Ryan’S Bio Final Project
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Transcript of Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’s Bio Final Ryan’s Bio Final ProjectProject
An in depth look at what An in depth look at what happened in Shap’s room from happened in Shap’s room from
February to JuneFebruary to June
BiologyBiology
Biology is the study Biology is the study of living organismsof living organisms
‘‘nuff saidnuff said
Lab SafetyLab Safety• ALWAYS wear your safety goggles when
doing labs
• Don’t fool around in the lab
• Always know what’s going on around you
Scientific MethodScientific MethodThe scientific method is the The scientific method is the
systematic pursuit of knowledge systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and involving the recognition and
formulation of a problemformulation of a problem
Scientific Method stepsScientific Method steps
• Name the problem or question
• Form a hypothesis
• Test hypothesis by doing an experiment
• Check and interpret your results
Nature of lifeNature of lifeTo be alive, something must…To be alive, something must…
1.1. BE COMPOSED OF CELLSBE COMPOSED OF CELLS
2.2. HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
3.3. USE ENERGYUSE ENERGY
4.4. RESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTRESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
5.5. GROWGROW
6.6. REPRODUCEREPRODUCE
7.7. ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTADAPT TO ENVIRONMENT
Microscopy…Microscopy………is the technical field of using is the technical field of using
microscopes to view samples or microscopes to view samples or objects.objects.
Scientists use microscopes to Scientists use microscopes to view cells and other microscopic view cells and other microscopic organisms. Without microscopes, organisms. Without microscopes, science and technology wouldn’t science and technology wouldn’t
be nearly as advanced as it is be nearly as advanced as it is now.now.
Animal CellsAnimal Cells
• Mitochondrion-site of cellular respiration
• Endoplasmic Reticulum-transports chemicals between cells and within cells
• Vacuole-store insoluble wastes
• Golgi App.-modifies chemicals to make them functional
• Centrioles-forms spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division
• Nucleus- the control center of the cell
Plant CellsPlant Cells
Same organelles as animal cell except…
• Chloroplasts-the site of photosynthesis
Cell functionCell functionThe cell is a self-replicating unit The cell is a self-replicating unit
that may exist as functional that may exist as functional independent unit of life or as sub-independent unit of life or as sub-
unit in a multicellular organism unit in a multicellular organism that is specialized into carrying out that is specialized into carrying out
particular functions towards the particular functions towards the cause of the organism as a whole. cause of the organism as a whole.
MitosisMitosisMitosis is the splitting of a cell. It Mitosis is the splitting of a cell. It
occurs in four phases.occurs in four phases.• Prophase- Formation of paired chromosomes disappearance of nuclear membrane, appearance of the achromatic spindle, formation of polar bodies
• Metaphase- arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial plane
• Anaphase-the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster.
• Telophase-two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, forming two complete daughter cells.
DiffusionDiffusionDiffusion is the passive movement Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or particles along a of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of regions of higher to regions of
lower concentrationlower concentration
This is one way things are This is one way things are transported in and out of the celltransported in and out of the cell
OsmosisOsmosisOsmosis is tendency of water to flow Osmosis is tendency of water to flow
from a hypotonic solution (low from a hypotonic solution (low concentration of dissolved substances) concentration of dissolved substances)
to hypertonic solution (higher to hypertonic solution (higher concentration of dissolved substances) concentration of dissolved substances)
across a semipermiable membraneacross a semipermiable membrane
This is another way for the This is another way for the transportation of things in and out transportation of things in and out
of the cellof the cell
Active transportActive transportOsmosis and diffusion all occur by Osmosis and diffusion all occur by
themselves through changes in themselves through changes in pressure and concentration. When pressure and concentration. When something needs to be moved by something needs to be moved by
other means, it is called active other means, it is called active transport. An example of this is transport. An example of this is
Contranslational transport which is Contranslational transport which is the process whereby a protein is the process whereby a protein is
moved across a membrane as it is moved across a membrane as it is being synthesised. being synthesised.
