfy iu vtejn mctw co waf hyfh co h dhwacgf-yhu wvifcy temebhy fbfdwycjed get|bhu

Fqhm|bf

Medyctcow cyg Ej ovbb tdyffj fgewcy wafu hyf tv||cywfg iu mhdyc tv||cyw


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TUTWFM TCOW^HYF


Ew et tv||cywfg iu mcyf mfmcyu t|hdf ht dcm|hyfg wc cwafy ~ejgc~ fgewcy Ovbb tdyffj fgewcy gcftjw tv||cyw mvbwe|bf ~ejgc~* Ovbb tdyffj fgewcy ofhwvyf cj tejnbf ~ejgc~ 9% ^ahw et h Wfqw fgewcy3 Fq|bhej hyecvt wu|ft co wfqw fgewcy 3

H wfqw fgewcy et h tem|bf dcm|vwfy |ycnyhm ~aeda hbbc~t vtfyt wc dyfhwf" dahjnf" cy

fgew |bhej wfqw oebft

Wfqw fgewcyt dhj if vtfg ocy dyfhwejn dcm|vwfy |ycnyhmt" fgewejn waf tcvydf dcgf co

|ycnyhmmejn bhjnvhnft" fgewejn !AWMB%" hjg dyfhwejn ~fi |hnft Wafu hyf mctw

dcmmcjbu vtfg wcghu ocy |ycnyhmmejn |vy|ctft" yhwafy wahj dyfhwejn gcdvmfjwt

Wafyf hyf geoofyfjw wu|ft co wfqw fgewcyt 0

8 Bejf fgewcyt9 Twyfhm fgewcyt4 Tdyffj fgewcyt7 ^cyg |ycdfttcyt6 Twyvdwvyf fgewcytBejf Fgewcyt 0- waf tdc|f co fgew c|fyhwecj ej bejf fgewcy et bemewfg wc h bejf co wfqw

waf bejf et gftenjhwfg |ctewecjhbbu Waf |yemhyu hghjwhnf co bejf fgewcy et ewt

tem|bedewu

Hghjwhnft0-

Tem|bf ocy yfhg hjg ~yewf

Tem|bf ej gftenj hjg em|bfmfjwhwecj

Gethghjwhnft0-

Jcw vtfy oyefjgbu

cjbu tejnbf bejf et vtfg ocy fgewejn

Twyfhm Fgewcyt 0- H twyfhm fgewcyt ef~t waf fjweyf wfqw ht h twyfhm co dahyhdwfyt

Twyfhm fgewcyt wu|edhbbu tv||cywt dahyhdwfy " bejf hjg dcjwfqw cyefjwfg dcmmhjgt

Bejf hjg twyfhm fgewcyt wu|edhbbu mhejwhej mvbwe|bf yf|yftfjwhwecj co wfqw

Tdyffj Fgewcyt 0- H tdyffj fgewcyt vtft waf ~ahw-ucv-tff-et-~ahw-ucv-nfw |yejde|bf

ej fgewcy gftenj waf fgewcy get|bhut h tdyffjovb co wfqw hw h wemf waf vtfy dhj mcf

waf dvytcy cfy waf tdyffj " |ctewecj ew hw waf |cejw ~afyf af gfteyft wc |fyocym


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tcmf fgewejn Ew et |ctteibf wc tff waf foofdw co hj fgew c|fyhwecj cj waf tdyffj Waet et

fyu vtfovb ~aebf |fyocymejn waf wfqw wc |ycgvdf |yejwfg gcdvmfjwt

^cyg \ycdfttcy 0- ^cyg |ycdfttcyt hyf ihtedhbbu gcdvmfjw fgewcyt ~ewa hggewecjhb

ofhwvyft wc |ycgvdf ~fbb ocymhwwfg ahyg dc|u cvw|vw Fttfjwehb ofhwvyft co ~cyg

|ycdfttcyt hyf dcmmhjg ocy mcejn tfdwecjt co wfqw oycm cjf |bhdf wc hjcwafy "mfynejn co wfqw hjg tfhydaejn hjg yf|bhdfmfjw co ~cygt mhju ~cyg |ycdfttcyt

tv||cyw t|fbb-dafdk c|wecj ^cygTwhyet h |c|vbhy fgewcy co waet dbhtt

Twyvdwvyf Fgewcyt 0- H twyvdwvyf fgewcy ejdcy|cyhwft hj h~hyfjftt co waf twyvdwvyf

co h gcdvmfjw waet et vtfovb ej iyc~tejn waycvna h gcdvmfjw Fn Eo h |ycnyhmmfy

~etaft wc fgew h t|fdeoed ovjdwecj ej h |ycnyhm oebf waf twyvdwvyf et t|fdeoefg iu waf

vtfy ~aebf dyfhwejn waf gcdvmfjw H t|fdehb dbhtt co twyvdwvyf fgewcyt dhbbfg Tujwhq

