Rwanda · Rwanda to graduate many people from poverty, there is a need to scale-up the coverage of...
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1 Rwanda Social Protection Budget Brief Investing in inclusiveness in Rwanda 2019/2020 © UNICEF/2019
Transcript of Rwanda · Rwanda to graduate many people from poverty, there is a need to scale-up the coverage of...
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Rwanda
Social Protection Budget BriefInvesting in inclusiveness in Rwanda
2019/2020
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Social Protection Budget Brief: Investing in inclusiveness in Rwanda 2019/2020
© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) RwandaDecember 2019
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Preface
The social protection sector budget brief explores the extent to
which the Government of Rwanda (GoR) addresses the needs
of children under 18 years of age, particularly those from the
most deprived and vulnerable households. This brief analyzes
the equity, adequacy and composition of budget allocations
to the social protection sector for the fiscal year 2019/20, in
addition to past spending. The analysis is based on figures
from the 2019/20 approved budget and the revised estimates
for previous years.
Key Messages
Government spending on social protection is expanding. In 2019/20, the Government of Rwanda has allocated FRW 187.1 billion to the social protection sector, up from FRW 141 Billion in 2018/19, which reflects an increase of 33 per cent in nominal terms. The social protection budget as a share of the total national budget increased from 5.7 per cent in 2018/19 to 6.5 per cent in 2019/20.
While there is a commendable increase in the budget allocated to social protection, the coverage of programmes remains limited. Considering the ambition of the Government of Rwanda to graduate many people from poverty, there is a need to scale-up the coverage of social protection interventions.
The funding for child-focused social protection programmes increased nominally from FRW 18.8 billion in 2018/19 to FRW 21.7 billion in 2019/20, however, as a share of the sector’s budget decreased slightly from 13.3 per cent to 11.4 per cent. There is a need to continue investments in child-sensitive social protection programmes.
Social protection allocations to districts decreased from FRW 39 billion in 2018/19 to FRW 36.4 billion in 2019/20. Stronger financial decentralization of social protection services is recommended to align the delivery of interventions with the government decentralization policy and ensure that services are closer to communities.
Domestic financing for social protection has increased in nominal terms. The domestic budget increased by 54.8 per cent compared to 2018/19 indicating the government’s commitment to ensure sustainable inclusive growth through social protection interventions. There is, however, a need to design a sustainable long-term social protection financing strategy to scale-up coverage, ensure budget adequacy, equity and accelerate graduation from extreme poverty in line with the National Transformation Strategy and Sustainable Development Goals.
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1. Introduction and sector overview
Over the past decade, Rwanda’s economy registered stronger
and more inclusive in terms of economic growth. As a result,
poverty has declined. The latest statistics indicate that between
2005/06 and 2016/17 the population living below the poverty
line declined from 56.7 per cent to 38.2 per cent, while those
living in extreme poverty reduced by more than a half from
35.8 per cent to 16 per cent.
Figure 1: Poverty and extreme poverty trends (%)
56.7
44.939.1 38.2
35.8
24.116.3 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2005/06 2010/11 2013/14 2016/17
Poverty and extreme poverty trends
Headcount Poverty Extreme poverty
Source: EICVs report-National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
The administrative data indicates that the eligible population
covered by core social protection schemes increased to 58.7
per cent in 2018/19 up from 57.2 per cent in 2017/18 (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Social protection coverage trend
47.4
55.9 57.2 58.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Source: Calculations basing on SP JSR Reports and IMIHIGO data
Social protection in Rwanda is defined as “public and private
insurance and income transfer schemes as well as Social Care
Services that, together, ensure that all citizens, especially the
most vulnerable and marginalised, have income security, a
dignified standard of living, are protected against life-cycle and
livelihood risks and that the rights of all citizens are upheld”.i
To ensure that citizens are socially protected from different
shocks and vulnerabilities and their graduation from
poverty is accelerated, the Government of Rwanda has put
in place robust social protection policies and strategies. The
overarching guiding framework for social protection is clearly
outlined in the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1)
under the second Pillar of “Social Transformation”, and further
reflected within the National Social Protection Policy and
Sector Strategy (2018-2024).
