RUSSIA CHINA...KOREA IN ASIA NORTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA CHINA KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN PAKISTAN AUSTRALIA...

THE KOREAN PENINSULA | 1

KOREA TODAY

Major cities Ceasefire line

The 38th parallel

Provincial boundaries

Fukuoka

Tsushima

JEJU

SOUTH JEOLLA

NORTH JEOLLA

SOUTHCHUNGCHEONG

NORTHCHUNGCHEONG

GANGWON

GANGWON

GYEONGGI

GYEONGGI

SOUTHHWANGHAE

NORTHHWANGHAE

SOUTH PYEONGAN

SOUTHHAMGYEONG

NORTH HAMGYEONG

YANGGANG

NORTHPYEONGAN

JAGANG

NORTHGYEONGSANG

SOUTHGYEONGSANG

UlleungDok

YELLOWSEA

SOUTHSEA

EAST SEA(Sea of Japan)

C H I N A

J A P A N

R U S S I A

38°

K O R E A

ST R A I T

KOREABAY

Pyongyang

Seoul

SeonbongNajin

Hoeryeong

Hyesan

Gimchaek

Cheongjin

Dancheon

Manpo

GanggyeChosan

Sinuiju

Anju

Suncheon

Hamheung

Wonsan

GoseongNampoSariwon

Haeju

Gaeseong

Sokcho

PanmunjeomChuncheon

Gangneung

Pyeongchang

Andong

PohangGyeongjuDaegu

Ulsan

Busan

Suwon

Cheonan

Mokpo

Changwon

Yeosu

Cheongju

Sejong

Wonju

Daejeon

Jeonju

Gwangju

Jeju City

Mt. Baekdu

Incheon

Capital Metropolitan cities

Special autonomous city

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-09846-6 - Korean History in Maps: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First CenturyEdited by Michael D. ShinExcerptMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9781107098466

http://www.cambridge.org


2 | KOREAN HISTORY IN MAPS

KOREA IN ASIA

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREACHINA

KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN

PAKISTAN

AUSTRALIA

TAIWAN

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

VIETNAM

MONGOLIA

MYANMAR

BANGLADESH

NEPAL BHUTAN

INDIA

SRI LANKA

MALAYSIA

SINGAPOREI N D O N E S I A

MALAYSIA

PHILIPPINES

PAPUANEW GUINEA

LAOS

KAZAKSTAN

RUSSIA

JAPAN

INDIAN OCEAN

PHILIPPINE SEA

BAY OF BENGAL

ANDAMAN SEA

SOUTHCHINA SEA

EASTCHINA SEA

EAST TIMOR

Tokyo

Osaka

Sapporo

Seoul

Pyongyang

Vladivostok

Khabarovsk

Beijing

Ulaanbaatar

Taipei

Manila

Brunei

Jakarta

Kuala Lumpur

Colombo

Phnom Penh

Port Moresby

Bangkok

Vientiane

Hanoi

Rangoon

Naypyidaw

Dhaka

ThimphuKathmandu

New Delhi

Islamabad

AlmatyBishkek

Ulan-Ude

Karaganda

Astana

Agra

Kolkata

Mumbai

Madras

Lhasa

NanjingShanghai

Guangzhou

Chiang Mai

Ho Chi Minh City

Padang

Darwin

Dampier

Major citiesCapitals






THE KOREAN PENINSULA | 3

THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA

Ulleung

Dok

YELLOWSEA


C H I N A

J A P A N

R U S S I A

38°

K O R E A

ST R A I T

Imjin River

Han River

Nakdong River

Geum River

Daedong River

Cheongcheon River

Duman (Tumen) River

Songhua River

Liao River

Hun River

Taizi River

Ceasefire lineRivers

Amnok (Yalu) River

Mt. Baekdu

Mt. ChilboMt.Mantap

Mt. Myohyang

Mt. Geumgang

Mt. Bukhan

Mt. Seorak

Mt. Sobaek

Mt. Jiri

Mt. Gyeryong

Mt. Naejang

Mt. Halla

Najin

Cheongjin

Hyesan

Seongjin

Manpo

GanggyeChosan

Sinuiju

Hamheung

Suncheon

Wonsan

Nampo

SariwonGoseong

Haeju

Gaeseong

Incheon

ChuncheonGangneung

Wonju

DaejeonSejong City

Daegu Gyeongju

Ulsan

Busan

Gwangju

Mokpo

Jeju City Fukuoka

Tsushima

Seoul

Jeju

Pyongyang

SO

BAE

K

MO

UN

TAIN

S

TAEBAEK MO

UN

TAINS

HAMGYEONG MOUNTAIN

S

NA

NG

LIM M

OU

NTA

INS

Major citiesCapitals 38th parallel







Neolithic comb–pattern potexcavated at Amsa-dong, Seoul. (National Museum of Korea)