geyfdwfg fgewcyt hyf vtfg ej h |ycnyhmmejn fjeycjmfjw

4% ^ahw hyf waf Ofhwvyft co wfqw fgewcyt 3

Wafyf hyf geoofyfjw ofhwvyft co wfqw fgewcyt

Tfhyda hjg yf|bhdf 0-waf |ycdftt co tfhydaejn ocy h ~cyg cy h twyejn ej h wfqw oebf hjg

c|wecjhbbu yf|bhdejn waf tfhyda twyejn ~ewa h yf|bhdfmfjw twyejn

Dvw" Dc|u hjg \htwf 0- mctw wfqw fgewcyt |ycegf mfwacgt wc gv|bedhwf hjg mcf wfqw

~ewaej waf oebf cy ifw~ffj oebft

Wfqw ocymhwwejn 0- Wfqw fgewcyt cowfj |ycegf wfqw fgewejn ofhwvyft bekf bejf ~yh| "

dcmmfjw ocymhwwejn fwd

Vjgc hjg Yfgc 0- Ht ~ewa ~cyg |ycdfttcyt " wfqw fgewcyt ~ebb |ycegf h ~hu wc vjgc

hjg yfgc ~ewa cbgfy wfqw fgewcyt " wafyf et cjbu cjf bffb co fgew aetwcyu

Em|cywejn 0- yfhgejn waf dcjwfjw co hjcwafy wfqw oebf ejwc waf oebf dvyyfjwbu ifejn

fgewfg tcmf wfqw fgewcyt |ycegf h ~hu wc ejtfyw waf cvw|vw co h dcmmhjg ettvfg wc waf

c|fyhwejn tutwfmt tafbb

Oebwfyejn 0- Tcmf hghjdfg wfqw fgewcyt hbbc~ ucv wc tfjg hbb cy tfdwecj co waf oebf ifejn

fgewfg wc hjcwafy vwebewu hjg yfhg waf yftvbw ihdk ejwc waf oebf ej |bhdf co waf bejf ifejn

oebwfyfg *


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7% ^ahw gc ucv mfhj iu ci`fdw mcgvbf3 fq|bhej hbb waf dcm|cjfjwtwahwhyf |yftfjw ej ci`fdw mcgvbf *

Waf ci`fdw mcgvbf co h |ycnyhm dcjwhej hbb waf ejocymhwecj jfdftthyu wc yfbcdhwf

hjg bejk waf |ycnyhm ~ewa cwafy |ycnyhm waf ci`fdw mcgvbf co h |ycnyhm \ dcjtetw co

7 dcm|cjfjwt 0

Afhgfy 0- waf afhgfy dcjwhej wyhjtbhwfg cyenej tepf hjg fqfdvwecj twhyw hggyftt co \

\ycnyhm 0- waet dcm|cjfjw dcjwhejt waf mhdaejf bhjnvhnf |ycnyhm dcyyft|cjgejn wc

\

Yfbcdhwecj Whibf 0- !YFBCDWHI% waet whibf gftdyeift EYY!Ejtwyvdwecj Yfxveyewu

Yfbcdhwecj%| fhda yfbcdhwecj whibf fjwyu dcjwhej h tejnbf oefbg

Wyhjtbhwfg hggyftt 0 wyhjtbhwfg hggyftt co hj hggyftt tfjtewef ejtwyvdwecj

Bejkejn Whibf 0- !BEJKWHI% waet whibf dcjwhej waf ejocymhwecj dcjdfyjejn waf |vibed

gfoejewecjt cy fqwfyjhb yfofyfjdf

Fhda BEJKWHI fjwyu dcjwhej wayff oefbgt 0

Tumicb 0- Tumicbed jhmf

Wu|f 0- ejgedhwf ~afwafy |vibed gfoejewecj cy fqwfyjhb yfofyfjdf

Wyhjtbhwfg hggyftt 0- Ocy h |vibed gfoejewecj " waet et waf hggyftt co waf oeytw

mfmcyu ~cyg hbbcdhwfg wc waf tumicb Ocy hj fqwfyjhb yfofyfjdft " ew et wafhggyftt co waf mfmcyu ~cyg ~aeda et yfxveyfg wc dcjwhej waf hggyftt co waf

tumicb

6% Nef waf geoofyfjdf Ifw~ffj Bejkfy hjg Bchgfy *

Waf bchgfy et waf |ycnyhm wahw bchgt waf ci`fdw |ycnyhm oycm waf tfdcjghyu mfmcyu

