Rural vs Urban Development

8/3/2019 Rural vs Urban Development

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URBANISATIONvs

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

64 years passed after the independence in India do you think that Indian rural

development is sufficient ? because about 70 percent of people in India live in

rural areas.Development is happeningin India but in which way rural

development or urbanization.Now according to some report.

The rural villages in United States of America look far better than Indian cities

but those are still the part of U.S. rural sector because the economy of those

villages is still land and agriculture based. This course of strengthening a rural

economy is Rural Development. If the urban way of living is made available to

the rural mass without raising their income through land and agriculture, theirconsumption, traditions and living become urban. This is urbanization and not

rural development. Urbanization is enjoyed by rural people till it is free of cost for

them. As soon as it starts costing to them, either they revert to their pre-

urbanization living standard or, if they have become habitual, they indulge in

illegal activities to earn more income to maintain the enjoyed living standard.

That is why the urban youths in India are day by day advancing towards crime.

Therefore, urbanization can pay nothing positive to rural mass in real sense. Nor,urbanization means rural development.
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RURAL DEVLOPMENT

Rural development means the social and the economic development of rural

areas. In other words, rural development is to increase economic opportunity and

improve the quality of life for the rural mass. If we want to develop a rural

economy we should develop land and agriculture. The land and agriculture

development would increase income of the rural people whereby they would

tend to raise their living standard by letting urban amenities, facilities and

traditions enter in their life. Whatever the high level of living standard is

achieved there on the basis of increased income generated on account of land and

agriculture development, the economy all the same remains rural. It becomes

developed but is not converted into an urban economy. The rural villages in

United States of America look far better than Indian cities but those are still the

part of U.S. rural sector because the economy of those villages is still land and

agriculture based. This course of strengthening a rural economy is "Rural

Development.someareas of development:

Literacy and EducationConstruction of Link-Roads Self-Employment Generation Health AwarenessGiving awareness of opportunities availability for them Family Planning Land Reforms Extension of rural or agricultural credit Extension of canal irrigation
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Rural Electrification

The Rural Development in India is one of the most important factors for the

growth of the Indian economy. India is primarily an agriculture-based country.Agriculture contributes nearly one-fifth of the gross domestic product in India. In

order to increase the growth of agriculture, the Government has planned several

programs pertaining to Rural Development in India.

The Ministry of Rural Development in India is the apex body for formulating

policies, regulations and acts pertaining to the development of the rural sector.

Agriculture, handicrafts, fisheries, poultry, and diary are the primary contributors

to the rural business and economy.

The introduction of Bharat Nirman, a project set about by the Government of

India in collaboration with the State Governments and the Panchayat Raj

Institutions is a major step towards the improvement of the rural sector. The

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 was introduced by the Ministry

of Rural Development, for improving the living conditions and its sustenance inthe rural sector of India.
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Rural Development in India-Schemes

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):This is a scheme launched and fully sponsored by the Central Government

of India. The main objective of the scheme is to connect all the habitations

with more than 500 individuals residing there, in the rural areas by the

means of weatherproof paved roads.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):This was implemented as a total package with all the characteristics of self

employment such as proper training, development of infrastructure,

planning of activities, financial aid, credit from banks, organizing self help

groups, and subsidies.

Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):This scheme aims at increasing the food protection by the means of wage

employment in the rural areas which are affected by the calamities after

the appraisal of the state government and the appraisal is accepted by the

Ministry of Agriculture. Indira Awaas Yojana (Rural Housing):

This scheme puts emphasis on providing housing benefits all over the rural

areas in the country.


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Rural Development in India-Organizations

Department of Rural Development in India:This department provides services such as training and research facilities,human resource development, functional assistance to the DRDA, oversees

the execution of projects and schemes.

Haryana State Cooperative Apex Bank Limited:The main purpose of the Haryana State Cooperative Apex Bank Limited is

to financially assist the artisans in the rural areas, farmers and agrarian

unskilled labor, small and big rural entrepreneurs of Haryana.