PREHISTORIC KOREA | 5

1PREHISTORIC KOREA

200,000 BP–7TH CENTURY BCE

The prehistoric era spans the period from the earliest hominid inhabitation on the peninsula, some time before 200,000 BP, up to the first recorded polities that emerged between the seventh and third centuries BCE. The Paleolithic peoples of the Korean peninsula were nomadic and subsisted on what they could gather and hunt; from the Neolithic period, people began to live a more settled life, and primitive agriculture developed. The Bronze Age saw the first signs of significant social differentiation such as dolmen tombs containing luxury objects, and the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age was marked by a change from pottery incised with various patterns to a plain style.

Bronze rattle from the 3rd century BCE. Excavated at Daegok-ri, South Jeolla province.

(National Museum of Korea)







The Peopling of the Korean Peninsula

Existing evidence shows that hominids populated the Korean peninsula by at least 200,000 years BP, but many archaeologists believe that early humans were living on the peninsula as long ago as 500,000 BP. Modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) began to populate the Korean peninsula around 30,000–40,000 years ago, replacing or intermingling with the earlier inhabitants. Recent genetic evidence suggests that there were two distinct paths by which modern humans migrated to the peninsula, one from the north and one from the south.

MIGRATION ROUTES OF EARLY HUMANS30,000 BP–10,000 BP


YELLOW SEA

EAST CHINA SEA

GOBI DESERT

Loess Pla

teau

PACIFICOCEAN

Yinshan Mountains

Sichuan Basin

Dongting Lake

Northeast China Plain

North China Plain

Southern migration route of Homo sapiens

Northern migration route of Homo sapiens

Present-day major cities

Tokyo

Osaka

Seoul

PyongyangBeijing

Nanjing

Shanghai

Guangzhou

Yungui Plateau

Daxing'a

nl ing M

ountain

s







Hand axe excavated at Juwol-ri,

Gyeonggi province. Length: 235mm.

(Yonsei University Museum)

Stone scraper excavated at Jungnae-ri,

South Jeolla province. Length: 155mm.

(Yonsei University Museum)

Obsidian burin (chisel-type implement)

excavated at Seokjang-ri, South Chungcheong

province. Length: 39mm. (Yonsei University Museum)

Stone tool with tanged point

excavated at Wolpyeong, South Jeolla province.

Length: 71mm. (Yonsei University Museum)

The Paleolithic Era | Approximately 200,000 BP–8,000 BP (6,000 BCE)

The Paleolithic period on the Korean peninsula is characterized by the use of stone tools. As in other parts of the world, finds of such tools show a progression over thousands of years from large rough tools to smaller and more delicate ones. The inhabitants of Paleolithic Korea were hunter-gatherers who relied on foraging for edible plants. They are thought to have lived a nomadic life in small bands, setting up temporary camps or living for brief periods in caves. The warming climate at the end of the last ice age brought about changes in the mode of human life on the Korean peninsula, as elsewhere, and marked the beginning of a transition to the Neolithic period.

MAJOR PALEOLITHIC SITES

YELLOWSEA


Gulpo-ri

Donggwangjin

Jangdeok-ri

Geomeunmoru CaveYonggok Cave

Mandal-ri

Sangmuryong-riSimgok-ri

Hahwagye-ri

Gunang CaveGeum Cave

Bongmyeong-dongYongho-dong

Noeun-dong

Wolseong-dong

Gorye-riImbul-ri

Naechon-riWolpyeong

Jungnae-ri

Saengsugwe

Jingeuneul

Seokjang-ri

SuyanggaeSangsa-ri

Juwol-riGeumpa-ri

Wondang-riJeongok-ri

Seoul

Pyongyang

Imjin River

Han River

Han River

Nakdong RiverGeum River

Daedong River

Cheongcheon River

Amnok (Yalu) River

Songhua River

Liao River

Hun River

Taizi River

Duman (Tumen) River

SOUTHSEA


Sites of excavations







Comb-pattern earthenware pot

excavated at Nongpo-dong, North Hamgyeong province.