ejwc mhej mfmcyu ocy fqfdvwecj co waf |ycnyhm

Waf bejkfy et waf |ycnyhm wahw bejkt hbb waf ci`fdw mcgvbf co |ycnyhm

Waf mhej geoofyfjdf ifw~ffj bejkfy hjg bchgfy hyf twhwfg ifbc~ 0

Bchgfy 0

8 Mhej whtk co bchgfy et wc bchg h tcvydf |ycnyhm ejwc mfmcyu hjg wafj |yf|hyf ew ocyovywafy fqfdvwecjt

9 Waf wu|f co bchgfy ejdbvgft hitcbvwf bchgfy " yfbcdhwejn hjg gujhmed bejkejn bchgfyt


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4 Bchgfy |ycegft waf hbbcdhwecj co mfmcyu ocy |ycnyhmt7 Ew bchgt waf mcgvbft hjg beiyhyeft ocy ovywafy fqfdvwecj6 Waf bchgfy dhj |fyocym waf bejkejn ovjdwecj

Bejkfy 0

8 Waf |vy|ctf co waf bejkfy et wc bejk hbb ci`fdw mcgvbf |ycnyhmt hjg jfdftthyubeiyhyeft

9 Wafyf hyf w~c wu|ft co bejkfy Twhwed hjg gujhmed4 Ew bejkt cjbu geoofyfjw ci`fdw mcgvbf co wahw |ycnyhmt 7 Ew cjbu bejkt mcgvbft hjg beiyhyeft ocy ovywafy fqfdvwecj6 Ew et hdwvhbbu h |hyw co bchgfyt ovjdwecj*

?% ^ahw et Gfivnnfyt 3 fq|bhej ew wu|ft ej gfwheb*

Gfivnnfyt hyf waf tutwfm |ycnyhmt wahw hyf vtfg wc gfivn waf ej|vw |ycnyhm ew afb|t

waf tutwfm |ycnyhmmfyt wc tfhyda ocy ivnt ej |ycnyhm hjg dcyyfdw hbb co wafm

Ej hggewecj wc waet " gfivnnejn et waf |ycdftt wc oejg hjg yfmcf fyycyt cy ivnt

hhebhibf ej waf |ycnyhm ew mfhjt wahw |hywedvbhy |ycnyhm dhj if gfivnnfg twf| ~etf

Wafyf hyf w~c wu|ft co gfivnnejn wfdajexvft 0

8 Tejnbf twf| dcjwycb mfwacg9 Iyfhk |cejw mfwacgTejnbf Twf| Dcjwycb Mfwacg 0- Ej tejnbf twf| dcjwycb mfwacg " waf vtfy dhj dafdk cvwdcjwfjwt co waf yfnetwfy " mfmcyu hjg hyehibft howfy fqfdvwejn fhda twf| co |ycnyhm ew

afb|t waf |ycnyhmmfy wc oejg waf ivnt hjg yfmcf hbb co wafm " twhwfmfjw iu twhwfmfjw

Waet mfwacg et vtfg cjbu ocy tmhbb tepf |ycnyhm dcgft ew et wemf dcjtvmejn hjg jcw

tvewfg ocy bcjnfy |ycnyhm Waet mfwacg dhjjcw oejg wemejn fyycyt hjg fyycyt ej geyfdw -

mfmcyu hddftt

Iyfhk \cejw Mfwacg 0- Waf iyfhk |cejw mfwacg hbbc~t vtfy wc tfw h iyfhk |cejw ej h

|ycnyhm wc dafdk waf dcjwfjwt co yfnetwfy " mfmcyu " hjg hyehibft

waf |ycnyhm fqfdvwecj et ahbwfg hw waf iyfhk |cejw " ocy vtfy wc fhbvhwf ocy

ejwfymfgehwf yftvbw gvyejn fqfdvwecj ew hbtc afb|t wc bcdhbepf waf fyycyt hjg wc tke| waf

dcgf wahw et fyycy oyff


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>% âhw et cfybhu3 âhw et cfybhu twyvdwvyfg |ycnyhm 3 Nef |yc|fy

fqhm|bf* CY âhw gc ucv mfhj iu cfybhu hjg cfybhu twyvdwvyfg

|ycnyhmt3

Hj cfybhu et h |hyw co h |ycnyhm ~aeda aht waf thmf bchg cyenej ht tcmf cwafy |hywt co

waf |ycnyhm

Cfybhut hyf vtfg wc yfgvdf waf mhej mfmcyu yfxveyfmfjw co h |ycnyhm

Cfybhu twyvdwvyfg |ycnyhmt 0 H cfybhu twyvdwvyfg |ycnyhm dcjtetw co

8 H |fymhjfjwbu yftegfjw |cywecj " dhbbfg yccw 9 H tfw co cfybhut

Fqfdvwecj co hj cfybhu twyvdwvyfg |ycnyhm |ycdffgt ht ocbbc~t 0 Wc twhyw ~ewa waf yccw

et bchgfg ejwc mfmcyu hjg nefj waf dcjwycb ocy waf |vy|ctf co fqfdvwecj Cwafy cfybhuthyf bchgfg ~afjffy jfdftthyu