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The Social Protection Sector Strategic Plan (SP-SSP) for 2018-
24 defines four pillars of social protection: (i) Social Security,
(ii) Short-term Social Assistance, (iii) Social Care Services and
(iv) Livelihood and Employment Support.
Coordinated by the Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC),
social protection governance arrangements cut across
different government entities. These are the Ministry of
Emergency Management (MINEMA), the Rwanda Agriculture
Board (RAB), the Local Administration Development Agency
(LODA), the Rwanda Education Board (REB), the National
Early Childhood Development Programme (NECDP) and
the districts at local level. Annex 3 of this brief provides an
overview of public institutions responsible for the delivery of
social protection programmes, as well as the key interventions
under their mandate.
Rwanda Social Protection Landscape
•Pillar 3: Social Care Services
••
Psycho social support
Protection of Women, Children, PwDs andElderly people
•
Institutional care and placement of children andyouthAdvocacy and rights promotion
•Pillar 1: Social Security
•Direct Income Support (DIS)
•Mandatory contributory social insurance
•Voluntary social insurance and savingsTargeted health insurance subsidies
•Support
Pillar 4: Livelihood and Employment
•Caseworker services
•Distribution of productive assets
• financial literacy•
Targeted skills training andemployment
Community-based livelihood
•Pillar 2: Short-term Social assistance
•Incidental (one-off) support
•Shelter support
•Critical health care costsDisaster/emergency relief
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2. Trends in government spending for the social protection sector
The increase in the social protection budget is also noticeable
when compared with the national GDP. Over the past four
years, the allocation to social protection increased from 1.3
per cent in 2015/16 to 2.2 per cent in 2018/19 (Figure 4). The
increasing budget allocation to social protection indicates a
stronger government commitment to scale-up the provision of
social protection services to the most deprived.
Figure 4: Proportion (%) of social protection budget to National GDP
1.3 1.2 1.2
2.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2018/192015/16 2016/17 2017/18
Source: Calculated using state finance laws and Macroeconomic Framework data
2.1. Size of spending in the social protection sector
The allocations to the social protection sector have increased
year on year over the past five years. In 2019/20, the
Government of Rwanda allocated FRW 187.1 billion to the
Social Protection sectorii. This reflects a 33 per cent increase
from FRW 141 Billion in 2018/19 to FRW 187.1 billion in 2019/20.
The social protection budget as a share of the total national
budget increased from 5.7 per cent in 2018/19 to 6.5 per cent
in 2019/20 (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Social protection budget and % share to national budget
79.4 107.9
141.1187.1
4.1
5.25.7
6.5
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
SOCIAL PROTECTION BUDGET(FRW Billion ) (left axis)
SP Budget as % national budget (right axis)
Source: State finance laws
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2.2. Changes in social protection sector budgets
2.2.1. Original vs. revised social protection budgets
Over the past five years there have been slight fluctuations during the social protection mid-year budget revisions. In 2017/18, the budget was revised downward by -3.4 per cent, while in the previous year, there was an upward revision with an increase of 3 per cent (Figure 5). Given the limited coverage of social protection services, there is a need to continue strengthening Social Protection sector planning to ensure that the budget revision does not negatively affect the initially
allocated budget.
