S PANISH A MERICAN W AR AND I MPERIALISM. M ONROE D OCTRINE President James Monroe US does not want...
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SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND IMPERIALISM
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MONROE DOCTRINE
President James MonroeUS does not want European
influence or colonization of the Americas
Granted amnesty to European nations who already had colonial holdings in the Caribbean.Inspired by recent success in South American and Mexican wars of Independence
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DISCUSS
Why did the US feel a need to pass this doctrine?
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http://www.iranreview.org/file/cms/files/imperialism1900.gif
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WHITE BOARD
What nation seems to have the most territory?
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WHY IMPERIALISM 3 REASONS
1) Economic: Desire for new markets and raw materials
2) Military: Desire for naval bases and coaling stations
3) Ideology: Desire to bring Christianity, western culture, and democracy to other people.Idea that European were superior and
had to “civilize” the world
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U.S. SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY
• The United States entered the imperialist competition later than the European powers
• U.S. begins imperialist policies with Hawaii
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TAKING OVER HAWAII Bayonet Constitution-
American business leaders forced the king of Hawaii to sign.Gave political control of
Hawaii to American sugar planters in Hawaii
For business owners in Hawaii to profit only option was to have Hawaii become part of the U.S.
Queen Liliuokalani surrenders Hawaii in 1893.
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HAWAII
Sanford B. Dole becomes president of the Republic of Hawaii.
Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley
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WHITE BOARD
Which of the reasons for Imperialism pushed the US to want Hawaii?
Discuss your answer
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THE US WANTED MORE TERRITORIES IN THE PACIFIC AND WOULD LIKE LATIN AMERICAN TERRITORIES
Needed justification for taking these lands
Spanish Territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
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THE CUBAN FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE The Cuban people had a
long running fight against Spain to gain heir independence
This gave a moral cause to a war with Spain under Monroe DoctrineCould result in gaining
taking of their over seas territories
The Public and government had to be in favor of this fight.
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SITUATION IN CUBACuban rebellions for independence
since 1868Was Violently crushed by Spanish
GovernmentBy 1890’s Spain had difficulties controlling
these Uprisings
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SPANISH GOVERNMENT INCREASED BRUTALITY
General Valeriano Wayler was brought in to end the rebellion in 1890’sNicknamed the “Butcher”
Reconcentration – These were fortified concentration camps for inhabitants of more rebellious territories
All inhabitants forced to live with in the camps causing widespread hunger and
spread of Disease effective in calming rebellion but
at high civilian cost
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WHITE BOARD
How do we get info from other nations?
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YELLOW PRESSThe situation in Cuba
angered many AmericansLarge Newspaper companies
sent reports to cover situationJoseph Pulitzer- New York WorldWilliam Randolph Hearst- New
York JournalPlayed on Fear of Spain’s
Catholic ConnectionSensationalize acts of violence
against Cuban people(many were true)
Papers made huge profits
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DE LÔME LETTER
Private letter from Spanish Ambassador is Published by the New York Journal
characterizes U.S. President McKinley as "weak"
Portrayed the US as immature, militarily weak, and lacking in diplomatic skill
Pushed more anger towards Spain
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ECONOMIC INTEREST IN CUBAThere was many
major US companies affected by violence in Cuba
Companies wanted a settled peace in protect economic interestsSugar, Shipping, and
Tobacco companiesCompanies urged US
gov to intervene.
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1897 PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT IN CUBA Pres. William
McKinley was reluctant to go to war with SpainSent
Representatives to speak with Spanish government to plan a peaceful Spanish withdrawal
Cuba was given limited autonomy 1898
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WHITE BOARD
What type of event would push the US to go to war with Spain?
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IMMEDIATE CAUSED OF SPAMStill tension: Cubans
wanted full independence
The USS Maine Naval ship went to oversee the situations
Feb 15, 1898 the Maine explodes in Havana Harbor killing 266 sailors
Spain was blamed
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WARUrged by McKinley Congress
passes $50 Million bill to increase the Military
US investigations say there was an exterior ignitions(Spain?)justification for war with SpainYellow Press began to blame
Spain and Public opinion for war grew
April 20th 1898 The US officially declared war with Spain
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IMPACT OF THE WAR AND BIG STICK DIPLOMACY
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IMPORTANT DATES: OF THE WAR May 1, 1898: U.S. Commodore Dewey and his Asiatic
squadron defeat the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in the Philippines.
