Rise of Russia

Period 4: 1450-1750

Do Now: How is the relationship between the ants and the grasshoppers similar to the Russians and the Mongols?

Do Now: How is the relationship between the ants and the grasshoppers similar to the Russians and the Mongols?

a. Mongols only wanted tribute – ruled through fearb. Allowed local leaders to remain in power – princes gained experience

through collecting taxes for Mongolsc. Mongols did not interfere with Russian culture or religious beliefsd. Russian culture declined – literacy declined, peasant labor dominated

economy, very limited manufacturing, reduced growth of cities

a. Mongols only wanted tribute – ruled through fearb. Allowed local leaders to remain in power – princes gained experience

through collecting taxes for Mongolsc. Mongols did not interfere with Russian culture or religious beliefsd. Russian culture declined – literacy declined, peasant labor dominated

economy, very limited manufacturing, reduced growth of cities

Impact of Mongols (Tatar Domination)

Batu Khan ordered Prince Michael of Chernigov to prostrate (lie down) himself

before the tablets of Genghis Khan. When he refused, the Mongols stabbed him to death!

Batu Khan ordered Prince Michael of Chernigov to prostrate (lie down) himself

before the tablets of Genghis Khan. When he refused, the Mongols stabbed him to death!

Batu Khan, Leader of the Golden Horde

Film ClipFilm Clip

Development of the Russian State (1462-1505)

A. Ivan III (Ivan the Great): led Russian freedom from Mongol ruleA. Ivan III (Ivan the Great): led Russian freedom from Mongol rule

• Organized strong army and conquered Novgorod in 1478

• Set up centralized government

• Gained loyalties of Orthodox Christian Church

• Claimed Russia to be the “Third Rome,” called himself Czar (Tsar) and married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor

• Imperial mission to expand Russian territory (Muscovy tripled in size)

• Organized strong army and conquered Novgorod in 1478

• Set up centralized government

• Gained loyalties of Orthodox Christian Church

• Claimed Russia to be the “Third Rome,” called himself Czar (Tsar) and married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor

• Imperial mission to expand Russian territory (Muscovy tripled in size)

Development of the Russian State (1462-1505)

•Developed strict autocratic government – ruled through fear•Killed nobles (Boyars) who went against him•Developed secret police force to crush dissidents and rivals

•Developed strict autocratic government – ruled through fear•Killed nobles (Boyars) who went against him•Developed secret police force to crush dissidents and rivals

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible

•Ivan IV died without an heir to the throne•Power claimed by competing Boyars – led to civil uprisings and imposters•Russia suffered a famine that killed one-third of the population (2 million people)

•Ivan IV died without an heir to the throne•Power claimed by competing Boyars – led to civil uprisings and imposters•Russia suffered a famine that killed one-third of the population (2 million people)

The Time of Troubles

False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy I

Aim: How did Peter the Great try to change the Russian Empire in the time period 1450-1750?

Easter in Moscow in the 1600s. The Churches reflect Russian architectural traditions, but the wall design was created by

Italian and English architects.

What is “Westernization”?

• An attempt to incorporate the culture, attributes and especially the technology of the Western world (Western Europe).

Consider: What do you think might keep Peter’s dream of a westernized Russia from happening?

Building A Glorious Empire in Russia

Louis XIV’s Versailles Palace (1668)

Peter The Great’s Winter Palace1711

What was Peter trying to tell the world by building a palace like this one?

Answer as if you are Peter.

RISE OF RUSSIAHOW DID WESTERNIZATION IMPACT RUSSIA?

POLITICALWESTERNIZED METHODSOLD RUSSIAN METHODS

Centralized Feudal gov’t – Prince ruled with help of the Noble landlords

(Boyars.) Major decisions were made by the prince and confirmed by the Boyar

Duma. A bureaucracy (prikazy) developed – conducted everyday rule. Secret police used for control. Military expansion used to gain loyalty, church-

state unity

Centralized gov’t – led by Czar as aristocratic power declined, Enlightenment

ideals adopted (Enlightened Despots) Developed schools, literacy, science

Censored some western literature, upgraded military

HOW DID WESTERNIZATION IMPACT RUSSIA?

SOCIAL

Orthodox Religion dominated, Heroic epics, music, festivals, onion shaped domes religious art icon painting, written history, strong family ties, many relatives women

seen as inferior, strict role

Italian architects design buildings and palaces Royal Court spoke French, perform ballet

Advanced schools for elite, culture gap develops between elite and commoners

Do Now: If Tsar Peter the Great is cutting off the beards of nobles to make

them look like Western Europeans, what other kinds of changes do you think he will bring to Russia?

Tsar Peter the Great with a pair of shears, about to remove the beard of a conservative subject.

HOW DID WESTERNIZATION IMPACT RUSSIA?

ECONOMIC

Agricultural - primitive methods, local consumption small merchant class, small

cities, no major technological changes Based on serfdom (Coercive labor)

enforced feudal system

Developed trade network - manufactured goods, furs, timber, wheat, begin to use

natural resources Government regulations, created Port city of St. Petersburg

(Window to the West)

St. Petersburg One of Peter's main goals was to regain access to the Baltic Sea and Baltic trade. In 1700

he started the Northern War with Sweden, which lasted for 21 years, and resulted in a victorious Russia taking the vast lands on the Baltic coast as its spoils of war. During the course of the war St. Petersburg was founded (1703) on the delta of the Neva River and the city rapidly grew to become a major seaport, as Russia gained greater and greater

access to European trade routes.