Figure 5: Budget changes: original vs revised law
73.175.5
79.4 94.3
138.378.3 74.7 81.791.1
141.1 7.2
-1.1
3.0
-3.4
2.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
0.020.040.060.080.0
100.0120.0140.0160.0
2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Original (FRW Billion) (left axis) Revised (FRW Billion) (left axis)
% Change (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
2.2.2. Changes in social protection sector budget adjusted by
inflation
Rwanda has experienced low levels of inflation over the past years. When looking at the budget based on changing price levels and real inflation-adjusted figures, the Social Protection sector budget was not affected by inflation. This is mainly attributed to Rwanda’s low level of inflation over the past two years, thus any nominal increase was also translated into a
real social protection budget increase (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Nominal and real (inflation adjusted) budget changes
9.4 11.4
51.9
32.6
6.6 5.1
44.5
30.9
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Nominal Changes real budget changes
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
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3. Composition of social protection sector spending
Among the social protection programmes, the Vision 2020
Umurenge Social Protection programme (VUP) attracted
increased government funding over the past three years,
indicating the increased efforts to scale up public works,
financial services, and expanded public works to accelerate
graduation from poverty.
Among the selected Social Protection programmes, the VUP
programme continues to take the largest share of the budget,
increasing from FRW 46.2 billion in 2016/17 to 79.8 billion
in 2019/20. However, the health insurance subsidies to the
poor reduced from FRW 39.6 billion in 2018/19 to FRW 25.4
billion. The budget allocated to support of Genocide survivors
remained relatively constant (FRW 14 billion) in 2018/19 and
2019/20. The budget allocated to nutrition support, however,
has slightly declined from FRW 26 billion in 2018/19 to FRW
22.8 billion in 2019/20 (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Allocations to Social protection core programmes (FRW billion)
1.6
3.6
4.7
46.2
16.6
18.0
5.9
26
4.6
59.9
39.6
14.5
6.5
22.8
4.1
79.8
25.4
14.8
- 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
Disaster management and returnneessupport
Nutrition support
VUP
Demobilization and reintegration (RDRC)
Health Service subsidisation/financing
2019/20 2018/19
Support to Genocide Survivors (FARG)
2017/18
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
3.1. Budget allocation in selected social protection programmes
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Figure 8: Budget allocation to child-focused Social Protection
interventions
6.9 6.4
18.8 21.7
8.56.8
13.311.4
0.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.016.0
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Children Focused Social Protection (Frw Billion)
% of Children focused budget (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
The Government of Rwanda maintains the momentum to fight
malnutrition among children and reduce multidimensional
child povery through increased investments in child-focused
social protection programmes. The budget allocated to child-
focused social protection programmes** has increased over
the past four years. The allocation to child-focused social
protection programmes increased from FRW 18.8 billion in
2018/19 to FRW 21.7 billion in 2019/20 reflecting an increase of 15
per cent. However, the child-focused social protection budget
as a share of the total social protection budget registered a
decrease from 13.3 per cent to 11.4 per cent (Figure 8). This is
attributed to the overall social protection budget increase in
other social protection interventions, mainly VUP.
**Child-focused social protection programmes include the nutrition budget allocated to the National Early Childhood
coordination programme (NECDP), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) and the Ministry of Gender
and Family Promotion - Allocations for child rights protection and promotion.
A multidimensional overlapping deprivation analysis (MODA)
conducted for the first time by the National Institute of
Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) in 2016/17 shows that among
the children between 5 and 14 years of age, the highest
deprivation identified was access to decent housing with
60.4 per cent of children in that age group affected, followed
by deprived access to water with 52.2 per cent. Forty-four
per cent of children were found to be deprived from access
to health services. The least deprived dimension is access
to education affecting 6.3 per cent of children in that age
group. The prevalence of deprivations in all dimensions are
higher in the rural areas, as opposed to urban areas (Figure
9). A combination of different dimensions of deprivations
shows that 25 per cent of children between 5 and 14 years
are deprived in at least three dimensions (multidimensionally
poor), 33 per cent are deprived in two dimensions, 28 per
cent face a deprivation in one dimension. Only 14 per cent of
children are not deprived in any dimension. For all dimensions
boys have a slightly higher rate than girls, but there are no
significant differences.
For children 15 to 17 years, the multidimensional deprivation rate (at least three dimensions) increases to 40 per cent, 27 per cent face two deprivations, 21.5 per cent in one deprivation.