waet yfgvdf waf mfmcyu yfxveyfmfjw co h |ycnyhm ew et hbtc |ctteibf wc fqfdvwf

|ycnyhmt ~actf tepf fqdffgt waf hmcvjw co mfmcyu ~aeda dhj if hbbcdhwfg wc wafm

Waf cfybhu twyvdwvyf co h |ycnyhm et gftenjfg iu egfjweouejn mvwvhbbu

fqdbvtef mcgvbft- wahw et mcgvbft ~aeda gc jcw dhbb fhda cwafy Tvda mcgvbft gc jcw

yftegf ej mfmcyu Afjdf " wafu hyf bcdhwfg ej geoofyfjw cfybhut ~ewa waf thmf bchg cyenej

Fqhm|bf 0- Dcjtegfy h |ycnyhm ~ewa teq tfdwecjt jhmfg ejew " yfhg " wyhjtSh " wyhjtSi "

wyhjtSd " hjg |yejw *

Ejew|fyocymt tcmf ejewehbephwecj hjg |httft dcjwycb wc yfhg yfhgyfhgt cjf

tfw co ghwh WyhjtSh" wyhjtSi hjg wyhjtSd hyf mvwvhbbu fqdbvtef wafu dhj if mhgf ejwc

tf|hyhwf cfybhut Yfhg hjg |yejw hyf |vw ej waf yccw co waf |ycnyhm tejdf wafu hyf jffgfg

ocy fhda tfw co ghwh


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1% Geoofyfjdf ifw~ffj Jcj yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhmt "Yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhmt

hjg tfbo-yfbcdhwejn |ycnyhmt*

H jcj yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhm et h |ycnyhm ~aeda dhjjcw if fqfdvwfg ej hju mfmcyu hyfhcwafy wahj waf hyfh twhywejn cj ewt wyhjtbhwfg cyenej

Waf geoofyfjdf ifw~ffj h yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhm hjg h jcj yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhm et waf

hhebhiebewu co ejocymhwecj dcjdfyjejn waf hggyftt tfjtewef ejtwyvdwecjt ej ew

H yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhm dhj if |ycdfttfg wc yfbcdhwf ew wc h gfteyfg hyfh co mfmcyu

H tfbo-yfbcdhwejn |ycnyhm et h |ycnyhm ~aeda dhj |fyocym waf yfbcdhwecj co ewt c~j

hggyftt tfjtewef ejtwyvdwecjt Ew dcjwhej waf ocbbc~ejn w~c tfdwecj ocy waet |vy|ctf 0

8 H whibf co ejocymhwecj dcjdfyjejn waf hggyftt tfjtewef ejtwyvdwecjt

9Dcgf wc |fyocym waf yfbcdhwecj co hggyftt tfjtewef ejtwyvdwecjt Waet et dhbbfg waf

yfbcdhwejn bcned*

Waf twhyw hggyftt co waf yfbcdhwejn bcned et t|fdeoefg ht waf fqfdvwecj twhyw

hggyftt co waf |ycnyhm ew vtft waf bchg hggyftt wc |fyocym ewt c~j yfbcdhwecj

Fqfdvwecj dcjwycb et jc~ wyhjtofyyfg wc waf yfbcdhwfg |ycnyhm

H tfbo yfbcdhwejn |ycnyhm dhj fqfdvwf ej hju hyfh co waf mfmcyu waet et

fyu em|cywhjw ej wemf tahyejn c|fyhwejn tutwfm

-:Tfbo yfbcdhwejn |ycnyhmt hyf bftt fooedefjw wahj yfbcdhwhibf |ycnyhmt

-:Wafyf ~cvbg if jc jffg ocy bejkfyt eo hbb |ycnyhmt hyf dcgfg ht tfbo

yfbcdhwejn |ycnyhmt

-:H tfbo-yfbcdhwejn |ycnyhm jffgt wc oejg ewt bchg hggyftt ifocyf ew dhj

fqfdvwf ewt yfbcdhwejn bcned

5% Fq|bhej gfivn mcjewcyt*

Gujhmed gfivnnejn ohdebewu et |ycegfg iu waf gfivn mcjewcy Ew ejdbvgft ocbbc~ejn

hdweeweft

8 Tfwwejn iyfhk|cejwt ej waf |ycnyhmt9 Get|bhuejn hbvft co hyehibft4 Hddfttejn jf~ hbvft wc hyehibft7 Ejewehwejn h gfivn dcjfythwecj ~afj dcjwycb yfhdaft h iyfhk|cejw6 Wftwejn vtfy gfoejfg httfywecjt hjg |yfgedhwft


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JETAEW KHDAEUH \hnf ?

s s Chapter Wise Notes

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Transcript of s s Chapter Wise Notes