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Russian Russian RevolutionRevolutionHistorical BackgroundHistorical Background
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Terms to KnowTerms to Know
Democracy: a government formed to Democracy: a government formed to represent the people directly or represent the people directly or through elected representativesthrough elected representatives
Constitutional Monarchy: a Constitutional Monarchy: a government whose head of state is a government whose head of state is a monarch. The governmental policies monarch. The governmental policies are spelled out in a written are spelled out in a written constitutionconstitution
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Terms to KnowTerms to Know
Dictatorship: a government whose Dictatorship: a government whose leader has absolute authority over all leader has absolute authority over all things in the government and under things in the government and under its controlits control
Totalitarian state: a government whose Totalitarian state: a government whose leader or political party has absolute leader or political party has absolute control over all aspects of its citizens’ control over all aspects of its citizens’ lives. Opposing ideas are not lives. Opposing ideas are not welcomed.welcomed.
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Terms to KnowTerms to Know Communism/Socialism: an economic Communism/Socialism: an economic
system in which there is no private system in which there is no private property--everything is held in common property--everything is held in common (by the government) for the common good (by the government) for the common good of all membersof all members
Cooperation and SharingCooperation and Sharing Capitalism: an economic system based on Capitalism: an economic system based on
private ownership; government private ownership; government involvement is limited and the market is involvement is limited and the market is based on “free enterprise” based on “free enterprise”
Competition and Personal ProfitCompetition and Personal Profit
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The Philosophical The Philosophical Origins of Origins of
CommunismCommunism
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Karl Marx: Father of Karl Marx: Father of CommunismCommunism
German PhilosopherGerman Philosopher
1847: wrote and 1847: wrote and published published The The Manifesto of the Manifesto of the Communist PartyCommunist Party
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Karl Marx: Father of Karl Marx: Father of CommunismCommunism
““The point is not The point is not merely to merely to understand the understand the world, but to world, but to change it.”change it.”
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Karl Marx: ManifestoKarl Marx: Manifesto
Problems with CapitalismProblems with Capitalism Encouraged Encouraged
competitioncompetition Provided unequal Provided unequal
rewards--a few get a lot rewards--a few get a lot and most get littleand most get little
Wealthy hoarded Wealthy hoarded education to keep the education to keep the poor in their placepoor in their place
Solution: MarxismSolution: Marxism Equal distribution of Equal distribution of
wealthwealth Tranquil & equal Tranquil & equal
relationship among relationship among citizenscitizens
Elimination of Elimination of poverty, ignorance, poverty, ignorance, and starvationand starvation
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Karl Marx: Father of Karl Marx: Father of CommunismCommunism
““From each From each according to according to his ability, to his ability, to each each according to according to his needs.” his needs.”
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Karl Marx: How to do itKarl Marx: How to do it
RevolutionRevolution: the wealthy won’t do : the wealthy won’t do this willingly so there will be a great this willingly so there will be a great revolt of the workers (many) who will revolt of the workers (many) who will overthrow the wealthy (few)overthrow the wealthy (few)
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Karl Marx: Father of Karl Marx: Father of CommunismCommunism
““Workers of the Workers of the world unite; you world unite; you have nothing to have nothing to lose but your lose but your chains.”chains.”
