Rural Road Investment Efficiency: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Uganda

8/9/2019 Rural Road Investment Efficiency: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Uganda

1/156

B @ V D C R @ K G S @ G B D ^ D O K X L D G R

@gnrastructurd

Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt

Dnn`c`dgcyOdsskgs nrkl Fure`ga Nask,

Caldrkkg, agb Tiagba

Iao Vafaooagb, Xatr`c`a Laccj`, agb Caroy Xdtracck


2/156


3/156

Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy


4/156


5/156

Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt

Dnn`c`dgcyOdsskgs nrkl Fure`ga Nask,

Caldrkkg, agb Tiagba

Iao Vafaooagb, Xatr`c`a Laccj`, agb Caroy Xdtracck


6/156

6818 Rjd @gtdrgat`kgao Fage nkr Vdckgstruct`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt / Rjd Ykrob Fage

1:1: J Strddt GYYasj`gitkg BC 68233Rdodpjkgd= 686-293-1888@gtdrgdt= www.wkrobfage.kriD-laò= nddbfaceHwkrobfage.kri

Aoo rìjts rdsdrvdb

1 6 3 2 13 16 11 18

Rj`s vkould `s a prkbuct kn tjd stann kn tjd @gtdrgat`kgao Fage nkr Vdckgstruct`kg agbBdvdokpldgt / Rjd Ykrob Fage. Rjd n`gb`gis, `gtdrprdtat`kgs, agb ckgcous`kgs dxprdssdb `g tj`svkould bk gkt gdcdssaròy rdnodct tjd v`dws kn tjd Dxdcut`vd B`rdctkrs kn Rjd Ykrob Fage kr tjd

ikvdrgldgts tjdy rdprdsdgt.

Rjd Ykrob Fage bkds gkt iuaragtdd tjd accuracy kn tjd bata `gcoubdb `g tj`s wkre. Rjd fkugb-ar`ds, ckokrs, bdgkl`gat`kgs, agb ktjdr `gnkrlat`kg sjkwg kg agy lap `g tj`s wkre bk gkt `lpoyagy mubidldgt kg tjd part kn Rjd Ykrob Fage ckgcdrg`gi tjd odiao status kn agy tdrr`tkry kr tjddgbkrsdldgt kr accdptagcd kn sucj fkugbar`ds.

Vìjts agb Xdrl`ss`kgs

Rjd latdrào `g tj`s pufo`cat`kg `s ckpyrìjtdb. Ckpy`gi agb/kr tragsl`tt`gi pkrt`kgs kr aoo kn tj`swkre w`tjkut pdrl`ss`kg lay fd a v`koat`kg kn appo`cafod oaw. Rjd @gtdrgat`kgao Fage nkrVdckgstruct`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt / Rjd Ykrob Fage dgckuraids b`ssdl`gat`kg kn ts wkre agb wòo

gkrlaooy iragt pdrl`ss`kg tk rdprkbucd pkrt`kgs kn tjd wkre prklptoy.Nkr pdrl`ss`kg tk pjktkckpy kr rdpr`gt agy part kn tj`s wkre, podasd sdgb a rdqudst w`tj cklpodtd`gnkrlat`kg tk tjd Ckpyrìjt Codaragcd Cdgtdr @gc., 666 Vksdwkkb Br`vd, Bagvdrs, LA 81063,TSA5 tdodpjkgd= 09:-948-:2885 nax= 09:-948-22985 @gtdrgdt= www.ckpyrìjt.ckl.

Aoo ktjdr qudr`ds kg rìjts agb o`cdgsds, `gcoub`gi sufs`bàry rìjts, sjkuob fd abbrdssdb tk tjdKnn`cd kn tjd Xufo`sjdr, Rjd Ykrob Fage, 1:1: J Strddt GY, Yasj`gitkg, BC 68233, TSA5 nax=686-466-62665 d-laò= pufrìjtsHwkrobfage.kri.

@SFG-13= 09:-8-:613-:612-1d@SFG= 09:-8-:613-:614-:BK@= 18.140>/09:-8-:613-:612-1

Ckvdr pjktk fy B`gk LdrkttkCkvdr bdsìg fy Quagtul Rj`ge


7/156


8/156

@s @lpassafò`ty Lkrd afkut Xdrcdpt`kg

Rjag Vdao`ty; 62

Yjdg Bkds tjd Rjrdsjkob kn Vkab Accdss

O`l`t tjd @lpact kn @skoat`kg; 6>

Gktds 33

Cjaptdr 3 Yjat @s tjd Avdraid Rragspkrt Bdlagb

nrkl a Narldr agb tjd @bdao Suppoy

nrkl a Rrabdr; 39

Rjd Air`cuoturd Ckgtdxt 39

Rjd Vkod kn @gtdrldbàtd Ldags kn Rragspkrtnkr Slaoojkobdrs 30

Rjd Narldrs Xdrspdct`vd= Rjd Oast Lòd Sjkuob

Gkt Fd a Vkab nkr a Rruce 28

Rjd Sdrv`cd Xrkv`bdr agb Rrabdrs Xdrspdct`vd=

Jìj Laredt`gi Lari`gs Ard Gddbdb tk

Cklpdgsatd nkr a Oace kn Dckgkl`ds

kn Scaod 23

Gktds 2>

Cjaptdr 2 Yjat Odvdo kn @gvdstldgt g Vkabs @s Fdst

tk St`luoatd Vurao Irkwtj; 29

Currdgt Okw Dnn`c`dgcy kn Spdgb`gi kg

Okw- kould Vkabs= Rjd Tiagbag Casd 2:

Vkab @gvdstldgts Bk Gkt Gdcdssaròy

Coksd tjd Air`cuoturao @gckld Iap

fdtwddg Vdi`kgs 48Jkw Cag tjd Susta`gafò`ty kn tjd Currdgt

@gvdstldgt Stratdiy Fd Assdssdb;

Rjd Tiagbag Casd 43

Yjat Ckuob Fd a Lkrd Dnndct`vd Vkab

Aookcat`kg La`gtdgagcd; A Xrkpksdb

Ldtjkbkokiy 42

Gktds 4>

Cjaptdr 4 Jkw Cag Okab Ckgsko bat`kg Fd Nkstdrdb; 40

Strkgi @gcdgt`vds Gkt tk Ckgsko`batd >8

Kgd Kpt`kg= Sdoo`gi B`rdctoy tk Laredts >6

Rjd Tsuao Kpt`kg= Laredt @gtdrldbàr`ds

w`tjkut Stkraid >6

v` Ckgtdgts


9/156

At Yj`cj P`dob kr Narl S`zd @s Ckgsko`bat`kg

a Lust; >3

Jkw tk Frdae Kut kn tjd Ckkrb`gat`kg Rrap >2

Gktds 91

Cjaptdr > Ckgcous`kgs agb Xko cy Vdcklldgbat`kgs 93

Ckgcous`kgs 93

Xko`cy Vdcklldgbat`kgs 93

Gktds 90

Appdgb`x A Ldtjkbkokiy nkr N`dob BataCkoodct`kg :1

Appdgb`x F Bata Ckoodctdb `g tjd N`dob :3

Gat`kgao Odvdo :3

Vdi`kgao Odvdo (b`str`ct cap`tao) :3

^òoaid Odvdo :2

Gktds :4

Appdgb`x C Rjd Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880

Xko`cy Nraldwkre nkr Oaii`gi Vdi`kgs :9

Appdgb`x B Ldtjkbkoki`cao Gktd kg Tiagbag

Jkusdjkob Survdys :0

Gktd 08

Appdgb`x D aràfod Bdn`g t`kgs nkr Tiagbag JkusdjkobSurvdys, Gat`kgao agb Ckll`ss`kgdb 01

Bdn`g`t`kgs nkr tjd Tiagbag Gat`kgao

Jkusdjkob Survdy 01

Bdtdrl`gagts kn Jkusdjkob @gckld Bdr`vdb

nrkl Air`cuoturao Xrkbuct Saods 06

Bdtdrl`gagts kn Nddbdr Vkab La`gtdgagcd Nugbs 0>

Appdgb`x N Ckrrdoat`kg Rafod fdtwddg aràfods

nkr tjd Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg,

agb Tiagbag Jkusdjkob Survdys 00

Appdgb`x I Bdtdrl`gagt aràfods kn Jìj- aoud

Crkp Saods 181

Ckgtdgts v``


10/156

Appdgb`x J Cklpar`skg kn Edy aràfods fdtwddg

tjd Rkp 4 Xdrcdgt kn Oagbkwgdrs `g Dacj

Ckugtrys Salpod agb tjd Ckugtrys

Rktao Salpod 183

Appdgb`x @ Bdscr`pt`vd Stat`st cs kg Rragspkrt Cksts

pdr Lkbd 184

Appdgb`x M Airkdckoki`cao ]kgd Ldtjkbkokiy 189

O`l`tat`kgs kn tjd Iokfao AD] Stuby 189

Appdgb`x E O`ge fdtwddg Air`cuoturd Rypd

agb @gnrastructurd Vdqu`rdldgt 111

Appdgb`x O Laps kn Fure`ga Nask 113

Appdgb`x L Laps kn Caldrkkg 114

Appdgb`x G Laps kn Tiagba 119

Vdndrdgcds 161

@gbdx 160

Fkxds

1.1 Ag Dxalpod kn Oace kn Ckkrb`gatdb

@gtdrvdgt`kgs fdtwddg L`g`str`ds 1:1.6 Yjat Ykuob a Vdv`sdb Vkab-Xoagg`gi Stratdiy

Okke Oèd Cklpardb tk tjd Currdgt S`tuat`kg; 10

6.1 Yj`cj Bata Ckoodct`kg Ldtjkbkokiy agb Yjy; 60

3.1 ar`kus Rypds kn Narldrs g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca 3:

2.1 Jkw @s Air`cuoturao Xktdgtào Cklputdb; 44

4.1 Jkw Lucj; Rjd Ckst kn @gstaoo gi agb Vugg`gi

tjd d-CjkupaoSystdl >:

4.6 Rjd Vkod kn SKBDCKRKG nkr @LR

`g Gkrtjdrg Caldrkkg 98

>.1 Ag Dxalpod kn Oace kn Ckkrb`gatdb @gtdrvdgt kgs

fdtwddg L`g`str`ds 9:

>.6 Yjat Ykuob a Vdv`sdb Vkab-Xoagg`gi Stratdiy

Okke Oèd Cklpardb tk tjd Currdgt S`tuat`kg; 90

v``` Ckgtdgts


11/156

Laps

1.1 Tgckvdrdb Xkpuoat`kg g S`drra Odkgd at

6-Eòkldtdr Funndr, 6884 11

1.6 Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs ty agb Vkab Ckvdraid `g Suf-Sajarag

Anr`ca at tjd 18-Eòkldtdr Funndr, 6884 16

Nìurds

1.1 Rjd Rragspkrt Rrap `g Vurao Ardas >

6.1 Rktao Jkusdjkob Nkkb Ckgsulpt kg g Fure`ga

Nask Cklpardb tk Yaoe`gi R`ld tk GdardstLaredt, 6883 31

3.1 Ckst Curvds Dxpoa`g tjd Oace kn Cklpdt`t kg

`g Vurao Ardas 24

2.1 Avdraid Air`cuoturao Saods Vdvdgud Xktdgtào pdr Jdctard

kn La`g Crkp `g tjd Rjrdd Sdodctdb B`str`cts

`g Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg, agb Tiagba, 688:80 41

2.6 Cknndd Xktdgtào at @gtdrgat`kgao agb Okcao Xr`cds

Cklpardb tk Vkab La`gtdgagcd Iragts `g Sdodctdb

B`str`cts `g Tiagba 46

4.1 ar`kus Ckgsko`bat`kg Lkbdos >0

>.1 ar`kus Ckgsko`bat`kg Lkbdos 9>

>.6 Bdc`s`kg Rrdd kg @gvdstldgt Stratdi`ds `g Vurao Vkabs 9:

M.1 Ckgcdptuao Nraldwkre kn AD] Ldtjkbkokiy 18:

Rafods

1.1 Avdraid Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs`ty, 688389 01.6 Vkab Bdgs`ty 0

1.3 Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca Vkab Ckvdraid, 6884 18

1.2 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Gddbs nkr 63 Suf-Sajarag

Anr`cag Ckugtr`ds ugbdr Fasd agb Xrailat`c

Scdgar`ks, 688: 14

6.1 Bdscr`pt vd Stat`st`cs kn @lpassaf o`ty, Va`gnaoo,

agb @gvdstldgts fy B`str`ct kr Vdi`kg, 688:80 64

6.6 Vagid kn tjd B`stagcd Qu`gt ods agb tjd Ldag

Ckgsulpt`kg kn tjd Qu`gtòds `g Tiagba, 68848> 69

6.3 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl

Air`cuoturao Saods `g Tiagba, 688:80 6:


Air`cuoturao Saods `g Fure`ga Nask, 688:80 36

Ckgtdgts `x


12/156


Air`cuoturao Saods `g Caldrkkg, 688:80 33

3.1 Rragspkrt Cksts fy Lkbd `g Tiagba 30

3.6 Saods Xr`cd B`nndrdgcds nkr Air`cuoturao Xrkbucts

(at tjd Okcao Xr`cd) agb Rragspkrt Cksts pdr Lkbd

kn Rragspkrt, Ckllkb`ty âoud, B`stagcd, agb

Rkggaid `g Caldrkkg, 688:80 26

3.3 Sjard kn @g tào Ckst kn a F`cycod kr Lktkrcycod

Cklpardb tk tjd Sdoo`gi Xr`cd kn 1 Ldtr`c Rkg

kn Sdodctdb Ckllkb`t`ds `g Tiagba, 688:80 26

3.2 Rragspkrt Xr`cd fy Lkbd kn Rragspkrt agb B`stagcd`g Tiagba, 688:80 23

3.4 Vat`k fdtwddg Rragspkrt Xr`cd agb Cksts g Sdodctdb

B`str`cts `g Tiagba, 688:80 22

3.> Sdoo`gi Xr`cd B sckugt Gddbdb tk Cklpdgsatd

Kpdrat`gi Cksts nkr a Rruce nkr ar`kus Quagt`t`ds

agb Ckllkb`ty âouds `g Tiagba, 688:80 22

3.9 Actuao agb Xktdgtào P`dob pdr Jkusdjkob g Fusjdgy ,

Tiagba, 688:80 2>2.1 La`g Bdtdrl`gagts kn Spdgb`gi nkr Vurao Vkabs

`g Tiagba, 6889 20

2.6 Ckrrdoat kg fdtwddg Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt

Stratdi`ds agb Currdgt B`str`ct Vkab Aookcat`kg

La`gtdgagcd `g Tiagba, 6889 48

2.3 Air`cuoturao Xktdgtào pdr Squard Eòkldtdr

fy B`str`ct `g Tiagba, 6889 46

2.2 Sjard kn La`gtdgagcd agb Vdjafò tat`kg Gddbs(nkr B`str`ct Vkabs) Ckvdrdb fy tjd Currdgt

La`gtdgagcd Aookcat`kg `g Tiagba, 6889 43

2.4 Sjard kn Xktdgtào Spdgb`gi kg Xdr`kb`c La`gtdgagcd

Ckvdrdb fy Air`cuoturao Saods `g Tiagba, 6889 42

2.> B`nndrdgcd fdtwddg Rktao Air`cuoturao Xktdgtào agb

Vkab La`gtdgagcd Gddbs `g B`str`cts `g Tiagba, 6889 4>

4.1 Narldr-Rrabdr Bòdlla >1

4.6 Catcjldgt Arda (`g Gulfdrs kn Narldrs agb òoaids)

nkr tjd Dqu`vaodgt kn 4 agb 18 Rruces Rrann`c >2>.1 Edy Xr`gc`pods agb Act`kgs tk Raed g tjd Arda

kn Vurao Vkab Xoagg`gi 92

>.6 Cklpar`skg kn Rragspkrt B`stagcd kn tjd ar`kus

Ckgsko`bat`kg Lkbdos 9>

x Ckgtdgts


13/156

x`

Bdvdokpldgt `s a cklpodx prkcdss`n `t wdrdgt, wdb fd bkgd fy gkw

agb sk bdvdokpldgt pract`t`kgdrs nrdqudgtoy rdskrt tk ruods-kn-tjulf tk

iu`bd bdc`s`kg lae`gi. Rjd aotdrgat`vd kn ugbdrtae`gi a nuoo-fokwg ckst-

fdgdn`t agaoys`s kn dvdry gvdstldgt kr pko`cy cjagid wkuob fd lpkss`fod,

i`vdg bata agb capac`ty ckgstra`gts, odt aokgd tjd gddb tk taed bdc`s`kgs

`g a t`ldoy laggdr. Kntdg, tjdsd ruods-kn-tjulf dvkovd `lpo`c`toy as a

rdsuot kn tjd `gb`catkr cjksdg tk ldasurd prkirdss. Nkr dxalpod, wjdg

Irkss Bkldst`c Xrkbuct (IBX) `s ckgs`bdrdb ag `gb`catkr kn dckgkl`cwdoo-fd`gi, pko`cy laedrs try tk lax`l`zd `ts irkwtj ratd. Yjdg tjd

pkvdrty o`gd `s sdt at $1.64 a bay, ikvdrgldgts try tk l`g`l`zd tjd gul-

fdr kn pdkpod fdokw tjat o`gd. Yjòd `gb`catkrs agb ruods ard codaroy gdc-

dssary, tjdrd `s aoways tjd pkss`fò`ty tjat tjd part`cuoar `gb`catkr cjksdg

`s tkk s`lpod, tjat `t odavds kut lkrd tjag `t capturds, agb tjat `t lay

uot`latdoy bk lkrd jarl tjag ikkb.

Rj`s fkke òoustratds aoo kn tjdsd `bdas w`tj tjd dxalpod kn tjd Vurao

Accdss @gbdx (VA@), wj`cj ckugts tjd pdrcdgtaid kn tjd rurao pkpuoat`kgtjat o`vds w`tj`g twk eòkldtdrs (apprkx`latdoy a 68-l`gutd waoe) kn ag

aoo-sdaskg rkab. Krì`gaooy `gtdgbdb as a ldasurd kn tjd skcào wdoo-fd`gi kn

rurao pdkpod, tjd VA@ jas fdckld ag dckgkl`c `gb`catkr agb, acckrb`gioy,

a iu`bd tk `gvdstldgt bdc`s`kg lae`gi. @gvdstldgts (`gcoub`gi `gvdstldgts

Nkrdwkrb


14/156

`g rdjafò`tat`kg) tjat `gcrdasd tjd VA@ ard ckgs`bdrdb wdonard-`lprkv`gi.

As tjd autjkrs pk`gt kut, tj`s `gb`catkr jas odb tk a fàs `g navkr kn `gvdst-

`gi `g rurao rkabs at tjd dxpdgsd kn sdckgbary agb la`g rkabs. @g skld

Anr`cag ckugtr`ds, tjd Ykrob Fage `gvdsts aolkst dxcous`vdoy `g rurao rkabs.

Ts`gi casd stub`ds nrkl Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg agb Tiagba, tjd fkke

sjkws jkw tjd crdat`kg agb usd kn ag `gbdx oèd tjd VA@ cag odab tk a

sdr`kus l`saookcat`kg kn rdskurcds. N`rst, tjd gkt`kg kn ag aoo-sdaskg rkab

rdndrs tk wjdtjdr a nkur-wjddodb vdj`cod oèd a truce kr car cag travdo

tjd rkab. Fut, as tjd fkke sjkws, `g Cdgtrao agb Ydst Anr`ca, dvdg pass-

afod rkabs javd vdry ndw truces kg tjdlfdcausd pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty `s

sk okw. Narldrs tragspkrt tjd`r prkbucd fy nkkt kr twk-wjddodb f`cycodskr lktkrcycods. @g tjdsd c`rculstagcds, `gvdst`gi `g `lprkv`gi tjd rkab

lay gkt fd `g tjd fdst `gtdrdst kn tjd rurao pkpuoat`kg5 tjd rdskurcds

ckuob fdgdn`t tjdl lkrd `n usdb dosdwjdrd.

Sdckgboy, tjd nkcus kg rurao rkabs do`c`tdb fy tjd VA@ taeds rdskurcds

agb pko`t`cao attdgt`kg away nrkl ktjdr pktdgtàooy oucrat`vd rkab

`gvdstldgts, sucj as tjksd `g sdckgbary agb la`g rkabs. @g part`cuoar,

tjd autjkrs bdscr`fd tjd l`ss`gi l`bbod kn sdckgbary rkabs as fd`gi

cjrkg`caooy gdiodctdb. Rjdrd `s a tj`rb prkfodl, wj`cj tjd autjkrs bkgkt dxpo`c`toy b`scuss, fut `s wkrtj ldgt`kg`gi. @t `s gk sdcrdt tjat rkab

`gvdstldgtsarkugb tjd wkrobard aosk pko`t`caooy lkt`vatdb. Xko`t`-

càgs oèd tk fuòb rkabs tjat fdgdn`t tjd`r ckgst`tudgc`ds. A ruod kn

tjulf tjat `s fasdb kg tjd VA@ i`vds ckgs`bdrafod rkkl nkr pko`t`cao

cr`tdrà tk bkl`gatd `gvdstldgt bdc`s`kg lae`gi, agb pkkr pdkpod nrd-

qudgtoy oksd kut.

Rjd fkkes autjkrs prkpksd a gdw sdt kn cr`tdrà tk iu`bd bdc`s`kg

lae`gi, cr`tdrà tjat taed `gtk acckugt tjd dckgkl`c must`n`cat`kg nkrrkab `gvdstldgts. Rjdy ard cardnuo gkt tk laed tjd`r prkpksao sk cklpo`-

catdb tjat `t wòo gkt fd usdb. Agb tjd ugbdroy`gi ldssaid kn tjd fkke

`s codar. Rk tjksd kn us wjk ard ckgstagtoy okke`gi nkr s`lpo`n`cat`kgs kr

ruods-kn-tjulf, agb fdo`dvd `g tjd abaid wjat yku ldasurd idts

bkgdfd cardnuo wjat yku w`sj nkr.

Sjagtayagag Bdvaramag

Cj`dn Dckgkl`st, Anr`ca Vdi`kg

Ykrob Fage

x`` Nkrdwkrb


15/156

x```

Rjd la`g autjkrs kn tj`s fkke ard Iao Vafaooagb, Xatr`cà Laccj`, agb

Caroy Xdtracck. Rjd fkke fdgdn`tdb nrkl var`kus `gputs nrkl Ndbdr`ck

Farra, Lar`d Iacjass`g, Mkjg J`gd, Farfara Oagtz, Dlòy Scjl`bt, Baga

Rjklskg, agb Oyagi Pku agb nrkl iu`bagcd nrkl Sjagtagayag

Bdvaramag, Laròku Ty, Sagm`v` Vamas`gijal, Supdd Rdravag`gtjkrg, agb

Xugal Cjujag-Xkod.

Vkf`g Carrutjdrs, Agtkg`k Dstacjd, B`gk Ldrkttk, agb Putaea

Pksj`gk rdv`dwdb tjd papdr bur`gi tjd prkcdss. `v`dg Nkstdr, JdrgagOdvy, Fkr`s Gamlag, Mkjg V`vdrskg, B`dtdr Scjdoo`gi, Kuslagd Sdce,

Eav`ta Sdtj`, agb Sdriy` ]krya cklldgtdb kg daro`dr brants kn tjd

fkke.

^`ctkr Kcaya, Aiu`ratku Savabkik, agb Xdtdr Rag`nkrl irdatoy nacò`tatdb

tjd prkcdss kn bata ckoodct`kg `g Tiagba, Fure`ga Nask, agb Caldrkkg,

rdspdct`vdoy. Dpjrdl Asdfd, Iuy Edltskp, agb Latjur`g Vkualfa carr`db

kut tjd bata ckoodct`kg dxdrc`sd `g Tiagba, Caldrkkg, agb Fure`ga Nask,

rdspdct`vdoy.Agg Lay db`tdb tjd papdr, agb Sar`dttd M`ppd suppkrtdb tjd tdal.