Only 10 per cent have no deprivation (Annex 2). Further data shows that multidimensional child (15-17) poverty is higher in rural areas and in female-headed households. In Rwanda, the threshold of considering a child multi-dimensional poor is set at three or more dimensions, however, the Government’s ambition is to achieve a child deprivation free society to ensure all fundamental rights of children are met, and therefore an increased effort is still needed to eradicate all forms of child
deprivation.
Figure 9: Multidimensional child poverty 4-15 Years old
44
6.32
52.2
13.1
60.4
46.5
6.4
54.3
14.3
62.4
29.4
5.6
40.1
6.2
49.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Health Education Water Sanitation Housing
National Urban Rural
Source: NISR-EICV5 2016/17
3.2. Complementary child-focused social protection initiatives
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3.3. The social protection budget allocation by institutions
There is an increasing trend in social protection budgets allocated across most spending agencies. The Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC) allocations increased from FRW 46.4 billion in 2018/19 to FRW 79.8 billion in 2019/20 and the social protection budget for the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF) increased from FRW 13 billion to FRW 17 billion. However, the social protection allocation for the Ministry of Health (MINISANTE) registered a slight decrease from FRW 45.9 billion in 2018/19 to 44.5 in2019/20
(Figure 10).
Figure 10: Social protection budget allocation by Ministries FRW
billion
32.9 36.1 46.479.88.4 9.3
13.017.0
5.9
8.6
2.05.6 1.616.6
45.9
44.5
33.8 35.6
39.0
36.37
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
MINALOC MINAGRI MIGEPROF
MINEMA MINISANTE Districts
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
3.4. The social protection sector budget by recurrent and development categories
In absolute terms both the recurrentiii and development
budgets for social protection increased over the past three
years, but the weight of development expenditure is expanding.
The share of development expenditure on the overall budget
went up from 48.5 per cent in 2016/17 to 66.0 per cent in
2019/20 (Figure 11). This growth is explained by the recent
increase in external financing for social protection, which is
mainly recorded in the budget law under the development
budget category.
Figure 11: Social protection budget by recurrent vs development
categories
39.3 57.1 55.0 64.4
37.0 39.6
93.7
125.1
48.5 40.9
63.0 66.0
- 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
100.0 120.0 140.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Recurrent budget (FRW Billion) (left axis)
Development budget (FRW Billion) (left axis)
% development budget (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
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4. Decentralization of social protection sector spending
Social protection resources channeled through districts have
declined in 2019/20 compared to the previous year. Whilst
the overall social protection budget has been increasing, the
allocation to districts (decentralized entities) has decreased
from FRW 39 billion in 2018/19 to FRW 36.4 billion in 2019/20.
The social protection district budget covers support to
Genocide survivors, family protection, support to people with
disabilities and support to other vulnerable people.
As a proportion of the total social protection budget, district
allocations have also decreased steadily over time, dropping
from 41.3 per cent in 2016/17 to 19.2 per cent in 2019/20 (Figure
12).
Figure 12: Social protection budget allocated to Local Government
33.8 35.639.0
36.441.3
31.9
26.2
19.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2019/20 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Local Government SP budget(billion) (left axis)
% Share of local Government SP budget (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
In line with the implementation of the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1) and the new Social Protection Strategic
Plan (SP-SSP), new services and budget shares that can be managed at the local level should be identified to expand the
decentralization of the social protection sector.
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There is significant variation in Social Protection budget
allocations by districts. Some districts with higher poverty
rates (Nyamagabe, Nyaruguru and Gisagara) were allocated
a relatively higher budget for social protection, while other
districts with an above average poverty rate were allocated
relatively low budget (Burera, Nyabihu, Ngororero, Rulindo)
(Figure 13). Therefore, there is a need to set geographic equity
monitoring in budget allocation to ensure all districts with
higher poverty rates are allocated a respectively higher budget
as a measure to accelerate poverty reduction countrywide.
