S ECTION 3.3 Measures of Variation. A Q UESTION OF T WO S AMPLES Think of the measures of center...
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Transcript of S ECTION 3.3 Measures of Variation. A Q UESTION OF T WO S AMPLES Think of the measures of center...
SECTION 3.3Measures of Variation
A QUESTION OF TWO SAMPLES
Think of the measures of center that
we have learned about so far. What measure of center do these two
samples have in common?
Both samples have the same mean.
A NEW MEASURE
Clearly these 5 samples have many differences … but
that is not apparent if we start analyzing them with the tools we already know.
We need a new measure.
STANDARD DEVIATION OF A SAMPLE
Definition
The standard deviation of a set of sample values, denoted by s, is a measure of variation
of values about the mean. It is a type of average deviation of values from the mean
that is calculated by using the following formula.
IMPORTANT NOTES
The standard deviation is a measure of variation of all values from the mean.
The value of the standard deviation is usually positive. (It is sometimes zero, but it is never negative).
The units of the standard deviation are the same as the units of the original data values.
CAUTION: Is NOT a resistant measure of center.
APPLICATION
As of 2010, India had 1 satellite used for military and intelligence purposes, Japan has
3, and Russia has 14.
Find the range and the standard deviation for this information.
APPLICATION – SATELLITES & STANDARD DEVIATION
Step 1: Compute the mean
Step 2: Subtract the mean from each individual sample value.
Step 3: Square each of the deviations obtained from step 2.
Step 4: Add all of the squares obtained from step 3.
Step 5: Divide the total from step 4 by the number n-1.
Step 6: Find the square root of the result from step 5.
MATH SWAGG – CALCULATOR SKILLZ
SO … WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
The Range Rule of Thumb
The vast majority (such as 95%) of sample values lie within two standard deviations of the
mean.
Years to Earn Bachelor’s Degree
Listed below are the lengths of time (in years) it took for a random sample of students to earn
bachelor’s degrees (based on data from the U.S National Center for Education Statistics). Based on these results, is it usual for someone to earn
a bachelor’s degree in 12 years?
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 13, 13, 15
ANOTHER NEW MEASURE - VARIANCE OF A SAMPLE
Definition
The variance of a set of values is a measure of variation equal to the square of the standard
deviation.
Sample variance
IMPORTANT NOTES
The sample variance is an unbiased estimator. Example: Consider an IQ test designed so
that the population variance is 225. If you repeat the process of randomly selecting 100 subjects, giving them IQ tests, and calculating the sample variance in each case, the sample variances you will obtain will tend to center around 225.
The units of the variance are NOT the same as the units of the original data values.
PRACTICE
Pg. 110 #7-9
HOMEWORK QUIZ
Ms. Pobuda find that the times (in seconds) required to complete a homework quiz have a mean of 180 seconds and a standard deviation of 30 seconds. Would it be unfair for Ms. Pobuda to set a time limit of 90 seconds for her homework quizzes? Why or why not?
REAL LIFE APPLICATION – CUSTOMER WAITING TIMES
Do you prefer single waiting lines or multiple wait lines?
REAL LIFE APPLICATION – CUSTOMER WAITING TIMES
Waiting times (in minutes) of customers at the Jefferson Valley Bank (where all
customers enter a single waiting line) and the Bank of Providence (where all customers wait in individual lines at three different teller
windows) are listed below. Determine whether there is a difference between the
two data sets. Jefferson Valley 6.
56.6 6.
76.8
7.1
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.7
7.7
Providence 4.2
5.4 5.8
6.2
6.7
7.7
7.7
8.5
9.3
10
MINI-ACTIVITY
Write your height in inches up on the side of the board. Once everyone’s height is on the board, use your calculator to calculate the standard deviation of our class’ heights.
APPLICATION Would any of the characters of Eclipse have an
“usual” height in our class?
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE
Pg. 111 # 14-16