Biochemical reactionsBiochemical reactionsBiochemical reactions occur when Biochemical reactions occur when
chemicals interact and cause a chemicals interact and cause a reaction. These occur all the time reaction. These occur all the time and are aided by enzymes (see and are aided by enzymes (see
next slide)next slide) EXAMPLES
•Making cholesterol
•Photosynthesis
•Cellular respiration
•Vinegar and baking soda
EnzymesEnzymesAn enzyme is a catalyst or a An enzyme is a catalyst or a
chemical produced by cells to chemical produced by cells to speed up specific chemical speed up specific chemical
reaction reaction
Enzymes work in cells. The Enzymes work in cells. The Lysosome is a digestive enzyme.Lysosome is a digestive enzyme.
Gregor MendelGregor Mendel
Monk who did experiments with pea plants to see how genes are passed on to offspring and how traits are inherited. He was the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of a living thing.
MeiosisMeiosisMeiosis is the splitting of gametes Meiosis is the splitting of gametes or sex cells. Each cell has half as or sex cells. Each cell has half as many chromosomes because it many chromosomes because it
needs to match up with another of needs to match up with another of the opposite sex to form a zygote.the opposite sex to form a zygote.
Punnett SquaresPunnett SquaresUsed to predict which genes the Used to predict which genes the
offspring of two parents will inheritoffspring of two parents will inherit
InheritanceInheritance
The offspring of two The offspring of two parents parents INHERITINHERIT the the
parents traits. If both the parents traits. If both the male and female have male and female have
dominant brown hair traits, dominant brown hair traits, the offspring will the offspring will INHERITINHERIT
brown hair.brown hair.
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)Say that 5 times fast.
DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell
growth, division, and function.
Structure (of dna)Structure (of dna)• DNA is made up of subunits which scientists called nucleotides. • Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a base. • There are 4 different bases in a DNA molecule:
1. adenine (a purine)
2. cytosine (a pyrimidine)
3. guanine (a purine)
1. thymine (a pyrimidine) • The number of purine bases equals the number of pyrimidine
bases • The number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine
bases • The number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine
bases • The basic structure of the DNA molecule is helical, with the
bases being stacked on top of each other
Replication (of dna)Replication (of dna)When replicating, the double helix structure When replicating, the double helix structure uncoils so that each strand of DNA can be uncoils so that each strand of DNA can be
exposed. When they uncoil, the nucleotides are exposed. When they uncoil, the nucleotides are exposed so that the freely available nucleotides exposed so that the freely available nucleotides can pair up with them. When all nucleotides are can pair up with them. When all nucleotides are
paired up with their new partners, they re-coil into paired up with their new partners, they re-coil into the double helix. As there are two strands of DNA the double helix. As there are two strands of DNA
involved in replication, the first double helix involved in replication, the first double helix produces 2 copies of itself via each strand.produces 2 copies of itself via each strand.
RnaRnaTransfers information to the Transfers information to the protein forming system of protein forming system of
the cellthe cell
Fun fact-RNA is the genetic Fun fact-RNA is the genetic material of some virusesmaterial of some viruses
Biotechnology…Biotechnology…
……is the technology that is the technology that allows for the alteration of allows for the alteration of an organisms genetics and an organisms genetics and
DNA.DNA.
Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
A form of biotechnology. Plants A form of biotechnology. Plants can be genetically modified to be can be genetically modified to be immune of all herbicides so that immune of all herbicides so that farmers have a healthier crop. farmers have a healthier crop.
Anything can be genetically Anything can be genetically engineered to produce a desired engineered to produce a desired
effect.effect.
Genetic disordersGenetic disordersA genetic disorder is a condition
caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. Certain
diseases can be the result of a genetic disorder.
Charles DarwinCharles DarwinCharles Darwin did Charles Darwin did
extensive research and extensive research and was one of the firsts to was one of the firsts to document evolution. He document evolution. He did his research on the did his research on the
Galapagos Islands. Here Galapagos Islands. Here he found many species he found many species that had adapted to their that had adapted to their
environments. environments.
HOME
EvolutionEvolutionThis whole theory of transformation is based
on the fact that when random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival, a process known
as natural selection.
Natural selectionNatural selectionNatural Selection is the idea formulated by Natural Selection is the idea formulated by
Darwin that consists of differential survival and Darwin that consists of differential survival and reproduction among members of a population reproduction among members of a population
or species in nature, due to variation in the or species in nature, due to variation in the possession of adaptive genetic traits. Natural possession of adaptive genetic traits. Natural
selection, the major driving force of evolution, is selection, the major driving force of evolution, is a process leading to greater adaptation of a process leading to greater adaptation of
organisms to their environment.organisms to their environment.