Rjd autjkrs aosk w`sj tk tjage Mdag-Nragk`s Lartdau agb Argaub

Bdslarcjdo`dr nkr b`scuss`kgs odab`gi tk tj`s rdsdarcj wkre.

Acegkwodbildgts


16/156

N`gaooy, tjd autjkrs w`sj tk tjage Jarry Jaiag agb Bdcoag Laidd

nrkl tjd T.E. Bdpartldgt nkr @gtdrgat`kgao Bdvdokpldgt nkr jav`gi

n`gagcdb tjd Tiagba casd stuby. Rjd tdal `s aosk iratdnuo tk tjd

Bdpartldgt kn Vurao Vkabs kn tjd L`g`stry kn Xufo`c Ykres `g

Caldrkkg, dspdc`aooy tk Lr. Dwagd agb Lr. Ekudba, nkr tjd`r suppkrt

tjrkuijkut tjd prkcdss `g tjat ckugtry.

x`v Acegkwodbildgts


17/156

xv

AD] airkdckoki`cao zkgd

CX@ Ckgsuldr Xr`cd @gbdx

IBX irkss bkldst`c prkbuct

I@S idkirapj`c gnkrlat`kg systdl

IOSS4 68848> Ijaga O`v`gi Stagbarbs Survdy

IXS Iokfao Xks`t`kg`gi Systdl

JBL-2 Jìjway Bdvdokpldgt Lkbdo-2

@LR `gtdrldbàtd ldags kn tragspkrt @RC @gbàg Rkfacck Cklpagy

OC okcao ckugcò

OTR oagb utò`zat`kg typd

GVL Gat`kgao Vds`stagcd Lkvdldgt (Tiagba)

VA@ Vurao Accdss @gbdx

SKBDCKRKG Skc`t bd Bvdokppdldgt bu Ckttkg (Caldrkkg)

SKYDBA Skutj Ydst Bdvdokpldgt Autjkr`ty (Caldrkkg)

TG Tg`tdb Gat`kgs^SAR vdry slaoo apdrturd tdrl`gao

Affrdvàt`kgs


18/156


19/156

1

Rj`s rdpkrt `s tjd sdckgb `g a sdr`ds kn stub`ds kg tragspkrt agb a`b dnndc-

t`vdgdss `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca. @t nkookws a stuby kg tragspkrt cksts agb

pr`cds aokgi tjd la`g `gtdrgat`kgao trabd ckrr`bkrs (Rdravag`gtjkrg agb

Vafaooagb 688:). Kgd kn tjd pr`gc`pao n`gb`gis kn tjd rdsdarcj kg `gtdrga-

t`kgao ckrr`bkrs g Anr`ca was tjat truce`gi laredt structurd agb rdiuoat`kg

b`nndr w`bdoy alkgi sufrdi`kgs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca5 tjdrdnkrd, tragspkrt

pr`cds (fut gkt gdcdssaròy tragspkrt cksts)1 b`nndr irdatoy alkgi sufrd-

i`kgs agb ckrr`bkrs. Rjd truce`gi dgv`rkgldgt agb laredt structurd `gYdst agb Cdgtrao Anr`ca ard cjaractdr`zdb fy cartdos knndr`gi okw tragspkrt

quao`ty, wjdrdas `g Dast Anr`ca, tjd truce`gi dgv`rkgldgt `s lkrd cklpdt-

`t`vd agb tjd laredt `s lkrd laturd. Lucj kn tjd tragspkrt pr`cd furbdg

aokgi Anr`cag ckrr`bkrs sddls tk bdpdgb kg tjd pko`t`cao dckgkly kn

nrdìjt oki`st`cs.

Rjd n`rst stuby, jkwdvdr, b`b gkt frkacj tjd tkp`c kn okcao agb gat`kgao

tragspkrt, wj`cj `s dquaooy `lpkrtagt nkr laredt `gtdirat`kg agb pkvdrty

rdbuct`kg. Rjd sald rat`kgaod nkr sucj rdsdarcj bkds dx`st, fdcausd s`gcd tjd1098s, tjd Ykrob Fage jas act`vdoy suppkrtdb rkab `gvdstldgts `g Anr`ca,

ydt gk codar dnndct kg tragspkrt pr`cds `s dv`bdgt. Yjy bk dgb-usdrs kn rkab

tragspkrt sdrv`cds gkt sddl tk nuooy fdgdn`t nrkl okwdr tragspkrt cksts;

Aotjkuij pufo`c spdgb`gi kg rkabs, dbucat`kg, agb prkv`s`kg kn utò`t`ds `s

C J A X R D V 1

@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw


20/156

idgdraooy tjkuijt tk ckgtr`futd tk irkwtjfy prkv`b`gi `gputs tjat ard

cklpodldgtary tk lkrd b`rdctoy prkbuct`vd `gvdstldgtsBdvaramag agb

ckoodaiuds bdlkgstratd tjat sddl`gioy prkbuct`vd dxpdgb`turds, wjdg usdb

`g dxcdss, ckuob fdckld ugprkbuct`vd (Bdvaramag, Dastdroy, agb Xace 68835

Bdvaramag, Swarkkp, agb ]ku 100>).

Rjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx

At a t`ld wjdg bdvdokpldgt partgdrs ard nkcus`gi kg rurao lkfò`ty `g

part`cuoar, try`gi tk bdtdrl`gd jkw tk acj`dvd fdttdr a`b dnndct`vdgdss `g

rurao tragspkrt `s a wkrtjwjòd dnnkrt. Rjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx (VA@) `s tjdprkpkrt`kg kn rurao pdkpod wjk o`vd w`tj`g 6 eòkldtdrsa b`stagcd typ-

`caooy dqu`vaodgt tk a 68-l`gutd waoekn ag aoo-sdaskg rkab.6 Bdsp`td

lamkr ldasurdldgt prkfodls, prkmdct tdals lust rdpkrt tjd VA@ dvdry

twk ydars agb assdss tjd gulfdr kn pdkpod ckvdrdb at 6 eòkldtdrs `g tjd

prkmdct arda. Fdcausd tjd VA@ rdla`gs tjd la`g kutckld `gb`catkr kn

rkab prkmdcts `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, `t jas startdb tk fàs `gvdstldgts `g

navkr kn rurao rkabs cklpardb tk tjd la`g agb sdckgbary gdtwkres. @g

skld ckugtr`ds, Ykrob Fage ass`stagcd gkw ckgs`sts aolkst dxcous`vdoy knsuppkrt tk rurao rkabs.

Krì`gaooy, jkwdvdr, tjd VA@ was gkt `gtdgbdb as ag dckgkl`c `gb`-

catkr fut as a skcào kgd tk ldasurd (dvdg apprkx`latdoy) tjd skcào

`lpact kn rkab accdss`fò`ty. Bdvdokpldgt partgdrs javd gdvdrtjdodss

abkptdb tjd VA@ as tjd kgoy kutckld kn Ykrob Fagen`gagcdb tragspkrt

prkmdcts `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, tjdrdfy i`v`gi `t a bd nactk dckgkl`c

sìg`n`cagcd.

Rj`s `gb`catkr sdodct`kg `s sa`b tk fd a cklprkl`sd fdtwddg tjksd wjkn`gb agy b`stagcddvdg odss tjag 1 eòkldtdrtkk irdat a struiiod (nkr

dxalpod, dobdroy pdkpod agb tjksd w`tj b`safò`t`ds) agb tjksd wjk ard

accustkldb tk waoe`gi irdat b`stagcds fdcausd kn tjd`r rdlktdgdss nrkl

rkabs. @t `s a`ldb at ldasur`gi accdss`fò`ty kn rurao pkpuoat`kgs tk rkabs

`g a s`lpod laggdr. Jkwdvdr, Idurs agb vag Ydd (6882) bdlkgstratdb

tjat pdrskg-fasdb ldasurds, sucj as travdo t`ld fdtwddg twk okcat`kgs,

ard a fdttdr ldasurd kn accdss`fò`ty. Rjd la`g cavdat tk sucj ldasurds `s

bata ckoodct`kg cklpodx`ty. @g tjd arda kn rkab accdss`fò`ty, a trabd-knn

sddls tk kccur fdtwddg a s`lpod agb ldasurafod `gb`catkr tjat pkkroycapturds accdss`fò`ty agb lkrd cklpodx `gb`catkrs tjat fdttdr rdnodct

accdss`fò`ty fut ard b`nn`cuot tk ckoodct. Rjus, tjd VA@ was bdsìgdb as a

s`lpod `gb`catkr (w`tj tjd ugbdroy`gi assulpt`kg tjat `ts capturd kn tjd

odvdo kn rkab accdss`fò`ty wkuob fd b`nn`cuot). Jdgcd, stat`st`cao suppkrt

6 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy


21/156

nkr tjd sìg`n`cagcd kn tjd 6-eòkldtdr ldasurd was gkt stub`db `g bdtaò

wjdg tjd VA@ was abkptdb.

Rjd VA@ pksds sdvdrao `ssuds. Nkr `gstagcd, prkfodls ar`sd `g ldasur`gi

tjd b`stagcd fdtwddg tjd jkusdjkob agb tjd rkab. Currdgtoy, jkusdjkob

survdys ard nrdqudgtoy usdb tk kfta`g tj`s ldasurdldgt, crdat`gi accuracy

prkfodls.3 Vkfdrts, EC, agb Vastki` (688>) c`td jkusdjkob survdys nrkl

Aofagà agb Ragzagà sjkw`gi tjat qudst`kgs afkut t`ld tk rkabs ard

lkrd accuratd tjag qudst`kgs afkut b`stagcd tk rkabs. Gdvdrtjdodss, tjd

b`stagcd ldasurd was sdodctdb nkr s`lpo`c`ty kn tjd `gb`catkr. Lkrdkvdr,

tjd v`tao rkod tjat tragspkrt sdrv`cds poay `g ckggdct`v`ty jas usuaooy fddg

gdiodctdb. Vkfdrts, EC, agb Vastki` (688>= 3) statd tjat tjd `gbdxrdnodcts tjd `lpkrtagcd kn rkab tragspkrt nkr `lprkv`gi rurao accdss nkr

tjd irdat lamkr`ty kn rurao pdkpod agb b`srdiarb tjd cr`t`cao rkod kn trags-

pkrt sdrv`cds.

Kfmdct`vds kn tjd Stuby

Rjd la`g kfmdct`vds kn tj`s stuby ard twknkob=

Assdss `n tjd VA@, wj`cj prdscr`fds acj`dv`gi accdss`fò`ty kn aoo rurao

ckllug`t`ds at 6 eòkldtdrs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, `s `gbddb dck-

gkl`caooy must`nàfod agb susta`gafod.

Bdn`gd a cklprdjdgs`vd ldtjkbkokiy nkr o`ge`gi dckgkl`c bdgs`ty,

rkab bdgs`ty, rkab odvdo kn sdrv`cd, agb dnn`c`dgcy kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds.

@gbddb, as âg bd Yaood (6880) pk`gts kut, kgd kn tjd parabkxds kn

tragspkrt `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca `s tjat, bdsp`td a strkgi `lpdtus nkr`gcrdasdb `gvdstldgts `g tjd rdi`kg, vdry ndw kn tjd lagy a`b-n`gagcdb

rurao rkab prkmdcts `g bdvdokp`gi ckugtr`ds javd fddg sufmdct tk dvaoua-

t`kgs. Dstacjd (6880) dxpoa`gs tjat tj`s parabkx ar sds fdcausd `lpod-

ldgt`gi (quas`-) ragbkl`zdb dvaouat`kg tdcjg`quds `g tragspkrt `s

b`nn`cuot agb ckstoy `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca. Rjdrdnkrd, lagy `gvdstldgts

`g tjd rdi`kg ard fuòt kg tjd fdo`dn tjat `gnrastructurd wòo `gdouctafoy

odab tk pkvdrty rdbuct`kg agb `gckld idgdrat`kg.