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development:The main purpose of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development is to provide credit for the development of handicrafts,

agriculture, small scaled industries, village industries, rural crafts, cottage

industries, and other related economic operations in the rural sector.

Sindhanur Urban Souharda Co-operative Bank:The main purpose of the Sindhanur Urban Souharda Co-operative Bank is

to provide financial support to the rural sector.

Rural Business Hubs (RBH):RBH was set up with the purpose of developing agriculture. The Rural

Business Hubs Core Groups helps in the smooth functioning of the Rural

Business Hubs.

Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology(CAPART):The main purpose of this organization is to promote and organize the joint


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venture, which is emerging between the Government of India and the

voluntary organizations pertaining to the development of the rural sector

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)Is a rural development program of the Government of India launched in

Financial Year 1978 and extended throughout India by 1980. It is a self-

employment program intended to raise the income-generation capacity of target

groups among the poor. The target group consists largely of small and marginal

farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans living below the poverty line.

The pattern of subsidy is 25 per cent for small farmers, 33-1/3 per cent for

marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans and 50 per cent for

Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes families and physically handicapped persons.

Others Schemes of Rural Development

Vidhayak Sthaniya Kshetra Vikas KaryakramMLA Local Area Development ProgramSwarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgaar Yojana (SGSY)Golden Jubilee Village Self-employment Scheme Indira Awaas YojanaMADA SchemeSampurna Gramin Rojgar Yojna (SGRY)Saansad Sthaniya Kshetra Vikas KaryakramMP Local Area Development ProgramDesert Development Program (DDP)Combact Development Program (CDP)National Watershed Development Project in Rural Area (NWDPRA)Guru Golwalkar Yojna (GGY)


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Swa Vivek YojnaSchemes of Panchayati Raj

Twelth Finance CommissionState Finance Commission (Third)Pannadhay Jeevan Amrit YojnaMid Day Meal YojnaJanta Aawas YojnaTotal Sanitation Program (TSP)Special Aid for Shanti Priya Gaon (Rs. 1 Lacs)House Site allotment in Rural Area in concessional rateUntied Fund YojnaDeen Dayal Upadhyay Aadarsh Gram YojnaProvide Urban facilities in Rural Area Pariyojna (PURA Project)


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URBANIZATION

Urbanization is closely linked to modernization ,industrialization and the

sociological process of .rationalization Urbanization can describe a specific

condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or

towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the

term urbanization can represent the level of urban relative to overall population,

or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.

As more and more people leave villages and farms to live in cities, urban growth

results. The rapid growth of cities like Chicago in the late 19th century and

Mumbai a century later can be attributed largely to rural-urban migration. This

kind of growth is especially commonplace in developing countries This growth

can also be attributed to new job opportunities.

The rapid urbanization of the worlds population over the twentieth century is

described in the 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report.

The global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220

million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The

same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2.

According to the UN St ate of the World Population 2007 report, sometime in the

middle of 2007, the majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities,

for the first time in history; this is referred to as the arrival of the "Urban
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Millennium" or the 'tipping point'. In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93%

of urban growth will occur in developing nations, with 80% of urban growth

occurring in Asia and Africa

Urbanization rates vary between countries. The United States and United

Kingdom have a far higher urbanization level

than China, India, Swaziland or Niger, but a far slower annual urbanization rate,

since much less of the population is living in a rural area.

Urbanization in the United States never reached the Rocky Mountains in locations

such as Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Telluride, Colorado; Taos, New Mexico; DouglasCounty, Colorado and Aspen, Colorado. The state ofVermont has also been

affected, as has the coast ofFlorida, the Birmingham-Jefferson County, AL area,

the Pacific Northwest and the barrier islands ofNorth Carolina.

In the United Kingdom, two major examples of new urbanization can be seen

in Swindon, Wiltshire andMilton Keynes, BuckinghamshireThese two towns show

some of the quickest growth rates in Europe.

Urbanization occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to reduce

time and expense in commuting and transportation while improving

opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities

permits individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of

proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition.