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RussiaRussia
1900-19171900-1917
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Russia: 1900-1917Russia: 1900-1917
Marx’s ideas were spreading Marx’s ideas were spreading (communism) (communism)
Workers organized by: Workers organized by:
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin
Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky
Joseph Dzugashvill, who changed Joseph Dzugashvill, who changed his his name to Stalin (man of steel)name to Stalin (man of steel)
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Russia: 1900-1917Russia: 1900-1917 Political system run by a Czar Political system run by a Czar
(Nicholas II) who dictated policy--(Nicholas II) who dictated policy--claimed to draw his power from claimed to draw his power from GodGod
Widespread poverty, hunger, and Widespread poverty, hunger, and unemploymentunemployment
Czar entered WWI on the side of Czar entered WWI on the side of the British, French, and Italians--the British, French, and Italians--more $$ diverted to armymore $$ diverted to army
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Russia: 1900-1917Russia: 1900-1917
1914-1917: Minor revolts took place 1914-1917: Minor revolts took place across Russiaacross Russia
1917: Mob assaulted the seat of 1917: Mob assaulted the seat of government and Czar Nicholas II government and Czar Nicholas II admitted defeat and abdicated (and admitted defeat and abdicated (and left town in a hurry)left town in a hurry)
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Russia: 1900-1918Russia: 1900-1918
February-October 1917: No unified February-October 1917: No unified central governmentcentral government
Provisional government set up at the Provisional government set up at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg--but Winter Palace in St. Petersburg--but they didn’t have control of the they didn’t have control of the countrycountry
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Russia: 1900-1918Russia: 1900-1918
February-October 1917: Lenin, Trotsky, February-October 1917: Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin worked together to take control and Stalin worked together to take control of:of: MilitaryMilitary RailroadsRailroads Telegraph linesTelegraph lines
They promised soldiers and workers a They promised soldiers and workers a more equal distribution of wealthmore equal distribution of wealth ““Land, bread, and peace for everyone”Land, bread, and peace for everyone” ““All Power to the Soviets”All Power to the Soviets”
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Russia: 1900-1918Russia: 1900-1918
October 1917: Lenin, Trotsky, and October 1917: Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin assaulted the Winter Palace Stalin assaulted the Winter Palace and seized control of the governmentand seized control of the government
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Leon Trotsky"The Dreamer"
Joseph Stalin"The Pragmatist"
Vladimir Lenin"The Leader"
Bolshevik Party
Karl Marx"The Father of Communism"
The Idea Man
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Communism under LeninCommunism under Lenin
“We shall now proceed to the construction of the communist order.”
Goal: Peace and Equality
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Communism under LeninCommunism under Lenin
Abolished private property Redistributed land according to
need Outlawed hired labor Gradually nationalized banks and
businesses (under state control to ensure fair division of profits)
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Communism under LeninCommunism under Lenin
Problems Owed $$ from the war The former wealthy didn’t like the
new plan U.S. and Great Britain didn’t like
the revolution (why not?) and gave $$ to opposition
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Communism under LeninCommunism under Lenin
Problem: How could Lenin bring about peace when there was opposition?
Solution: The Red Army
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Communism under LeninCommunism under Lenin
The Red Army: created to root out and destroy dissenters (suspected anti-communists) terror campaignmany Russians executed
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Communism Under LeninCommunism Under Lenin
1918-1921: Civil war between Communists and their enemies
Led by Trotsky the Red Army prevailed and communists maintained power
1922 Lenin suffered 3 strokes and died
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Communist power Communist power struggle: 1922-1926struggle: 1922-1926
Trotsky versus StalinTrotsky versus Stalin
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1922-26: Trotsky versus 1922-26: Trotsky versus LeninLenin
TrotskyTrotsky
““The Dreamer”The Dreamer”n Brilliant speaker Brilliant speaker
and writerand writern Spoke with fire Spoke with fire
and passionand passionn Inspiring leaderInspiring leader
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1922-26: Trotsky versus 1922-26: Trotsky versus StalinStalin
StalinStalin Intelligent Not as gifted a
speaker as Trotsky focused on
administrative duties and creating loyal bonds between himself and the powerful men
a diplomat/pragmatist
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Trotsky defeatedTrotsky defeated In 1926 he left for MexicoIn 1926 he left for Mexico Assassinated in Mexico in Assassinated in Mexico in
19401940
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Stalin in power: 1926-Stalin in power: 1926-19531953
5 Year plans to industrialize 5 Year plans to industrialize RussiaRussia
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Stalin in power: 1926-Stalin in power: 1926-19531953
KGB: Russia’s KGB: Russia’s internalinternal police force police force
spied on opposition within Russiaspied on opposition within Russia
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Stalin in power: 1926-Stalin in power: 1926-19531953
Gulags: Prison campsGulags: Prison camps
kept prisoners arrested for “anti-kept prisoners arrested for “anti-Communist activities” in horrible Communist activities” in horrible conditions and used them as cheap laborconditions and used them as cheap labor
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Stalin in power: 1926-Stalin in power: 1926-19531953
Purges of 1934Purges of 1934 2-7 million people killed2-7 million people killed People (many high-ranking officials) People (many high-ranking officials)
arrested and forced to “confess” arrested and forced to “confess” through torturethrough torture