Rjd sdodctdb ckugtr`ds nkr tj`s stuby rdprdsdgt tjrdd sufrdi`kgs kn

Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca=2

Ydst Anr`caFure`ga Nask

Cdgtrao Anr`caCaldrkkg

Dast Anr`caTiagba

@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 3


22/156

Rjd stuby was carr`db kut `g twk pjasds= tjd n`rst pjasd `gcoubdb bata

ckoodct`kg, agb tjd sdckgb `gvkovdb a quagt`tat`vd agaoys`s kn tjd bata cko-

odct`kg rdsuots. Bata ckoodct`kg was fasdb kg lkrd tjag 1,888 survdys

(kn jkusdjkob agb tragspkrt sdrv`cd prkv`bdrs) agb `gtdrv`dws kn rdodvagt

staedjkobdrs.4 Nkur sdts kn vòoaids wdrd survdydb `g dacj sdodctdb rdi`kg=

vòoaids okcatdb coksdr tjag 6 eòkldtdrs tk tjd sdckgbary rkab, vòoaids

okcatdb nrkl 6 tk > eòkldtdrs, vòoaids okcatdb lkrd tjag > eòkldtdrs fut

odss tjag 14 eòkldtdrs, agb vòoaids okcatdb lkrd tjag 14 eòkldtdrs nrkl

tjd sdckgbary rkab.

Rjd stuby nkcusds kg rkab poagg`gi as a ldags kn acj`dv`gi lkrd dnn`-

c`dgt pufo`c spdgb`gi `g tjd rkab sdctkr. @t bkds gkt ckvdr urfag tragspkrtkr tjd rkod kn tragspkrt nkr `gtdrgao oafkr lkvdldgts agb wòo tkucj kgoy

`gc`bdgtaooy kg tjd skcào b`ldgs`kg kn sdckgbary agb rurao rkabs.> Dnndcts

at tjd l`crk odvdo `g tjd avaòafò`ty kn skcào sdrv`cds ard gkt pkss`fod tk

dxpokrd `g tj`s nraldwkre fdcausd sucj ag dxal`gat`kg rdqu`rds a b`nndr-

dgt ldtjkbkokiy agb a ckgs`bdrafod alkugt kn rdskurcds.9

Rjd Xrkfodl kn @skoat`kg= A Vdv`dw kn Currdgt O`tdraturd

Rjd ckst kn fd`gi `skoatdb (rdoy`gi kg dlp`r`cao dv`bdgcd) `s a irkw`gi

n`dob `g dckgkl`cs. Vurao rkab bdvdokpldgt dgjagcds accdss tk laredts

nkr fktj `gputs agb kutputs tjrkuij a rdbuct`kg `g tragsact`kg agb trabd

cksts (tragspkrt agb oki`st`cs cksts). Rjd irdatdr avaòafò`ty (fktj `g tdrls

kn nugb`gi agb pjys`caooy spdae`gi) kn `gputs `gcrdasds tjd`r usd fy narldrs.

Ckgsdqudgtoy, air`cuoturao prkbuct`v`ty cag `gcrdasd. Vurao rkabs aosk aookw

prkbucdrs tk acj`dvd abb`t`kgao prkbuct`vd kppkrtug`t`ds, odab`gi tk a

r`sd `g prkbuct`kg tjat `s jìjoìjtdb fy guldrkus stub`ds. St`ndo agbL`gtdg (688:) n`gb, `g tjd casd kn Labaiascar, tjat `skoat`kg (bdn`gdb as

travdo t`ld bur`gi tjd bry sdaskg nrkl tjd ckllugd cdgtdr tk tjd gdar-

dst urfag cdgtdr) `lpo`ds okwdr air`cuoturao prkbuct`v`ty, `gcrdasdb trags-

pkrt agb tragsact`kg cksts, agb `gcrdasdb `gsdcur`ty. Rjdy n`gb a lamkr

mulp g pdr cap`ta ckgsulpt kg nrkl tjd odast rdlktd qu`gtòd tk tjd sdc-

kgb qu`gtòd agb, tjdrdnkrd, a gdiat`vd rdoat`kgsj`p fdtwddg `skoat`kg agb

pkvdrty. Nkr dxalpod, tjd b`stagcd nrkl tjd pokt tk a passafod rkab agb

tjd ckst kn tragspkrt`gi r`cd sìg`n`cagtoy bdcrdasd tjd usd kn ndrtò`zdr `g

r`cd prkbuct`kg.: Ckgtrkoo`gi nkr skò ndrtò`ty (agb tjus nkr gkgragbklpoacdldgt kn rkabs), tjdy bdlkgstratd tjat crkp y`dobs nkr tjd tjrdd

lamkr stapod `tdls `g Labaiascar (r`cd, la`zd, agb cassava) ard okwdr `g

`skoatdb ardas tjag `g ardas tjat ard gkt `skoatdb. Sajg agb St`ndo (6883)

aosk bdlkgstratd tjat o`v`gi stagbarbs `g rurao ardas oai nar fdj`gb tjksd



23/156

`g urfag ardas. Bkrksj, Yagi, agb Pku (688:) n`gb, n`rst, tjat `g Suf-

Sajarag Anr`ca, air`cuoturao prkbuct`kg agb prkx`l`ty tk urfag laredts

ard jìjoy ckrrdoatdb (dvdg antdr tae`gi `gtk acckugt tjd airkdckoki`cao

zkgd). Rjdy sjkw tjat 28 pdrcdgt kn tjd pkpuoat`kg o`vds fdtwddg 6.4 agb

:.2 jkurs nrkl a laredt agb tjat tjd crkp prkbuct`kg kn tjksd sald prk-

bucdrs acckugts nkr lkrd tjag >8 pdrcdgt kn tktao prkbuct`kg. Sdckgb, tjd

autjkrs ckgcoubd tjat tjd abkpt`kg kn jìj-`gput tdcjgkokiy `s gdiat`vdoy

ckrrdoatdb w`tj travdo t`ld tk urfag cdgtdrs. Rjd stuby bdlkgstratds tjat

ag `gvdrtdb Tsjapd dx`sts fdtwddg sjard kn jìj-`gput, ra`gndb tktao crkp

prkbuct`kg agb travdo t`ld, rdacj`gi tjd jìjdst pk`gt fdtwddg tjrdd agb

nkur jkurs kn travdo t`ld.Irdatdr saods kppkrtug`t`ds kr jìjdr rdcd`vdb pr`cds nkr prkbuct`kg

crdatd a r`sd `g `gckld nkr prkbucdrs. Ts`gi jkusdjkob bata `g Dtj`kpà,

Bdrckg agb ktjdrs (688:) n`gb tjat tjd prkx`l`ty kn a rkab `s a lamkr

nactkr `g rdbuc`gi pkvdrty. Nag, Gyagid, agb Vak (6884) sjkw tjat dacj

eòkldtdr rdbuct`kg `g tjd b`stagcd tk a pufo`c tragspkrtat`kg nacò`ty

rdbucds tjd prkfafò`ty kn a jkusdjkob fd`gi pkkr fy 8.66 tk 8.33 pdr-

cdgt `g Tiagba.0 Dvdry lòo`kg Tiagbag sjòo`gis (T Sj) `gvdstdb o`nts 69

pkkr Tiagbags kut kn pkvdrty. @g a stuby `g Xapua Gdw Iu`gda, I`fskgagb Vkzdood (6886) prkv`bd a s`lpod ckrrdoat`kg fdtwddg accdss tk rkabs

agb pr`cds tjat narldrs rdcd`vd nkr tjd`r crkps. Spdc`n`caooy, tjd ratd kn

pr`cd bdco`gd `s afkut 9 pdrcdgt nkr dacj dxtra jkur tk tjd gdardst trags-

pkrt nacò`ty. Rjus, accdss tk tragspkrt jdops `gckld idgdrat`kg. Bd`g`gidr

agb Ke`b` (6886) sjkw tjat b`stagcd tk tjd lug`c`pao`ty `s a sìg`n`cagt

bdtdrl`gagt kn pdr cap`ta `gckld irkwtj fut gkt kn ckgsulpt`kg. Rjd

sald e`gb kn rdsuot appdars `g Dsckfao agb Xkgcd (6886), wjksd ldtjkb-

kokiy sddls lkrd rdoàfod. @gbddb, tjdy assdss tjd `lpact kn rkab prkmdcts`g Xdru fy prkpdgs`ty sckrd latcj`gi tdcjg`quds. Aotjkuij rdjafò`tat`kg

dgtaòs ag `gckld `gcrdasd, tjat `s gkt tjd casd nkr ckgsulpt`kg.

Appardgtoy, tj`s abb`t`kgao `gckld sdrvds sav`gi purpksds fdcausd `t `s

ckgs`bdrdb as trags`tkry. Nìurd 1.1 sullar`zds tjd currdgt tj`ge`gi `g

tdrls kn dlp`r`cao dv`bdgcd.

Jkwdvdr, tjd stub`ds bdscr`fdb jdrd sjard a sdvdrd o`l`tat`kg tjat

o`ds `g tjd afsdgcd kn trdatldgt kn tjd dgbkidgd`ty fàs `g tjd pkvdrty

dquat`kg. @g nact, rkab poacdldgt appdars tk fd gkgragbkl (pdkpod

bk gkt ragbkloy sdttod gdxt tk rkabs kgcd tjdy javd fddg ckg-structdb). Rjdrdnkrd, rkabs lay gkt gdcdssaròy `gcrdasd air`cuoturao

prkbuct`v`ty5 ratjdr, rkabs lay fd bdvdokpdb `g tjd aordaby lkrd prk-

buct`vd air`cuoturao ardas. Lkrdkvdr, ag kl`ttdb varàfod fàs (sucj as

idkirapj`c ckgb`t`kgs) ckuob fd fdj`gb tjd rkab-pkvdrty rdoat`kgsj`p.



24/156

Skld stub`ds attdlpt tk bdao w`tj tj`s pktdgtào dgbkidgd`ty. Maoag agb

Vavaoo`kg (6886) sjkw tjat rkab bdgs`ty (ldasurdb as eòkldtdrs knrkabs pdr cap`ta) jab a jìjoy sìg`n`cagt pks`t`vd dnndct kg ckgsulpt`kg

irkwtj at tjd narl-jkusdjkob odvdo `g rurao ardas kn skutjdrg Cj`ga

nrkl 10:4 tk 1008. Rjdy ìgkrd pktdgtào dgbkidgd`ty, dxpoa`g`gi tjat

`t `s bud tk pdkpod cjkks`gi tjd`r okcat`kgs fdcausd tjdrd was o`ttod kr

gk idkirapj`c lkfò`ty kn oafkr `g rurao Cj`ga at tjd t`ld. Jkwdvdr, tjd

dgbkidgd`ty kn rkab poacdldgt `s ruodb kut w`tjkut agy dxpo`c`t must`n`-

cat`kg. Rjd `gcous`kg kn rdi`kgao bull`ds lay fd ag `lpo`c`t ldags tk

trdat tj`s s`luotagd`ty fàs. Rjd `gcous`kg kn lagy n`xdb-dnndct ckgtrkos`g tjd pkvdrty agaoys`s `g Xapua Gdw Iu`gda fy I`fskg agb Vkzdood

(6886) lay javd tjd sald purpksd. Rjdy n`gb tjat a kgd-jkur `gcrdasd

`g travdo`gi t`ld tk tjd gdardst tragspkrt nacò`ty rdbucds rdao ckgsulp-

t`kg fy 18 pdrcdgt. Rjdy ckgcoubd tjat pkvdrty (a wdonard rat`k) `s

asskcàtdb w`tj pkkr accdss tk laredts, sdrv`cds, agb tragspkrtat`kg.