Figure 13: Social protection budget allocated by district
-
500.0
1,000.0
1,500.0
2,000.0
2,500.0
01020304050607080
Nya
gat
are
Nya
ruge
nge
Nya
bih
uM
usan
zeK
icuk
iro
Gak
enke
Rut
siro
Bur
era
Kir
ehe
Muh
ang
aK
ayon
zaN
gor
orer
oR
ulin
doR
wam
agan
aG
asab
oG
icum
biN
gom
aR
ubav
uN
yan
zaK
aron
giG
atsi
boK
amon
yiG
isag
ara
Ruh
ango
Nya
mag
abe
Nya
rugu
ruB
uges
era
Nya
mas
heke
Rus
izi
Huy
e
Poverty rates (%) 2016/17 (Left axis) Budget allocations in million FRW
Source: Calculated using state finance laws and Integrated Living condition survey report 2016/17
4.1. The Social Protection budget allocated at decentralized level and poverty rates
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5. The social protection sector budget execution
The execution rate of the social protection budget is higher
at the district level than at the national level. For 2018/19,
the budget execution rate was high at the decentralized level
reaching 100.3 per cent and 91.0 at central government level
(Figure 14). The low rate of budget execution at the central
level can be partly explained by the slight delays in the
implementation of social protection projects. There is a need to
strengthen budget absorption capacity to maximize the gains
from public financing to ensure the resilience of vulnerable
households and an accelerated graduation from poverty.
Figure 14: Budget execution rates: National and decentralized levels
99
74.3 72.7
91.0101
79.586.3
100.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Central Government Decentralized SP interventions
Source: MINECOFIN budget execution reports
6.Financing of the social protection sector
Fiscal space for social protection has improved over the past
few years. The domestic budget for the social protection
sector increased from FRW 65.6 billion in 2018/19 to FRW 101.6
billion in 2019/20. As a share of the total social protection
budget, the domestic financing component has been
fluctuating over the years due to significant increases in the
externally-financed budget (Figure 15). The UK Department
for International Development (DFID), the World Bank, the
German Development Bank (KFW) and UNICEF are the main
development partners in the sector. The increase in both the
domestic and externally-financed components of the budget
can be explained by renewed sector prioritization by the GoR
and the growing interest of international financial institutions
such as the World Bank to finance social protection through
loans.
Figure 15: Sources of financing in the social protection sector
62.4 69.2 65.6
101.6
18.0 35.0
83.1 87.9
77.6
66.4
44.153.6
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Domestic (FRW Billion)(left axis)
External (FRW Billion)(left axis)
Domestic budget as share of SP budget (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
External financing of the social protection sector has recently increased both nominally and in real terms. However,
sector financing could be strengthened by designing a sustainable financing strategy to support increased coverage, budget
adequacy, equity and accelerate graduation from extreme poverty in alignment with the National Strategy for Transformation
and Sustainable Development Goals.
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Annexes
Annex 1: Poverty rates by districts
69.3
52.455.6
49.5
54.2
52.747.7
44.849.8
42.1
44.6
40.746.8
40.348.646.5
38 35.7
37.8
32.6
34.734.2
40.2
33.5
22.326.7
18.911.8
15.811.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nya
mas
hek
e
Nya
rug
uru
Gis
agar
a
Ru
tsir
o
Ru
lind
o
Kar
on
gi
Ng
oro
rero
Nya
gat
are
Bu
rera
Gat
sib
o
Kir
ehe
Mu
san
ze
Nya
bih
u
Bu
ges
era
Nya
mag
abe
Nya
nza
Ru
han
go
Ru
bav
u
Ng
om
a
Mu
han
ga
Gic
um
bi
Gak
enke
Hu
ye
Ru
sizi
Kam
on
yi
Kay
on
za
Rw
amag
ana
Nya
rug
eng
e
Gas
abo
Kic
uki
ro
% Poverty Incidence % Extreme poverty level
Source: NISR-EICV5 2016/17
Annex 2: Multiple deprivation among 15-17 years children
11%No Deprivation
22%1 Deprivation
28%2 Deprivation
26%3 Deprivation
12%4 Deprivation 2%
5 Deprivation
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Annex 3: Key Strategic Documents and Targets
Strategic document National target and sector outcome
Rwanda Vision 2020 • Population under the poverty line reduced from 44.9 per cent in
2012 to 20 per cent in 2020
• Extreme poverty eliminated by 2020
National Strategy for
Transformation (NST1) 2017–2024
• Move towards a Poverty Free Rwanda
o Increased graduation from extreme poverty
o Reduced poverty among Rwandans
o Reduced malnutrition among children
Social Protection Strategic Plan:
2018/19–2023/24
• Eradication of extreme poverty, reduced poverty and malnutrition
• Extreme poverty headcount and poverty headcount reduced
from 16.3 per cent and 39.1 per cent in 2013/14 to < 1 per cent
and 7.2 per cent in 2023/24 respectively.