Polished stone axesexcavated at

Hupo-ri in North Gyeongsang province.

(Gyeongju National Museum)

Shell depicting a human face

excavated from a shell midden at

Dongsam-dong in Busan. (National Museum of Korea)

The Neolithic Era | 8,000 BCE–2,000 BCE

The Neolithic period is marked by two major developments: the appearance of pottery and the development of ground rather than chipped stone tools. The earliest pottery of the Korean peninsula was characterized by raised or stamped decoration. This later tended to be replaced by incised decoration, typified by jeulmun or “comb-pattern” pottery. The people of the Neolithic era also made adornments and symbolic items such as necklaces and small animal figures or human faces. Settled life began in this period, and villages of earth-pit houses dating from this period have been discovered all over the peninsula. People continued to subsist by foraging and hunting, but another major development was the beginning of agricultural cultivation. Archaeological evidence suggests that people were cultivating millet and rice in this period.


YELLOWSEA

MAJOR NEOLITHIC SITES

Seoul

Pyongyang

Yokji IslandYeondae IslandSangnodae Island

Song Island

Daeheuksan Island

Suga-ri

Gulpo-ri

Nongpo-dong

Sinam-ri

Dongsam-dong

Sinam-riImbul-ri

Songjuk-ri

Hupo-ri

Osan-ri

Misa-riAmsa-dong

Kyo-dong

Oi IslandSi Island

Gyewha Island

Jitam-ri

Cheongho-riGeumtan-ri

Gungsan-ri

SOUTHSEA

Imjin River

Han River

Han River

Nakdong River

Geum River

Daedong River

Cheongcheon River

Amnok (Yalu) River

Songhua RiverLiao River

Hun River

Taizi River

Duman (Tumen) River


Sites of excavations







The Beginning of the Bronze Age | 2,000 BCE–300 BCE

The earliest signs of the beginning of the Bronze Age were actually the appearance of dolmen tombs and a plain pottery style called mumun beginning in the early second millennium BCE. The first evidence of bronze artifacts in Korea can be dated to the thirteenth century BCE, indicating the arrival of bronze wares and later bronze technology from northern China. Ceremonial bronze objects such as mirrors and rattles were also used in the later Bronze Age. During this period, people began to live in larger villages, and it is thought that chiefs began to rule over groups of people in the mid-Bronze Age.

Plain earthenware pot excavated at

Songgung-ri, South Chungcheong province.

(Buyeo National Museum)

Stone cist burial excavated at

Songgung-ri, South Chungcheong province.


Geompa-style bronzeware discovered in

Namseong-ri, South Chungcheong province.4th–3rd centuries BCE.

(National Museum of Korea)Early Bronze Age

sites

MAJOR BRONZE AGE SITES

Goejeong-dong

Sinbong-dong

Heunam-ri

Namgyeong

Misong-ri

Gonggwi-ri

Songgung-ri

Namseong-ri

Daegok-riNam River

Geomdan-ri

SOUTHSEA


YELLOWSEA

Imjin River

Han River

Han River

Nakdong River

Geum River

Daedong River

Cheongcheon River

Amnok (Yalu) River

Songhua River

Liao River

Hun River

Taizi River

Duman (Tumen) River

Mt. Baekdu

Seoul

Pyongyang








JOSEON

JIN (SAMHAN)

YAN

QI

Wanggeomseong

LiaodongPeninsula

YELLOWSEA

BOHAISEA

Amnok (Yalu) River

Daedong River

Taizi River

Liao River

Joseon (Early Period)

Joseon (Later Period)

Wujintang

Lianhuapu

Sejung-ri

Taeseong-ri

Unseong-ri

Namseong-ri

Seoksan-ri

Mt. Baekdu

Mt. Qianshan

Seoul

Shenyang

Wanggeomseong

Border of present–day Liaoning province

Proposed locations of Joseon capitals

Archaeological sites

Present-day cities






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