One of Peter's main goals was to regain access to the Baltic Sea and Baltic trade. In 1700 he started the Northern War with Sweden, which lasted for 21 years, and resulted in a

victorious Russia taking the vast lands on the Baltic coast as its spoils of war. During the course of the war St. Petersburg was founded (1703) on the delta of the Neva River and the city rapidly grew to become a major seaport, as Russia gained greater and greater

access to European trade routes.

Based on this graphic, what

effect do you think Peter’s reforms

were having on the Russian

civilization?

Predict: Do you think Russia will be

able to compete with Europe in spite of the cultural and

economic split between the nobles and the peasants?

A Westernized Russia?

• How much impact do you think Peter’s Westernization program had on their lives?

• How do you think they felt about their local noble dressing like a Westerner?

Though photographed in the late 19th century, these

woodchoppers look much like their ancestors during the time of

Peter the Great.

The Church of Our Savior on Spilled Blood 1905 and Today

Magnificent Great Palace at Petrodvorets, Peterhof (a place outside St Petersburg), the abundance of fountains, gold and

greenery.

Catherine the GreatTreatment of Social Classes

•Freed nobles from state services and taxes

•Increased serfdom

•Made nobles status hereditary, gave them full control over their serfs – could sell them

•No merchant class

•Freed nobles from state services and taxes

•Increased serfdom

•Made nobles status hereditary, gave them full control over their serfs – could sell them

•No merchant class

So much for all that “liberty” talk! If we complain, we will be

whipped and imprisoned for life!

So much for all that “liberty” talk! If we complain, we will be

whipped and imprisoned for life!

Enlightened Despot

•Friend of Voltaire and other philosophes

•Patronized the arts, created Hermitage Museum

•Increased education – especially for girls

•Created medical commission – took first vaccine in Russia and improved medical conditions

•Encouraged modernization of agriculture and industry

•Relaxed censorship laws

•Friend of Voltaire and other philosophes

•Patronized the arts, created Hermitage Museum

•Increased education – especially for girls

•Created medical commission – took first vaccine in Russia and improved medical conditions

•Encouraged modernization of agriculture and industry

•Relaxed censorship laws

Catherine the Great

Catherine believed that all citizens are equal and subject to the same laws! Did you know

that Catherine is actually a pen pal of Voltaire!

Catherine believed that all citizens are equal and subject to the same laws! Did you know

that Catherine is actually a pen pal of Voltaire!

The Pugachev Rebellion

Pugachev's Rebellion (or the Cossack Rebellion) of 1774-75 was the principal

revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II

seized power in 1762.

It began as an organized insurrection of Cossacks headed by Emelyan

Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Russian Imperial army. After

the initial success, Pugachev assumed leadership of an alternative

government and claimed to be the assassinated Tsar Peter III.

Tsar Peter III

Emelyan Pugachev

Reaction of Peasants

Reaction of Peasants

Set up gov’t in Ukraine – abolished serfdom, did away with taxes, threw out compulsory military service

Catherine mobilized against him – captured him and brought him to St. Petersburg in a cage and killed.

Set up gov’t in Ukraine – abolished serfdom, did away with taxes, threw out compulsory military service

Catherine mobilized against him – captured him and brought him to St. Petersburg in a cage and killed.

Catherine the Great

Pugachev’s "royal decrees" or ukases were copied and sent to villages. In these documents, he promised to grant the people land, salt, and grain. He would lower taxes, stop military conscription and free the serfs.

Pugachev’s "royal decrees" or ukases were copied and sent to villages. In these documents, he promised to grant the people land, salt, and grain. He would lower taxes, stop military conscription and free the serfs.

These villainous nobles must be executed! Catherine cages me like she

cages all the peasants of Russia!

These villainous nobles must be executed! Catherine cages me like she

cages all the peasants of Russia!

Expanded the Empire

Added 200,000 square miles to empire

Won Crimean Black Sea port from Ottomans

Pushed for colonization of Siberia – Claimed Alaska

Partitioned Poland with Prussia and Austria

Added 200,000 square miles to empire

Won Crimean Black Sea port from Ottomans

Pushed for colonization of Siberia – Claimed Alaska

Partitioned Poland with Prussia and Austria

Catherine the Great

We have finally annexed the Crimea and have a warm water port into the

Mediterranean!

We have finally annexed the Crimea and have a warm water port into the

Mediterranean!

Bio- Poem

Catherine the Great

Line 1 - Name of rulerLine 2 - “Ruler/Leader of.....”Line 3 - Three traits that describe the rulerLine 4 - “Who has helped to” (2 good things)Line 5 - “But also ”(2 bad things)Line 6 - “Who will be remembered because of...”

Coercive Labor: Western Europe vs. Eastern Europe

Western Europe Eastern Europe

Lack of labor

Monarchs allow peasants to hire out their labor

Peasants leave for towns and cities chartered by the monarch

Peasants pay taxes to monarchs; monarchs now build standing

armies, infrastructure and navies

Allows kings to control the nobles

Limits on the nobility allows merchant class to develop

Expansion and trade

Plantations and slavery

Lack of labor

Tsar increases peasant obligations to the nobles

Nobles have near total control of the serfs

Tsars cannot control the nobles

Pugachev Rebellion ends with the help of the nobles

Catherine squashes towns and cities

No merchant class develops in Russia

Serfs remain property of nobles

Nobles can sell serfs apart from the land