Jkwdvdr, tjd cklf`gdb travdo`gi t`ld tk tjd gdardst jdaotj cdgtdr,

jìj scjkko, agb ikvdrgldgt stat`kg jas a gkgsìg`n`cagt dnndct kg tj`s

wdonard rat`k.18

Mackfy agb L`gtdg (6880) attdlpt tk kvdrckld tjd prkfodl kn rdvdrsd

causao`ty. Rjdy dst`latd tjd wòo`gigdss tk pay nkr a rdbuct`kg `g tragspkrt

cksts kg crkss-sdct`kgao bata ckoodctdb `g a slaoo rdi`kg kn Labaiascar.

Fdcausd tj`s rdi`kg `s rdoat`vdoy jklkidgkus fut nacds irdat varàt`kg `g

tragspkrt cksts tk tjd sald laredt, tjd prkfodl kn gkgragbkl poacdldgt

> Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy

pkkr rkab

`gnrastructurd

o`l`tdb pufo`c

`gvdstldgt g

rkabs

partào dckgkl`c

kppkrtug`t`dsagb okw vaoud

abbdb

`gsunn`c`dgt

accdss tk

(tragspkrt)

sdrv`cds

Nìurd 1.1 Rjd Rragspkrt Rrap g Vurao Ardas

Skurcd= Autjkrs rdprdsdgtat`kg.


25/156

kn rkabs `s skovdb. Rjdy n`gb tjat a rkab tjat dssdgtàooy do`l`gatdb trags-

pkrt cksts `g tjd stuby arda wkuob fkkst tjd `gcklds kn tjd rdlktdst

jkusdjkobstjksd nac`gi tragspkrt cksts kn afkut TSB94 pdr tkgfy

gdaroy jaon, lkstoy fy ra`s`gi gkgnarl darg`gis (Mackfy agb L`gtdg

6880= 6:).

Rjd tragspkrt rdqu`rdldgt `g rurao ardas jas fddg `gcrdas`gioy `gvdst`-

iatdb. Nag agb ckoodaiuds rdvdao tjat wjat lattdrs `s tk prkv`bd accdss tk

rkabs `g o`gd w`tj tjd gddbs kn tjd rurao pkpuoat`kg (Nag agb Cjag-Eagi

68825 Nag, Jazdoo, agb Rjkrat 68885 Nag, ]jagi, agb ]jagi 6886).

Ckgsdqudgtoy, bkgkrs `gvdstldgts sjkuob fd b`rdctdb tk tjd ckgstruct`kg

agb la`gtdgagcd kn sdckgbary, rurao, okw-quao`ty rkabs agb gkt tk rkabsnkr truces, wj`cj ard sa`b tk fd `rrdodvagt tk ckpd w`tj tjd `ssud kn rurao

pkvdrty. @g a lkrd rdcdgt agaoys`s, Bdrckg agb ktjdrs (688:) n`gb tjat

`gcrdas`gi rkab quao`ty tk dgafod rdaskgafod accdss`fò`ty `g tjd wdt sda-

skg jas a lamkr dnndct `g st`luoat`gi jìjdr ckgsulpt`kg irkwtj. @g nact,

tjd fdttdr tjd odvdo kn rkab quao`ty, tjd jìjdr tjd irkwtj ratd `s.

Lkrdkvdr, tjd `ssud kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds `s gkw at tjd ckrd kn b`scus-

s`kgs kg lkfò`ty agb `gckld idgdrat`kg `g rurao ardas= tk taed abvagtaid

kn a tragspkrt `gnrastructurd agb, tjus, tk dscapd nrkl pkvdrty rdqu`rdannkrbafod ldags agb sdrv`cds kn tragspkrt (Iaggkg agb Où 10095

Gmdgia agb Bav`s 68835 S`dfdr 1000). A irdat bdao kn attdgt`kg jas fddg

i`vdg tk tjd ldags kn tragspkrtat`kg as a way kn `lprkv`gi lkfò`ty agb

accdss`fò`ty (sdd, nkr dxalpod, Bawskg agb Farwdoo 10035 Doo`s 10095

V`vdrskg agb Carapdt`s 10015 Staredy agb ktjdrs 6886). S`dfdr (1000)

bdlkgstratds `g Ragzagà tjat abdquatd `gtdrldbàtd ldags kn tragspkrt

(@LR),11 ckupodb w`tj patjways, lay javd, `g skld casds, lkrd dck-

gkl`c `lpact tjag rdjafò`tat`gi sdckgbary rkabs aokgd. A w`bd b`vdrs`tykn tragspkrt lkbds, `gcoub`gi fktj @LR agb ckgvdgt`kgao vdj`cod typds,

jas fddg kfsdrvdb `g lagy Asàg ckugtr`ds, fut tjd ragid kn cjk`cd `g

Anr`ca `s nar lkrd o`l`tdb. Rjd ariuldgt `s tjat gdw nkrls kn tragspkrt,

sucj as @LR, ckuob bk a okt tk rdo`dvd tjd tragspkrt furbdg kn tjd rurao

pkpuoat`kg. @t `s skldt`lds ariudb tjat pr`cds kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds ard

kntdg jìj `g Anr`ca, agb w`tjkut agy ldasurd tk abbrdss tjd avaòafò`ty

agb pr`cds kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds, tkk lucj attdgt`kg tk rkabs `s l`spoacdb.

@g ckgtrast, Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880= Vdsjap`gi Dckgkl`c

Idkirapjy (Ykrob Fage 6880c)16 suiidsts tjat us`gi a cao`fratdb fodgbkn pko`cy `gstruldgts nkr `gtdirat`kg`gst`tut`kgs, `gnrastructurd, agb

`gcdgt`vdscag jdop ckugtr`ds acj`dvd `gcous`vd bdvdokpldgt aotjkuij

w`tj ugfaoagcdb irkwtj. @t `bdgt`n`ds tjd lkst `lpkrtagt laredt nkrcds at

dacj kn tjrdd spatào scaods= (a) at a okcao scaod fy agaoyz`gi tjd `gtdract`kgs



26/156

fdtwddg c`t`ds kr tkwgs agb tjd`r gdìjfkr`gi ardas, (f) at a gat`kgao scaod

fy dxal`g`gi tjd `gtdract`kgs fdtwddg tjd oaii`gi agb odab`gi ardas `g a

ckugtry, agb (c) at a rdi`kgao scaod fy stuby`gi tjd rdoat`kgsj`ps fdtwddg

gdìjfkr`gi ckugtr`ds. Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880 sddes tk rdnrald tjd

bdfatds kg urfag`zat`kg, tdrr`tkrào bdvdokpldgt, agb rdi`kgao `gtdirat`kg.

@g Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880, dv`bdgcd `s i`vdg kn tjd tjrdsjkob

dnndct kn `gvdstldgts `g ardas w`tj okw dckgkl`c bdgs`ty. Ckugtr`ds ard

gkt jklkidgkus dgt`t`ds fut ard cklpksdb kn ardas tjat ard cklf`gat`kgs

kn dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt agb pkpuoat`kg. Rjd tdrl okw dckgkl`c bdgs`ty

arda rdndrs tk ag arda oace`gi dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt (tjat `s, `gbustr`ds

agb sdrv`cds)5 usuaooy sucj ardas aosk javd jìj pkvdrty ratds, agb kcca-s`kgaooy tjdy javd jìj pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty. @g rdspkgsd tk tjdsd oaii`gi

ardas, as tjdy ard caoodb, ikvdrgldgts javd attdlptdb tk attract `gbustry

agb b`spdrsd dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt lkrd dvdgoy acrkss tjd`r ckugtry.

Nkr dxalpod, Frazò, @gbà, @gbkgdsà, agb tjd Vussàg Ndbdrat`kg javd

usdb a var`dty kn ldtjkbsnrkl statd-poaggdb okcat`kg kn `gbustr`ds, tk

rdokcat`kg kn pdkpod `gtk oaii`gi ardas, tk prkv`s`kg kn `gcdgt`vds tk pr`-

vatd n`rls tk okcatd `g oaii`gi ardas. Tgnkrtugatdoy, sucj attdlpts sdobkl

ik as poaggdb, agb ikvdrgldgts javd rdckig`zdb tjd dx`stdgcd kn atjrdsjkob dnndct kn `gvdstldgt `g tjdsd ardas.

Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880 gktds tjat kgoy sk lucj `gvdstldgt `g

tjdsd oaii`gi ardas `s pkss`fod fdnkrd tjdy rdqu`rd irdatdr `gtdirat`kg w`tj

odab`gi ardas. Fy knndr`gi pdkpod agb `gbustry `gcdgt`vds tk stay, ikvdrg-

ldgts ard kgoy `skoat`gi tjdsd oaii`gi ardas lkrd, a prkfodl tjat odabs tk

ckgnrkgtat`kg w`tj tjd `gvdstldgt tjrdsjkob. @gstdab, ckugtr`ds sjkuob

ckggdct oaii`gi agb odab`gi ardas. Fy prkv`b`gi abdquatdagb passafod

rkabs fdtwddg odab`gi agb oaii`gi ardas, ikvdrgldgts ass`st `g ug`t`gitjd`r ckugtry tjrkuij a ckgvdridgcd `g o`v`gi stagbarbs.13

Rjd S`tuat`kg `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca

Yjdrd bkds Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca stagb `g tdrls kn pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty agb

rkab bdgs`ty; Bk wd javd tjd rìjt p`cturd; Rjd avdraid pkpuoat`kg bdg-

s`ty kn tjd ckugtr`ds `g tjd rdi`kg `s rdoat`vdoy coksd tk tjat kn ckugtr`ds `g

ktjdr Ykrob Fage rdi`kgs fut okwdr tjag g Dast Asà (tafod 1.1) agb lkrd

frkaboy okwdr tjag tjd avdraid pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty kn ktjdr okw- agbokwdr-l`bbod-`gckld ckugtr`ds `g tjd wkrob (Carrutjdrs, Er`sjgalag`,

agb Lurray 688:). Rj`s agaoys`s `s dspdcàooy `lpkrtagt nkr tragspkrt

`gvdstldgt, fdcausd g agy ckugtry, a sparsdoy pkpuoatdb arda stòo rdqu`rds

a fas`c l`g`lul `gvdstldgt `g rkabs5 tjus, tjd rat`k kn `gvdstldgts pdr

: Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy


27/156

cap`ta lay appdar tk fd jìj, fut `t bkds crdatd ag abb`t`kgao n`gagcào

furbdg. Jkwdvdr, pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty var`ds w`bdoy `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca.

Aotjkuij skld ckugtr`ds ard bdgsdoy pkpuoatdb (Ijaga, Laoaw`, Vwagba,

agb Tiagba), ktjdrs javd a sparsd pkpuoat`kg sprdab kvdr a rdoat`vdoy oarid

idkirapj`c arda (Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg, Subag, agb ]alfà).

Gdvdrtjdodss, tjd rkab bdgs`ty agb accdss p`cturd `g Suf-Sajarag

Anr`ca `s gkt as fab as kgd lay tj`ge. @g tdrls kn irkss bkldst`c

prkbuct, rkab bdgs`ty `s tjd jìjdst kn ktjdr cklparatkr rdi`kgs (sdd

tafod 1.6). Jkwdvdr, bata kg tjd dxtdgt kn rkab gdtwkres ard skld-

t`lds ugrdoàfod. Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca oais `g tjd dxtdgt kn `ts pavdb

gdtwkre5 ldasurdb `g tdrls kn oagb arda, tjd avdraid rkab bdgs`ty nkr63 Suf-Sajarag Anr`cag ckugtr`ds `s 13.6 o`gdar eòkldtdrs pdr squard

eòkldtdr18.9 eòkldtdrs nkr tjd okw-`gckld irkup aokgd. @g ckg-

trast, tjd pavdb rkab bdgs`ty kn tjd ktjdr okw-`gckld ckugtr`ds kn


Rafod 1.1 Avdraid Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs`ty, 688389

Vdi`kg

Xdkpod pdr squard eòkldtdr

6883 6882 6884 688> 6889

Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca 31 36 36 33 32

Dast Asà agb tjd Xac`n`c 119 11: 110 168 161

Dastdrg Durkpd agb Cdgtrao Asà 10 10 10 10 10

Oat`g Aldr`ca agb tjd Car`ffdag 69 69 69 6: 6:

L`bbod Dast agb Gkrtj Anr`ca 32 32 34 3> 3>

Kriag`sat`kg nkr Dckgkl`c

Ck-kpdrat`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt 31 31 31 36 36

Skurcd= Ykrob Fage Bdvdokpldgt Bata Xoatnkrl.