People move into cities to seek economic opportunities. A major contributing

factor is known as "rural flight". In rural areas, often on small family farms, it is

difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic sustenance. Farm living

is dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of drought,
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flood or pestilence, survival becomes extremely problematic. In modern

times, industrialization ofagriculturehas negatively affected the economy of

small and middle-sized farms and strongly reduced the size of the rural labor

market.

Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where money, services and wealth are

centralized. Cities are where fortunes are made and where social mobility is

possible. Businesses, which generate jobs and capital, are usually located in urban

areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the cities that

foreign money flows into a country. It is easy to see why someone living on a

farm might wish to take their chance moving to the city and trying to make

enough money to send back home to their struggling family.

There are better basic services as well as other specialist services that aren't found

in rural areas. There are more job opportunities and a greater variety of jobs.

Health is another major factor. People, especially the elderly are often forced to

move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater for their

health needs. Other factors include a greater variety of entertainment

(restaurants, movie theaters, theme parks, etc.) and a better quality of education,

namely universities. Due to their high populations, urban areas can also have

much more diverse social communities allowing others to find people like them

when they might not be able to in rural areas.

These conditions are heightened during times of change from a pre-industrialsociety to an industrial one. It is at this time that many new commercial

enterprises are made possible, thus creating new jobs in cities. It is also a result of

industrialization that farms become more mechanized, putting many labourers

out of work. This is currently occurring fastest in India.
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Economic effectsIn recent years, urbanization of rural areas has increased. As agriculture, local

services, and small-scale industry give way to corporate industry the urban and

related commerce with the city drawing on the resources of an ever-wideningarea for its own sustenance and goods to be traded or processed

intomanufactures.

Research in urban ecologyfinds that larger cities provide more specialized goods

and services to the local market and surrounding areas, function as a

transportation and wholesale hub for smaller places, and accumulate more

capital, financial service provision, and an educated labor force, as well as often

concentrating administrative functions for the area in which they lie. This

relation among places of different sizes is called the urban hierarchy.

As cities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase in costs, often pricing

the local working class out of the market, including such functionaries as

employees of the local municipalities. For example, Eric Hobsbawm's bookThe

age of the revolution: 1789

1848(published 1962 and 2005) chapter 11, stated

"Urban development in our period [17891848] was a gigantic process of class

segregation, which pushed the new labouring poor into great morasses of misery

outside the centres of government and business and the newly specialised
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residential areas of the bourgeoisie. The almost universal European division into a

'good' west end and a 'poor' east end of large cities developed in this period." This

is likely due the prevailing south-west wind which carries coal smoke and other

airborne pollutants downwind, making the western edges of towns preferable to

the eastern ones. Similar problems now affect the developing world, rising

inequality resulting from rapid urbanisation trends. The drive for rapid urban

growth and often efficiency can lead to less equitable urban development, think

tanks such as the Overseas Development Institute have even proposed policies

that encourage labour intensive growth as a means of absorbing the influx of low

skilled and unskilled labour.

Urbanization is often viewed as a negative trend, but can in fact, be perceived

simply as a natural occurrence from individual and corporate efforts to reduce

expense in commuting and transportation while improving opportunities for

jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits individuals

and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and

marketplace competition.

Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities that cities can offer, but often

settle in shanty towns and experience extreme poverty. In the 1980s, this was

attempted to be tackled with the urban bias theory which was promoted

byMichael Lipton who wrote: "...the most important class conflict in the poor

countries of the world today is not between labour and capital. Nor is it between

foreign and national interests. It is between rural classes and urban classes. The

rural sector contains most of the poverty and most of the low-cost sources of

potential advance; but the urban sector contains most of the articulateness,

organization and power. So the urban classes have been able to win most of the
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rounds of the struggle with the countryside...". Most of the urban poor in

developing countries able to find work can spend their lives in insecure, poorly

paid jobs. According to research by the Overseas Development Institute pro-poor

urbanisation will require labour intensive growth, supported by labour

protection, flexible land use regulation and investments in basic services.'