o Increased access to social security and income support
programmes, particularly among vulnerable older people,
people with disabilities, households with low labour capacity
and other poor families
o Enhanced contribution of social protection for reducing
malnutrition
o More effective social protection responses to shocks and
crises
o Strengthened social care service delivery for the most
vulnerable
o Extremely poor households have increased access to
complementary livelihood development services for
economic empowerment
o Greater awareness and understanding of social protection
and more positive values, attitudes and behaviours at all
levels
o Strengthened capacity for evidence-based policy and social
protection service delivery
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Annex 4: Overview of social protection programmes by responsible institutions
Institutions Interventions
Ministry of Local Government
(MINALOC)
• Developing and promoting a sector protection policy and
implementation mechanisms
• Vulnerable group support
Local Administrative Entities
Development (LODA)
• VUP direct support
• VUP classic public works
• VUP expanded public works
• VUP expanded direct support
• VUP nutrition sensitive direct support
• VUP financial services
• VUP asset grants
• Ubudehe
Ministry of Education (MINEDUC) • Free primary and post primary education (9YBE and 12YBE)
• School feeding
• One cup of milk per child programme in primary schools
The Genocide Survivors Support and
Assistance Fund (FARG)
• Education assistance
• Health assistance
• Financial assistance
• Shelter assistance
Rwanda Demobilization and
Reintegration Commission (RDRC)iv
• Direct support
• Income-generating activities support
• Shelter support
National Council of Persons with
Disabilities (NCPD)
• Mainstreaming and advocacy of people with disabilities
• Milk support
Ministry of Health • Nutritional support
• Fortified blended food support
Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB) • Nutrition support
• One cow per poor family (Girinka)
National Commission for Children (NCC) • Child rights protection and promotion
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Institutions Interventions
National Early Childhood Development
Programme
• Coordination and implementation of multi-sectoral
nutrition-specific sensitive interventions
• Early childhood development interventions
Ministry of Disaster Management and
Refugees (MIDIMAR)
• Returnees and refugees’ management
• Disaster management
Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB) • Pension
• Community-based health insurance (CBHI) support
• Maternity leave benefits
National Rehabilitation Service • Rehabilitation and reintegration of delinquent people
affected by alcoholism, drug addiction
• Social reintegration
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Endnotes
i Ministry of Local Government, National Social Protection Strategy, 2011, Kigali, Rwanda also available at http://www.minaloc.gov.rw/fileadmin/documents/Minaloc_
Documents/National_Social_Protection_Strategy.pdf
ii This refers to general social protection as classified in Budget Law Annex VIII and includes the following budget lines: sickness and disability, genocide survivors, family
and children, unemployment, social protection not classified elsewhere. It excludes nutrition in the health and agriculture sectors to avoid duplication in the total budget.
iii The recurrent budget includes all payments, for goods and services (wages and salaries, employer contributions), interest payments, subsidies and transfers. The
development budget includes payments for acquisition of fixed capital assets, stock, land or intangible assets (public infrastructure improvement or building) as well as
externally financed projects
iv Or National Commission for Demobilization and Reintegration (NCDR)
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