Rafod 1.6 Vkab Bdgs`ty

Vdi`kg @g tdrls kn IBX (6881) @g tdrls kn oagb arda (6888)

Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca 9.0: 09

Dast Asà agb tjd Xac`n`c 9.83 114

Dastdrg Durkpd agb Cdgtrao Asà 4.84 46

Oat`g Aldr`ca agb tjd Car`ffdag 6.:1 32

L`bbod Dast agb Gkrtj Anr`ca 6.11 26

Kriag`sat`kg nkr Dckgkl`c

Ck-kpdrat`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt 1.86 14

Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs fasdb kg bata nrkl tjd Ykrob Fages Bdvdokpldgt Bata Xoatnkrl agb tjd @gtdrga-

t`kgao Vkab Ndbdrat`kg.

Gktd= Vkab bdgs`ty `g tdrls kn IBX ldasurds gulfdr kn eòkldtdrs kn rkab 1,888,888/IBX5 agb rkab bdgs`ty `g

tdrls kn oagb arda ldasurds gulfdr kn eòkldtdrs kn rkab pdr 188 squard eòkldtdrs kn oagb arda.


28/156


29/156

Rjd accuracy kn tjdsd twk assulpt`kgs `s `gcrdas`gioy fd`gi quds-

t`kgdb. A ckgt`guul kn `gtdirat`kg tk laredts prkfafoy dx`sts nkr lkstjkusdjkobs `g Anr`ca. Aotjkuij a rkab lay gkt fd passafod nkr cars, a

br`vdr lay, nkr `gstagcd, b`slkugt a lktkrcycod, waoe `t arkugb tjd trku-

fod spkt `g tjd rkab, agb tjdg ckgt`gud j`s kr jdr tr`p. Rjdrdnkrd, nrkl ag

dckgkl`c pdrspdct`vd, lkst rurao pkpuoat`kgs ardskldjkw ckggdctdb tk

laredts5 jkwdvdr, ckggdct`v`ty `s usuaooy ugbdrstkkb as d`tjdr 8 kr 1.12

Jdgcd, nrkl a pufo`c pko`cy pdrspdct`vd, gvdstldgts `g rkabs ckuob anndct

dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt odss tjag dxpdctdb, fdcausd tragspkrt ckggdct`v-

`ty `s kgoy kgd cklpkgdgt kn rurao bdvdokpldgtagb skldt`lds gkt tjd

lkst `lpkrtagt kgd.14 Rj`s ckgt`guul kn `gtdirat`kg lay aosk dxpoa`g

wjy tjd lamkr `gvdstldgts skld ckugtr`ds javd labd `g rurao rkabs javd

naòdb tk rdbucd pkvdrty as lucj as dxpdctdb.

Ckgstruct`kg agb rdjafò`tat`kg kn rurao rkabs (sk tjat tjdy ard su`t-

afod nkr truces) javd crdatdb lamkr b`nn`cuot`ds fdcausd (a) sucj rkabs ard


Odidgb

ugegkwg

aoo wdatjdr

na`r kr bry wdatjdr

Tgckvdrdb pkpuoat`kg

840

>8192

194322

324>20>481,803

Rktao pkp

Vkab typd

Lap 1.1 Tgckvdrdb Xkpuoat`kg `g S`drra Odkgd at 6-Eòkldtdr Funndr, 6884

Skurcd= Autjkrs rdprdsdgtat`kg fasdb kg ikvdrgldgt skurcds.


30/156

dxpdgs`vd tk fuòb rdoat`vd tk tjd dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt tjdy laed

pkss`fod5 (f) sucj rkabs ard dxpdgs`vd tk la`gta`g, agb `g tjd afsdgcd kn

agy susta`gafod nraldwkre nkr la`gtdgagcd, rkabs b`sappdar qu`td

qu`ceoy5 agb (c) rurao rkab `gnrastructurd `s usuaooy ugbdrusdb. A stuby

ckvdr`gi 48 vòoaids `g Fure`ga Nask bdlkgstratdb tjat kn 29 rurao accdss

rkabs tk vòoaids, 10 jab gk lktkr`zdb vdj`cod trann`c at aoo, bdsp`td @LR

trann`c kn up tk 648 f`cycods, 188 pdbdstràgs, agb 188 lktkrcycods a bay

(FBXA agb Sajdo Ckgsuot 6883).


Odidgb

Bdgs`ty pdr squard eòkldtdr

la`g rkabs (18-eòkldtdr funndr)

jìj= >9,>92

okw= 8

Lap 1.6 Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs`ty agb Vkab Ckvdraid `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca at tjd

18-Eòkldtdr Funndr, 6884

Skurcds= Vkabs= LAX8 batafasd, Anr`cag Bdvdokpldgt Fage Rrags-Anr`cag Jìjways stuby dst`latds, Anr`ca @gnra-

structurd Ckugtry Bàigkst`c ckggdct`v`ty agaoys`s, Bì`tao Cjart kn tjd Ykrob (rkab typds 1 agb 6)5 pkpuoat`kg=

Ir`bbdb Xkpuoat`kg kn tjd Ykrob agb Iokfao Vurao-Trfag Lapp`gi Xrkmdct 6884 dst`latds, Cdgtdr nkr @gtdrgat`kgao

Dartj Sc`dgcd @gnkrlat`kg Gdtwkre.

Gktd=Rjd foace o`gd rdprdsdgts tjd gat`kgao kr rdi`kgao rkab agb tjd 4 eòkldtdrs tk dacj s`bd kn tjd rkab.


31/156

Rjd dckgkl`cs kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds javd usuaooy fddg gdiodctdb ugbdr

tjd assulpt`kg tjat a rkab `gvdstldgt tjat rdbucdb tjd vdj`cod kpdrat`gi

cksts nkr a truce wkuob autklat`caooy laed tragspkrt annkrbafod tk narldrs.

Jkwdvdr, pko`c`ds tjat rdoy kg tj`s assulpt`kg naò tk dxpokrd tjd nact

tjat narldrs lay gkt fd afod tk annkrb tk usd a truce fdcausd kn a okw

air`cuoturao surpous agb tjat ckst sav`gis `g vdj`cod kpdrat`kg lay gkt fd

passdb kg tk narldrs kr ktjdr usdrs `g okwdr tragspkrt tar`nns fdcausd kn

cartdo`zat`kg kn tjd truce`gi `gbustry. A tjrdsjkob dnndct lay dx`st nkr

rkabs `g ardas w`tj okw dckgkl`c bdgs`ty5 tjdrdnkrd, tjd pkss`fod dnndcts

kn rurao rkabs kg dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt lust fd qudst`kgdb. Ts`gi

ckugtry bata dxtractdb nrkl truce`gi survdys `g Jìjway BdvdokpldgtLkbdo-2 (JBL-2),1> Rdravag`gtjkrg agb Vafaooagb (688:) bdlkg-

stratdb tjat aokgi rkabs w`tj ndwdr tjag 148 truces, wj`cj `s tjd casd

aolkst dvdrywjdrd `g Ydst agb Cdgtrao Anr`ca, dckgkl`c vàfò`ty kn

tjdsd rkabs `s prkfodlat`c.

Gktd tjat tjd dckgkl`c appra`sao kn la`g agb sdckgbary rkabs `s

currdgtoy carr`db kut us`gi rkab-poagg`gi lkbdos sucj as JBL-2.

Sucj lkbdos ard fasdb kg a partào dquò`frùl agaoys`s g wj`cj gvdst-

ldgt, la`gtdgagcd, agb tragspkrt ckst sav`gis ard fdo`dvdb tk capturdaoo tjd lamkr cksts agb fdgdn`ts kn a prkmdct. Aotjkuij skld aookwagcd

`s labd nkr ugpr`cdb dxtdrgao`t`ds sucj as rkab acc`bdgts agb dgv`rkg-

ldgtao dnndcts, tjd pr`gc`pao assulpt`kg `s kn a nuooy dlpokydb dckgkly

`g wj`cj pr`cds rdnodct tjd`r trud dckgkl`c kppkrtug`ty cksts. Rjd

apprkacj `s frkaboy accdptdb, gkt fdcausd kn a fdo`dn `g vao`b`ty kn tjd

assulpt`kgs, fut fdcausd kn tjd way tjat b`nndrdgt cksts agb fdgdn`ts cag

fd `bdgt`n`db agb cklpardb nkr b`nndrdgt prkmdct bdsìgs (tjat `s, tjd

la`g strdgitj kn tjd apprkacj `s tjd way `g wj`cj b`nndrdgt prkmdcts cagfd dasòy cklpardb agb ragedb).

Rjd la`g prdb`ct`vd cklpkgdgts kn lkbdos oèd tjd JBL-2 ard rkab

bdtdr`krat`kg agb la`gtdgagcd wkre dnndcts, tkidtjdr w`tj rkab-usdr

cksts. Lamkr `ssuds ar`sd w`tj prdb`ct`gi fktj rkab pdrnkrlagcd agb usdr

cksts. Lkrd ckllkgoy, rkab-poagg`gi lkbdos sucj as JBL-2 agb a s`l-

po`n`db lkbdo, Vkab Dckgkl`c Bdc`s`kg, nkr okw-vkould rkabs ard usdb

tk ldasurd cjagids `g tragspkrt cksts nrkl rkab `lprkvdldgts. Sucj

lkbdos dst`latd vdj`cod kpdrat`gi ckst cklpkgdgts (br`vdr agb passdgidr

t`ld sav`gis, nudo ckgsulpt`kg, bdprdcàt`kg, t`rd wdar, agb vdj`cod la`g-tdgagcd cksts) nrkl tjd rkab aoìgldgt, vdj`cod spddb, agb rkab rkuij-

gdss prdb`ct`kgs. Aotjkuij tjd lkbdo `s afod tk prdb`ct skld cklpkgdgts

rdoat`vdoy accuratdoy, tjd vao`b`ty kn tjd prdb`ct`kg kn vdj`cod la`gtdgagcd

cksts, wj`cj currdgtoy rdprdsdgt a lamkr part kn tjd fdgdn`ts kn rdbucdb



32/156

rkab rkuijgdss rdsuot`gi nrkl `lprkvdb rugg`gi surnacds, `s `gcrdas`gioy

`g bkuft. Dv`bdgcd `gb`catds tjat JBL-2 ckgs`bdrafoy kvdrprdb`cts vdj`-

cod la`gtdgagcd cksts (Cugbòo, J`gd, agb Irddg`gi 1009). Lkrdkvdr,

trann`c idgdrat`kg, sucj as trann`c irkwtj agb `gbucdb trann`c, ard usuaooy

assuldb tk `lprkvd tjd dckgkl`c rdturg kn rkab prkmdcts.

Nkr rurao accdss kr nddbdr rkabs, wj`cj lay fd spdc`n`caooy bdsìgdb

tk jdop bdvdokp ugbdrbdvdokpdb ardas, tjd dckgkl`c assulpt`kgs kn

partào dquò`frùl agaoys`s ard rdckig`zdb as nar odss oèdoy tk fd trud.

Rjd `lpkrtagcd kn dstafo`sj`gi accdss`fò`ty nkr fktj skcào agb dck-

gkl`c rdaskgs `s sddg as cr`t`cao, agb ag agaoys`s fasdb kg tragspkrt ckst

sav`gis, part`cuoaroy nkr dx`st`gi trann`c, `s sddg as odss rdodvagt. Nkr tj`srdaskg, poagg`gi prkcdburds nkr okw-trann`cedb rkabs kntdg abkpt a ragid

kn ktjdr prkcdburds. Rjdsd `gcoubd tjd prkbucdrs surpous apprkacj

(Cargdlare, F`bdrlag, agb Fkvdt 109>) agb var`kus rage`gi agb scrddg-

`gi prkcdburds. Rjd la`g b`nn`cuoty w`tj tjd nkrldr apprkacj `s tjat ag

dlp`r`cao fas`s nkr nkrdcast`gi a cjagid `g air`cuoturao kutput nkookw`gi

rkab `gvdstldgt `s usuaooy vdry b`nn`cuot tk n`gb5 jdgcd, tjd prkcdburd `s

kpdg tk afusd fy pract`t`kgdrs.