Urbanization: the real scenarioUrbanization is the process whereby the amenities and the facilities of urban life

are provided to the inhabitants of a rural area. If the urban way of living is made

available to the rural mass without raising their income through land and

agriculture development, their consumption, traditions and living become urban.

This is urbanization and not rural development. Urbanization is enjoyed by rural

people till it is free of cost for them. As soon as it starts costing to them, either they

revert to their pre-urbanization living standard or, if they have become habitual,

they indulge in illegal activities to earn more income to maintain the enjoyed

living standard. That is why the rural youths in India are day by day advancing

towards crime. Therefore, urbanization can pay nothing positive to rural mass inreal sense. Urbanization of a rural area is just like beautifying a girl by putting a

beautiful mask on her face or artificially decorating her face. She can so look

disguising beautiful due to the mask or the decoration and not due to her

lineaments, facial hue and facial glow. If the mask or the decoration start costing
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beyond her paying capacity, she would either choose to live without

mask/decoration and look as before putting on the mask/decoration; or she would

try to get the mask/decoration by hook and crook. However, she can better be

made look beautiful by developing her facial hue and facial glow by beauty

treatment, therapy, make-up, etc. This latter process is beauty development and

the former is beautification similarly as raising living standard of rural people

through agricultural and land development is rural development while providing

them free amenities and facilities of urban life is urbanization.

Urban Transformation :If the full dependence of a rural area or the partial dependence of a suburban

area on land and agriculture is ended and the economies of these areas are made

dependant on trade, commerce and industry, the amenities and facilities of life,

the way of livelihood and the culture of these areas are all changed to those

prevailing in urban cities. The economies of these areas are thus transformed

from rural/semi-urban to urban and the areas become urban. This process of

transformation is 'urban transformation' and not urbanization or rural

development. The urban transformation is just like the making a girl beautiful by

changing and developing her lineaments through plastic surgery. Actually, this

way of making a girl beautiful is beauty transformation and not beautification or

beauty development.


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Urban Extension :When the boundary of an urban area (urban city or town) is extended towards its

suburban area taking thereby partially or fully the suburban area in its domain, it

adds to the domain of that urban area. This process is 'urban extension'. However,

whenever there is an urban extension a suburban extension will always occur

there because both inner and outer boundaries of the surrounding suburban area

will be broadened whereby some area of the neighboring rural area will become

added to the suburban area.

Urban Development :There are some writers using the term 'urban development' even when there is

urban extension. I am unable to understand why they don't differentiate between

the increase in area and the economic improvement within the domain of an

urban area (urban city or town). Urban development is a process of either

improving the amenities, the facilities and way of living or creating new

amenities, facilities and way of living for the people living in an urban area


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without taking any account of any increase in its domain. The process of urban

development of an urban area is similar to the process of economic development

of a country while the process of urban extension is just like the process of

extending the boundaries of a nation through amalgamation of a neighboring

nation either by conquering or otherwise.

Urbanization across the worldUrbanization, in itself, is a broad topic that links to several related and complex

issues; but the crux is the sameplanning the cart before the horse. Nevertheless,

it is a phenomenon that cannot be ignored. As per UNICEF data, around 29% of

the Indian population had been urbanized by 2008, and urbanization was

growing at a rate of 2.4% per annum since the turn of the century.

According to Citymayors.com data, there will be 27 mega cities in the world by

2020. Mumbai will be the second largest city in the world in terms of population

by then, estimated at 25.97 million, bettered only by Tokyo. Delhi will be a close

third with an estimated population of 25.83 million. As anticipated, quite a few

other Indian cities make their place in the top 100 globally in terms of population

by that year.


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Urbanization in IndiaUnfortunately, infrastructure has remained a lagging indicator for this growing

urban India. The number of cars people have in Delhi is still way ahead of the

road infrastructure being built. Shopping malls are being built at a rapid pace,

and imagine, among other things, the humongous amount of power they

consume in a power starved country like India. People continue to migrate at an

untethered pace to Indian cities, which get starved of space by the minute.