Sexual selectionSexual selectionSelection which promotes traits that will Selection which promotes traits that will
increase an organism's success in mating and increase an organism's success in mating and ensuring that its gametes are successful in ensuring that its gametes are successful in
fertilization. This is distinct from natural fertilization. This is distinct from natural selection which acts simply on traits which selection which acts simply on traits which
influence fecundity and survival.influence fecundity and survival.
Classification Classification (the 5 Kingdoms)(the 5 Kingdoms)
MoneraMonera•Unicellular Unicellular (single-celled) (single-celled) •Cell wall Cell wall usuallyusually•Bacteria Bacteria •Cyano-Cyano-bacteria (blue-bacteria (blue-green algaegreen algae))
ProtistaProtista•UnicellularUnicellular•Paramecium Paramecium •Amoeba Amoeba •Some algae Some algae •Slime Slime mouldsmoulds
FungiFungi•Unicellular Unicellular or or multicellular multicellular (many-(many-celled) celled) •Cell wall Cell wall •No No chloroplastchloroplastss•MushroomMushrooms s •Moulds Moulds •YeastYeast
PlantaePlantae•Unicellular Unicellular or or multicellular multicellular •Cell wall Cell wall •ChloroplastChloroplasts for s for photosynthephotosynthesissis•Ferns Ferns •Pine trees Pine trees •RosesRoses
AnimaliaAnimalia•Unicellular Unicellular or or multicellular multicellular •No cell No cell walls nor walls nor chloroplastschloroplasts•Humans Humans •Coral Coral •SpiderSpider
EcosystemsEcosystems
An ecosystem is The complex of An ecosystem is The complex of a community of organisms and a community of organisms and its environment functioning as its environment functioning as
an ecological unitan ecological unit
Interactions in EcologyInteractions in EcologyEXAMPLES OF INTERACTONS:EXAMPLES OF INTERACTONS:
1.1. The food web-predators and preyThe food web-predators and prey
2.2. Mating-sexual reproductionMating-sexual reproduction
3.3. Fighting- competitionFighting- competition
4.4. Co-evolution-plant and animal adapt only Co-evolution-plant and animal adapt only to each otherto each other
Food websFood websA diagram of what eats what in a A diagram of what eats what in a
certain environment.certain environment.
Population StudiesPopulation StudiesMany scientific experiments can be done by Many scientific experiments can be done by
testing and doing studies on a certain testing and doing studies on a certain organism population. For instance, if the organism population. For instance, if the
population of fish in a pond is 200 in 2001, population of fish in a pond is 200 in 2001, then only 100 in 2003, scientists can use then only 100 in 2003, scientists can use
this information to find out why the this information to find out why the population decreased.population decreased.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is the process by Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants convert water and carbon which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, using dioxide into carbohydrates, using
sunlight as the source of energy and sunlight as the source of energy and the aid of chlorophyll.the aid of chlorophyll.
Greenhouse effectsGreenhouse effects
The greenhouse effect is when energy is absorbed from the sun and stays inside the particular environment, resulting in a constant recycling of energy inside the environment.
Human impact in the biosphereHuman impact in the biosphere
Humans have a huge impact in the biosphere. Every time we run our cars, dump our trash, and release toxins into the environment, we pollute the atmosphere and hurt the earth. Humans also help the biosphere by planting crops and trees, decomposing nutrient rich compost, and breeding animals.
BibliographyBibliography
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/excite/files_in_use/steps_of_the_scientific_method.htm
• http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cells.htm• http://www.biology-online.org• http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm• http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/DNA_structure.php
Bio-Related Movie Clip & Bio-Related Movie Clip & explanation from…explanation from…
Jurassic Park movie clipJurassic Park movie clipThis Clip relates to biology because of the way the dinosaurs were born and the way they reproduced. The dinosaurs were reincarnated by scientists using genetic engineering and biotechnology. The DNA of a dinosaur found in the prehistoric mosquito was spliced in with the DNA of a frog. When the frog mated, a dinosaur was conceived.
Also, all the dinosaurs put in the theme park were females. They then changed into males because of the frog DNA. In the clip, it was mentioned that the frog could change spontaneously from a female into a male. This explains how the dinosaurs mated and had eggs. A more probable explanation would have been that the dinosaurs inherited a trait that would allow for asexual reproduction.