Rjd N`gb`gis kn Rj`s Vdpkrt

Rae`gi `gtk acckugt currdgt egkwodbid, tj`s rdpkrt tdsts tjd nkookw`gi

jypktjdsds=

Jypktjds`s 1. Narldrs agb rurao jkusdjkobs rdqu`rd a l`g`lao trags-

pkrt sdrv`cd agb `gnrastructurd tk fd ckggdctdb tk laredts, wj`cj

ldags tjat kpdg`gi gdw rurao rkabs sjkuob gkt fd ag kfmdct`vd `glkst rurao ardas `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca.

Jypktjds`s 6. Fdttdr laredt `gtdirat`kg kn rurao jkusdjkobs bdpdgbs

kg a b`nndrdgtàtdb l`x fdtwddg `gvdstldgt `g `gnrastructurd agb sup-

pkrt nkr tjd bdvdokpldgt kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds. Rj`s l`x bdpdgbs

la`goy kg dckgkl`c bdgs`ty agb co`lat`c ckgb`t`kgs.

Ts`gi bata ckoodctdb nrkl var`kus skurcds `g tjd sdodctdb ckugtr`ds, tjd

stuby bdlkgstratds tjat nrkl a ckst-fdgdn`t pdrspdct`vd, tjd abb`t`kgao

ckst kn dxtdgb`gi ag aoo-wdatjdr rkab 6 lkrd eòkldtdrs tk tjd narldrsbkkr kutwdìjs tjd fdgdn`ts `g lkst casds. Nkr tjd sdodctdb 63 Suf-

Sajarag Anr`cag ckugtr`ds, a rdcdgt stuby n`gbs tjat rdacj`gi ag VA@

vaoud kn 48 pdrcdgt wkuob fd fdykgb tjd n`gagcào rdskurcds kn lagy

ckugtr`ds (`gcoub`gi aoo pkstckgno`ct ckugtr`ds),19 wjdrdas tjd avdraid vaoud



33/156

`g ktjdr Fage rdi`kgs `s kg tjd krbdr kn >4 pdrcdgt aordaby (Carrutjdrs,

Er`sjgalag`, agb Lurray 688:5 sdd aosk tafod 1.2).1: Lkrdkvdr, tj`s

apprkacj lay prkvd tk fd ckstoy as wdoo as uggdcdssary agb `gdnndct`vd

(V`vdrskg agb Carapdt`s 10015 Staredy 6881).

Rj`s rdpkrt sjkws tjat a kgd-s`zd-n`ts-aoo apprkacj `s gkt dnndct`vd `g

abbrdss`gi tjd prkfodls kn aoo rdi`kgs kn Anr`cag ckugtr`ds.10 Ikvdrgldgts

agb bdvdokpldgt partgdrs prkfafoy gddb tk abkpt ag apprkacj tjat

suppo`ds tjd apprkpràtd rkab nkr a rurao arda, rdao`z`gi tjat a oarid la`g

rkab lay gkt fd rdqu`rdb, bdpdgb`gi kg tjd dckgkl`c pktdgtào kn tjd

rdi`kg. Rjdy lust rdckig`zd tjat okw prkbuct`kg ldags gk cklpdt`-

t`kg. Cklpdt`t`kg fdtwddg trucedrs `s v`rtuaooy `lpkss`fod tk acj`dvd attjd okwdst odvdo kn prkbuct`kg fdcausd kn jìj r`se agb okw rdturgs.

Yjdg tjd prkbuct`kg odvdo `s odss tjag tjd l`g`lul gddbdb tk ckvdr

tjd lari`gao ckst, a trucedr caggkt ckvdr `ts (lari`gao) cksts5 tjdrdnkrd,

ckgv`gc`gi sdvdrao truce kpdratkrs tk sdoo tjd`r sdrv`cd `s v`rtuaooy `lpks-

s`fod. Nkr okw-vkould prkbuct`kg, cklpdt`t`kg fdtwddg trucedrs `s

w`sjnuo tj`ge`gi, agb v`rtuaooy gktj`gi cag fd bkgd tk dgsurd cklpdt`-

t`kg fdtwddg truce kpdratkrs (sdd cjaptdr 3).

Xko`cy rdcklldgbat`kgs kn tj`s rdpkrt spag var`kus sdctkrs agb puf-o`c pko`c`ds. Cjaptdr > bdscr`fds edy pr`gc`pods tjat pko`cy laedrs

sjkuob eddp `g l`gb wjdg poagg`gi rkabs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca.

Jkwdvdr, tjdrd `s a gddb tk b`st`giu`sj fdtwddg pko`cy rdcklldgba-

t`kgs nkr bdvdokpldgt partgdrs agb pko`cy rdcklldgbat`kgs nkr ckugtry

knn`càos.

Xko`cy Vdcklldgbat`kgs nkr Bdvdokpldgt Xartgdrs

Rjd rdcklldgbat`kgs tjat nkookw ard `gtdgbdb spdc`n`caooy nkr bdvdokp-

ldgt partgdrs.


Rafod 1.2 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Gddbs nkr 63 Suf-Sajarag Anr`cag Ckugtr`ds

ugbdr Fasd agb Xrailat`c Scdgar`ks, 688:

Fasd scdgar`k Xrailat`c scdgar`k

@gvdstldgt

gddbs/IBX

@gvdstldgtgddbs/tktao

`gvdstldgt

@gvdstldgt

gddbs/IBX

@gvdstldgtgddbs/tktao

`gvdstldgt

Vdst kn coass`n`db gdtwkre 8.9 6:.4 8.4 33.4

Tgcoass`n`db agb VA@ 8.9 64.6 8.6 16.0

Skurcd= Carrutjdrs, Er`sjgalag`, agb Lurray 688:.


34/156

Vdv`sd tjd VA@ kr @ts F`gb`gi XkwdrLamkr `gvdstldgts `g rurao rkabs ckst fòo`kgs kn bkooars, ydt tjdy bk gkt

lddt dxpdctat`kgs. Rragspkrt `s kgoy kgd cklpkgdgt tk rdbuc`gi pkvdrty

`g rurao ardas. Rjd 6-eòkldtdr funndr `s gkt ag dckgkl`c tjrdsjkob.

Lkrdkvdr, fdcausd lkst rurao jkusdjkobs ard okcatdb ndwdr tjag 4 eòk-

ldtdrs nrkl a (gkg-aoo-wdatjdr) rkab agb fdcausd rkab passafò`ty `s gkt

a lamkr ckgs`bdrat`kg nkr slaoo narldrs (dxcdpt `g tjd casd kn fr`bids kr

tuggdos), tjd oast lòd kn pufo`c rkabs gddb gkt fd su`tafod nkr slaoo

truces`g lkst casds, `gnrastructurd nkr lktkrcycods `s sunn`c`dgt. Rj`s

rdpkrt prkpksds rdv`s`gi tjd VA@ tk laed `t f`gb`gi nkr a funndr zkgd kn

4 eòkldtdrs nrkl a rkab. Sucj a rdv`s`kg wkuob dgsurd tjat lkst rdlktdckllug`t`ds ard gkt odnt fdj`gb fut wkuob prdvdgt kvdr`gvdstldgt kr

tjd idgdrat`kg kn ag ugsusta`gafod rkab gdtwkre.

Fdttdr Raòkr @gtdrvdgt`kgs agb Fd Lkrd @ggkvat`vdBdvdokpldgt partgdrs sjkuob rdao`zd tjat a 9-ldtdr la`g rkab `s gkt

rdqu`rdb `g lkst rurao ardas `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca. Skld pòkts sjkuob fd

suppkrtdb okcaooy tk pktdgtàooy lddt tjd bdlagb nkr @LR (aotjkuij agy

succdss lay gkt fd rdpo`cafod `g agktjdr rdi`kg kr ckugtry).

Lkg`tkr Aookcat`kg tk Vkab La`gtdgagcd,Dspdcàooy nkr Vurao VkabsSdr`kus dnnkrts javd fddg ugbdrtaedg tk rdjafò`tatd agb skldt`lds

dxpagb okw-vkould rkab gdtwkres. Gkwabays, skld ikvdrgldgts ard `g

a b`nn`cuot pks`t`kg as nar as la`gtdgagcd `s ckgcdrgdb. @gcdgt`vds sjkuob

fd bdvdokpdb tk nkrcd ikvdrgldgts tk aookcatd nugbs tk la`gta`g tjd

dx`st`gi rkab gdtwkre `gstdab kn rdiuoaroy n`gagc`gi rkab rdjafò`tat`kgagb gdtwkre dxpags`kg (`gbucdb fy tjd stratdiy tk nuonòo tjd VA@ dvdry-

wjdrd `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca).68

Xrkv`bd Ass`stagcd tk @lprkvd @gvdstldgtStratdi`ds `g Vurao VkabsVkab `gvdstldgt stratdi`ds sjkuob fd rdv`sdb `g lagy ckugtr`ds us`gi

gdw tkkos, sucj as spatào dckgkl`cs agb satdoo`td `lai`gi, tk `gcrdasd tjd

dnn`c`dgcy kn sucj `gvdstldgts.

Nkcus Lkrd kg tjd L`ss`gi L`bbod agb FdttdrCkkrb`gatd @gtdrvdgt`kgsRjd sdckgbary gdtwkre jas okgi fddg nkrikttdg agb `s v`tao tk o`ge`gi

la`g (truge) rkabs w`tj rurao rkabs. Rjd oast lòd sjkuob gkt fd a rkab

1> Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy


35/156


36/156

kg gdtwkre kwgdrsj`p agb gkt tjd dckgkl`c nugct`kg kn tjd rkab.

Lkrdkvdr, `g sdvdrao ckugtr`ds, rurao rkab `gvdstldgts ard tjd lagbatd kn

tjd l`g`stry kn air`cuoturd kr, `g bdcdgtrao`zdb ckugtr`ds, okcao autjkr`t`ds,

wjdrdas tjd la`g agb sdckgbary gdtwkres ard a lagbatd kn tjd l`g`stry kn

pufo`c wkres. Y`tjkut ckkrb`gat`kg fdtwddg pufo`c wkres knn`càos agb

air`cuoturao agb okcao autjkr`t`ds, tjd dnndcts kn rurao rkab rdjafò`tat`kg lay

fd sdvdrdoy o`l`tdb fdcausd tjd l`g`stry kn pufo`c wkres lay bdc`bd tk aook-

catd nugb`gi tk ktjdr parts kn tjd gdtwkre `g ktjdr rdi`kgs (sdd fkx 1.1).