Similarly, we pride ourselves in our demographic dividend, but the fact is that

our statistics on educational facilities to create a skilled work force give little

reason for hope. But then, talking about problems and blaming the government is

the easiest part of the planners, or the writers job!

Moreover, increasing urbanization is a very important facet of development of a

nation. The ideal scenario should be like a developed country, where villages have

lower populations of farmers with large tracts of land and modern mechanized

methods of farming, so that food production is not compromised. Consequently,

we can have greater and greater numbers of people moving into cities and

getting involved in our manufacturing and services sectors. So, planned

urbanization is an imperative for India to unleash a further accelerated pace of

development.


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The appeal of Indian citiesFirstly, it is quite logical that places like New Delhi and Mumbai cannot help the

fact that they attract a lot of people to their fold like magnets, since they are like

islands of prosperity for the other 70% odd people in India living in rural areas;

and hence they provide hope for a better life. In Mumbai, it is quite surprising to

know of people who travel all the way from places like Surat and back to work

every day. But the negative aspect is that a number of these people are chasing

futile dreams. In fact, they even end up poorer in the cities and create further

problems for Indias infrastructure. This is all the more evident in the fact that

Mumbai is known as the worlds slum capital, where more than half of the

residents are slum dwellers. It is easy to understand why politicians like RajThackeray are able to sell their vitriolic anti-North Indian slogans to locals there;

because these poor locals do indeed get frustrated by their growing problems due

to immigration. People view the governments efforts to remove these slums as

much more of lip service; since slums do have immense value; just like refugees

from Bangladesh in Assam have immense value - in terms of vote banks.

Creditably, though, a conscious effort has been made by the government since2004 to remove the slums; in what is referred to as the Shanghaisation of

Mumbai; with a Rs.31,000 crore package to remove slum areas. Part of the plan

was to immediately remove illegal slums that had come up after 1995. Now, a


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scheme to remove slums has been developed that will provide slum dwellers a

loan of Rs.1 lakh each and a lowering of interest rate to own their own property.

Roadblocks to urbanization and planningSchemes like these keep coming, but just like most Government schemes, they

typically take years to implement and come across as grossly inadequate. And thatis why the role of the private sector is being supported across forums. For

instance, in Mumbai, a property tycoon named Mukesh Mehta has developed a

scheme to remove slums and also to ensure proper housing blocks on the same

site for the slum dwellers. This way, the slum dwellers will not have to relocate

too far from where they are living. The freed up land, in turn, would have a

phenomenal value to develop malls, offices, residential complexes et al. Ironically

Dharavi, which is arguably Asias largest slum has immense economic value; with

the land projected to cost a whopping US$10 billion. Moreover, a scheme like this

has to account for the multitudes of small businesses operating out of Dharavi,

with a cumulative value estimated at around $650 million to $1 billion.


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Urbanization and community involvementIrrespective of economic value, the involvement of the community is a must in

development initiatives; in the true spirit of democracy. Change in a democracy is

slow due to consensus building, but more permanent. A public-private

partnership is considered the best way forward. A successful precedent was made

with a pilot project in Karnataka, where three cities - Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum

and Gulbarga were covered for improving the water supply. The project costed

around Rs. 270 crore over a period of five years and covered a population of

around 10% of the total in these places.

Earlier, these places used to get only two hours of water supply for every five days

and people used to pay a fixed price on water of around Rs. 90. Moreover, this

water reached only 50% of the population. The initiative included boosting water

supply and installing meters for usage in every house. The private company was

roped in to establish and implement the plan.

Another key to the projects success was that people were initially asked to pay

the fixed price. When they saw that they were getting 24-hour water supply

based on usage and the variable price was also quite reasonable (Rs. 80-150

depending on usage); they were happy to shift to the new system. For the range of

issues that India faces with its cities, this initiative provides valuable lessons.