June 22, 1898: U.S. troops land in Cuba. July 1, 1898: U.S. forces defeat the Spanish at the
Battle of San Juan Heights. July 3, 1898: U.S. forces destroy the Spanish Fleet off
Santiago Bay, Cuba. July 17, 1898: The Spanish surrender at Santiago. August 12, 1898: Cease fire between US and Spain December 10, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is signed by
U.S. and Spain. February 6, 1899. Treaty is ratified U.S. acquires
control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
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DETAILS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS 1898
Spain surrendered control of Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and parts of the West Indies.
US paid 20 million to the Spain Cuba occupied not an
American territory End of the Spanish empire in
the Americas and the Pacific Islands
Start of US becoming a world power.
Filipino now demand independence from US
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DISCUSS
Positives for the US in the treaty and drawbacks
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IMPACT OF THE WAR FOR THE USIt was a popular war that United the
nation after the civil war.Moral cause of Liberating CubaBy the end of the war the US joined the
ranks of the world powerThe president was seen as equal with
European powers.
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POLITICAL IMPACT
Theodore Roosevelt’s rise to political power in the United States.
As the hero of the Battle of San Juan Hill, he gained much popularity within the Republican Party
Was President from 1901-1909 2 terms as President
He would go on to expand American Influence in the Americas
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WHITE BOARD
List other Presidents that had a military history that helped them gain power.
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ANNEXATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Fears of Annexation An organization known
as the Anti-Imperialist League arose in the US
Fear of increased Filipino Immigrations and Money spent of the territory and not wanting to be an imperial power
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WHITE BOARD
List territories that were gained and which was the only independent one.
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THE TREATY OF PARIS WAS PASSED BY TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE IN 1899
Reasons for Passage and Territories Benefits of trade, natural resources, and Military
outpost near Asia. suggested that the sooner the US annexed the
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, the sooner the US could prepare them for independence.
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FILIPINOS FIGHT THE US Filipinos fought with
Americans against Spain Filipinos wanted the US to
leave and give them Independence
US made Philippines a territory Filipinos felt betrayed.
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FILIPINOS CLAIM INDEPEDENCE
On Jan 23, 1899, the Filipinos proclaimed an independent republic and elected long-time nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo president.
US fought Aguinaldo to control the Islands
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WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SAYING.
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FILIPINO REBELLION CRUSHED
US sent in reinforcements to put down this government.
War lasted nearly 3 years with over 4000 US deaths and over 20,000 Filipino deaths
On March 23, 1901, the US finally put down the Filipino revolt by capturing Aguinaldo.
US would go on to set up naval and Army bases in the Philippines
Philippines gained independence in 1946 after WWI
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INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA The U.S., after the Spanish-
American expansionists who wanted to annex Cuba.
Cuba would be a Protectorate: Independent nation protected and influenced by the US
felt that a foreign power (outside of the U.S.) would control a portion of Cuba,
Teller Amendment, which states only intervene to bring peace to Island Once done the US must allow people
to govern themselves
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DISCUSS
Why do you feel the US made the Cuba a protectorate and not the Philippines?
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PLATT AMENDMENT 1901 Cuba pledged herself not to incur an
indebtedness beyond her means The United States was at liberty to intervene
for the purpose of preserving order and maintaining Cuban independence.
Cuba would agree to an American-sponsored sanitation
Cuba would agree to sell or lease to the United States sites for naval or coaling stations [Guantánamo became the principal base].
By 1903 US Troops would leave mainland Cuba
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DISCUSS
“Speak softly and carry a big stick” what does this quote mean?
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BIG STICK DIPLOMACY
Asserted U.S Dominance when such dominance was considered important.
Motive to increase the military to have better diplomatic influence over other nations
The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the “big stick”,
West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
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ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904 Extension of the Monroe
Doctrine US will intervene in conflicts
between European and Latin American countries.
1905, Dominican Republic was in jeopardy of invasion by European debt collectors.
US invaded ruled the Dominican Republic as a protectorate until the situation was stabilized.
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DISCUSS
How was the Dominican Republic Issues an example of Big Stick Dipolomacy
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BUILDING A CANAL Construction of the
Nicaraguan Canal In 1901, Nicaragua $1.5 million in
ratification $100,000 annually
Nicaragua wanted $6 million dollars on ratification.
NO DEAL
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DISCUSS WHY A CANAL IS SO IMPORTANT ECONOMICALLY
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PANAMA CANAL Panama was then a small
portion of Colombia) Colombia and the French
company raised prices for canal building Materials
Colombia was not willing to give US control to Canal region.
U.S. “engineered a revolution” in Panama to liberate from Colombia.
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ON NOVEMBER 3, 1903, PANAMA FREE
• With US Naval support Panama revolted and won independence from Colombia.
Panama gained• new republic,• receiving $10 million from
the U.S. • annual payment of
$250,000, US Gained• rights to the canal strip
“in perpetuity.”