Involve the private sector, ensure community involvement and also ensure that


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the revenue model is intelligently developed to make excessive and irrational

usage expensive.

To match that to the traffic congestion problem, the solution really is to make cars

and fuel (other than essential for transportation, cooking, et al) prohibitively

expensive. After all, keeping fuel cheap means that the government spends a

whopping amount to bail out oil companies ($57.8 billion in 2008 on fuel

subsidies). The same money can be spent on building a world class transport

infrastructure in the cities.

Addressing the problems of urbanizationHowever, the fact is that these are symbolic of tackling the symptoms rather than

the disease. The disease that a large degree of Indias rural population is chasing

its dreams in a few cities has to be tackled by really building several more islands

of opportunity to divert the influx. Bihar, for instance, is showing some degree of

economic prosperity, few residents want to leave the state and migrate to Delhi,

as they get their employment back home. The Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal

Mission has been set up to release funding and ensure private participation for

implementation of infrastructure development and urban poverty alleviation

schemes for urban poor with a planned outlay of around Rs. 50,000 crore in 63

selected cities. Success of the initiative is a key for Indias economic future. By

2021, it is estimated that around 40% of Indians will reside in urban centers and

these centers, thanks to liberalization efforts, will contribute around 65% of

Indias GDP depending on how well we develop infrastructure and employment


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opportunities. Undeniably, India needs to continue to place this agenda on top

priority, as our current crop of cities gets crazier by the minute.

PROBLEM:

These few things has developed enough in our country without the development

of rural India,it can not become a developed country.After all 70% Indian lives

there.

Rural development is not an answer to slum eradication.Rural development is a strategy in decreasing urban migration.Why people choose to settle in a city ?For better employment, income, education, medical facilities and

allied services should be provided.

If these services can be made available in rural areas with highquality and standard people will choose such rural areas as their

home destination.

These are just of facility, availability and affordability.Environmental pollution and scarce urban utility services made the

possibility more real.

But slum dwellers are essential for city life. They must be settled inthe city neighborhood for their jobs and income.

The distant village people can not serve the big city people timely.So urban resettlement for slum dwellers could be a more pragmatic

option.The question whether village development is a solution to urban malaise (slums,

ghettoes, etc.) is in some sense analogous to what Dr APJ Abdul Kalam (former

President of India) coined PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) and

wanted India to achieve by 2020.


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The question whether village development can serve as a major land

management or rural development tool for resolving the urban slum problemsneeds to be seen from two perspectives: Rural, and Urban.

Village development per se is village development, which implies development of

everything associated with such development of which land management is

crucial. Land management is only one of the rural development tools and I do not

wish to treat the two as synonyms. Village development in the sense of PURA may

reduce migration of villagers to urban areas for employment, education,

healthcare, etc. But village development is no substitute to urban development,

which is altogether different. The rise of slums and ghettoes in urban areas has

more to do with urban planning. As such it should be addressed as a separate

problem. But village development in the sense of PURA in the future can certainly

bring down further pressure on urban areas, particularly in the sense of the

urban infrastructure facilities needed for an easy, decent, and stress-free urban

life.

Urbanization of rural areas is a wild dream .consumerist urban lifestyle cannot be

a true development concept for rural areas.

What is required is that the rural illiterate shall be provided minimum assured

wages while they reach urban system and more over they shall be properly

supported through institutional means for finding suitable employment while

they reach the urban areas; social security also shall be provided.


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Conclution

Although these measures have been successful to some extend in curbing poverty,

this model has a very basic flaw, under this model resources are transferred fromurban economy to rural economy just for short term political motives .This is

affecting both areas, not letting rural economy develop on its own and hampering

growth and investments in urban economy .an ideal approach should include the

government panchayats and key village personals NGOs and private companies

.This will not only help reduce this imbalances but will have a multiplier effect on

the overall economy by aligning the goals of the two parts we can convert this

seemingly zero sum game into a win - win situation .It would be very long drawn

and difficult battle with conventions but the rewards is worth the effort .

Rural vs Urban Development

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