Abmust Stratdi`ds tk Raed `gtk Acckugt Air`cuoturao

Xktdgtào agb Xrkbuct`kgRj`s oast pko`cy rdcklldgbat`kg `s dspdcàooy `lpkrtagt. Bdsp`td b`s-

ckursd, currdgt stratdi`ds rdoatdb tk `gvdstldgt `g rurao rkabs bk gkt

taed `gtk acckugt air`cuoturao pktdgtào agb currdgt prkbuct`kg. Rj`s

stuby bdlkgstratds tjat `g skld rdi`kgs, tjd air`cuoturao pktdgtào cag

1: Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy

Fkx 1.1

Ag Dxalpod kn Oace kn Ckkrb`gatdb @gtdrvdgt`kgsfdtwddg L`g`str`ds

@g tjd Ldld b`v`s`kg `g tjd Skutj-Ydst rdi`kg kn Caldrkkg, tjd Skutj Ydst

Bdvdokpldgt Autjkr`ty (SKYDBA) `s gkw `lpodldgt`gi a prkmdct, tjd Vulp`

Arda Xart`c`patkry Bdvdokpldgt Xrkmdct, a`ldb at rurao bdvdokpldgt. Kn CNAN

:.4 fòo`kg (kvdr TS$19 lòo`kg) scjdbuodb nkr tjd prkmdct `g tjd n`rst ydar, lkrd

tjag jaon wòo fd bdb`catdb tk tjd rdjafò`tat`kg kn rurao rkabs. At tjd dgb kn tjd

prkmdct, lkrd tjag 638 eòkldtdrs kn rurao rkabs sjkuob fd rdjafò`tatdb. Rwk

la`g prkfodls rdla`g. N`rst, tjd gat`kgao gdtwkre (o`gedb tk tjd rurao rkabs tk fd

rdjafò`tatdb) s g tjd sald ckgb`t`kg as tjd rurao rkabs agb s sufmdct tk nrdqudgt

rkab coks`gis tk vdj`cods. Gdvdrtjdodss, tjd L`g`stry kn Xufo`c Ykres, wj`cj `s `g

cjarid kn tj`s gdtwkre, bkds gkt aookcatd sunn`c`dgt nugbs tk eddp `t `g ikkb ckg-

b`t`kg. Sdckgb, bkgkr nugbs nkr SKYDBA caggkt ckgtr`futd tk tjd rdjafò`tat`kg

kn tjd gat`kgao gdtwkre `g Ldld b`v`s`kg fdcausd tjd prkmdct was sìgdb w`tj

tjd L`g`stry kn Air`cuoturd agb Vurao Bdvdokpldgt agb `ts lagbatd `s tk rdjafò`-

tatd kgoy rurao rkabs. Rjd r`se `s tjat at tjd dgb kn tjd prkmdct rurao rkabs lay fd

nuooy rdjafò`tatdb, ydt nrdqudgt cuts lay stòo dx`st `g tjd sdckgbary gdtwkre.

Jdgcd, tjd `gcrdasdb air`cuoturao prkbuct`kg wkuob gkt rdacj c`t`ds fdcausd kn

tjd pkkr ckgb`t`kg kn tjd sdckgbary gdtwkre.

Skurcd= Iuy Edltskps `gtdrv`dw.


37/156


38/156


39/156

9. Jkwdvdr, tj`s stuby lay oay tjd irkugbwkre nkr nurtjdr stub`ds fasdb kg rag-

bkl`zdb dxpdr`ldgts kn `lprkvdb tragspkrt sdrv`cds `g rurao ardas.

:. @g nact, tjd s`lpod rdirdss`kg lkbdo tjdy usd tk òoustratd tjd ckrrdoatds kn

tragspkrtat`kg cksts bdlkgstratds tjat b`stagcd `s a sìg`n`cagt bdtdrl`gagt kn

tragspkrt`gi 48 eòkirals kn r`cd tk tjd gdardst lamkr c`ty. A luot`ckoo`gdar`ty

prkfodl tjdg ar`sds agb lay fàs rdsuots.

0. Rj`s n`gb`gi ckuob odab tk fàsdb dst`latds. Rk bdao w`tj tj`s prkfodl, sdvdrao

papdrs fy Nag agb ckoodaiuds stuby tjd `lpact kn b`nndrdgt typds kn pufo`c

dxpdgb`turds kg irkwtj agb pkvdrty rdbuct`kg agb prkv`bd a structurao lkbdo

kn tjd pkvdrty-rkab rdoat`kgsj`p (Nag agb Cjag-Eagi 68825 Nag, Jazdoo, agb

Rjkrat 68885 Nag, ]jagi, agb ]jagi 6886). Rjdy dst`latd s`luotagdkusdquat`kg systdls kg pagdo bata aiirdiatdb nrkl jkusdjkob survdys agb bdlkg-

stratd tjat rurao rkab `gvdstldgts rage jìj `g tdrls kn pkvdrty rdbuct`kg

cklpardb w`tj ktjdr nkrls kn ikvdrgldgt dxpdgb`turd.

18. Rj`s n`gb`gi lay fd bud tk a pks`t`vd ckrrdoat`kg fdtwddg tjdsd twk travdo`gi

t`lds, fdcausd accdss tk jdaotj agb dbucat`kg nacò`t`ds bdpdgbs kg accdss tk

tragspkrt.

11. @LR ard b`vdrsd agb dgcklpass, alkgi ktjdr tj`gis, f`cycods, ag`lao-brawg

carts, agb okcao tax`s.

16. Appdgb`x C sullar`zds Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrts pko`cy nraldwkre nkr

tjd gat`kgao b`ldgs`kg.

13. Rjd tjrdsjkob lay kccur wjdg ckugtr ds attdlpt n`scao tragsndrs nrkl odab-

`gi tk oaii`gi ardas. Sucj tragsndrs lay crdatd n`scao bdpdgbdgcy agb lay b`s-

ckuraid `gbdpdgbdgt bdvdokpldgt. Abb`t`kgaooy, tjd rdstr`ct`kg kn tjd

lkvdldgt kn ikkbs agb pdkpod lay causd `gdnn`c`dgt dckgkl`c act`v`ty (tjat

`s, bupo`cat`kg kn prkbuct`kg agb jìjdr pr`cds). Rjdrdnkrd,Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt

Vdpkrt 6880 (Ykrob Fage 6880c) rdcklldgbs tjat ckugtr`ds `gvdst `g tjd

pdkpod `g oaii`gi ardas wjòd `gvdst`gi `g tjd poacd `g odab`gi ardas. Rj`s ckl-f`gat`kg prkv`bds pdkpod `g oaii`gi ardas w`tj dbucat`kg tk dgjagcd tjd`r

kppkrtug`t`ds. Ldagwjòd, tjd `lprkvdb `gnrastructurd wòo aookw lkfò`ty kn

pdkpod, ikkbs, agb `gnkrlat`kg tk agb nrkl tjd odab`gi arda.

12. @n a patj kr traò cag dgsurd o`l`tdb ckggdct`v`ty, `t `s crucào `g tdrls kn puf-

o`c spdgb`gi. Rjd ckst kn a 6-ldtdr-w`bd ugpavdb patj kr traò nkr f`cycods was

dst`latdb at odss tjag 18 pdrcdgt kn tjd ckst kn a >-ldtdr-w`bd aoo-wdatjdr

rurao rkab nkr lktkr`zdb tragspkrt (V`vdrskg agb Carapdt`s 1001).

14. @g tjd casd kn Fure`ga Nask, Vu`ms, Scjwdìlag, agb Outz (6882) n`gb tjat tjd

b`rdct dnndct kn tragspkrt ckst rdbuct`kgs kg tjd pr`cd kn nkkb, sucj as cdrdaos,rdqu`rds skld guagcd agb tdlpdrdb dxpdctat`kgs, gktafoy fdcausd kn tjd

kriag`zat`kg kn laredts.

1>. Jìjway Bdvdokpldgt Lkbdo-2 `s tjd lkst w`bdsprdab lkbdo usdb tk mus-

t`ny tjd dckgkl`c vàfò`ty kn rkab `gvdstldgts.



40/156

19. Nkr dxalpod, Fure`ga Nask jab ag VA@ vaoud kn 64 pdrcdgt `g 6883, agb

Caldrkkg jab ag VA@ kn 66 pdrcdgt `g 6886.

1:. @lprkvdldgts ckuob `gcoubd ckgvdrt`gi bry-sdaskg rkabs `gtk aoo-sdaskg

rkabs, spkt trdat`gi pktjkods, kr `gcrdas`gi tjd bra`gaid kg iravdo rkabs.

10. Ckgtrary tk tjd stuby kg tragspkrt cksts agb pr`cds aokgi `gtdrgat`kgao ckrr`-

bkrs (Rdravag`gtjkrg agb Vafaooagb 688:), tj`s stuby nkugb gk spdc`n`c`t`ds g

tdrls kn rdiuoat`kg kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds pdr sufrdi`kg5 tjdrdnkrd, b`st`gct`kgs

fdtwddg sufrdi`kgs ard gkt rdodvagt. B`nndrdgcds `g co`lat`c ckgb`t`kgs agb `g

pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty sddl tk javd jìjdr dxpoagatkry pkwdr kg tjd `lpact kn

okw-vkould rkabs.

68. Vkab la`gtdgagcd cag fd coass`n`db as nkookws=

Vkut`gd la`gtdgagcd ckvdrs slaoo-scaod wkres ckgbuctdb rdiuoaroy. @t a`ls

tk dgsurd tjd baòy passafò`ty agb sandty kn dx`st`gi rkabs `g tjd sjkrt rug

agb tk prdvdgt prdlaturd bdtdr`krat`kg kn tjd rkabs (X@AVC 1002).

Nrdqudgcy kn act`v`t`ds var`ds fut `s idgdraooy kgcd kr lkrd a wdde kr

lkgtj. Ryp`cao act`v`t`ds `gcoubd rkabs`bd vdrid codar`gi agb irass cutt`gi,

codag`gi kn sòtdb b`tcjds agb cuovdrts, patcj`gi, agb pktjkod rdpa`r. Nkr

iravdo rkabs, `t lay `gcoubd irab`gi dvdry s`x lkgtjs.

Xdr`kb`c la`gtdgagcd, wj`cj ckvdrs act`v`t`ds kg a sdct`kg kn rkab at rdiuoaragb rdoat`vdoy okgi `gtdrvaos, a`ls tk prdsdrvd tjd structurao `gtdir`ty kn

tjd rkab (jttp=//wdf.wkrobfage.kri/YFS@RD/DZRDVGAO/RKX@CS/

DZRRVAGSXKVR/DZRVKABSJ@IJYAPS/8,,ckgtdgtLBE=6840>412

~ldguXE=129>3:8~paidXE=12:04>~p`XE=61>>1:~tjdS`tdXE=33:>>1,88

.jtlo). Rjdsd kpdrat`kgs tdgb tk fd oarid scaod agb rdqu`rd spdcào`zdb

dqu`pldgt agb seòodb pdrskggdo. Rjdy ckst lkrd tjag rkut`gd la`gtdgagcd

wkres agb rdqu`rd spdc`n`c `bdgt`n`cat`kg agb poagg`gi nkr `lpodldgtat`kg

agb kntdg bdsìg. Act`v`t`ds cag fd coass`n`db as prdvdgt`vd, rdsurnac`gi, kvdr-

oay, agb pavdldgt rdckgstruct`kg. Vdsdao`gi agb kvdroay wkres ard idgdraooyugbdrtaedg `g rdspkgsd tk ldasurdb bdtdr`krat`kg `g rkab ckgb`t`kgs. Nkr a

pavdb rkab, rdpav`gi `s gddbdb afkut dvdry dìjt ydars5 nkr a iravdo rkab,

rdiravdo`gi `s gddbdb afkut dvdry tjrdd ydars.

Tridgt la`gtdgagcd `s ugbdrtaedg nkr rdpa`rs tjat caggkt fd nkrdsddg fut

tjat rdqu`rd `lldbàtd attdgt`kg, sucj as ckooapsdb cuovdrts kr oagbso`bds

tjat fokce a rkab (Furg`gijal agb Stagedv`cj 6884).

61. Lkrdkvdr, tjd ckgb`t`kg kn tjd o`ge fdtwddg ckrr`bkrs agb tjd sdckgbary gdt-

wkre sjkuob fd `gvdstìatdb wjdg bdc`s`kgs ard labd tk upirabd kr rdjafò`-

tatd ckrr`bkrs.



41/156


42/156

o`l`tdb pokt s`zd, fdttdr accdss tk rurao rkabs bkds gkt dgafod narldrs tk

sj`nt nrkl `gtdrldbàtd ldags kn tragspkrt tk truces (ugodss tjdy ckgsko-

`batd tjd`r prkbuct`kg w`tj tjat kn ktjdr slaoo narldrs), wj`cj `s kgd kn

tjd lkst `lpkrtagt nactkrs odab`gi tk `gcrdasdb `gckld idgdrat`kg.

Lkrdkvdr, susta`gafò`ty kn sucj `gvdstldgts `s at staed5 tjdrdnkrd, tjd

rkab `gvdstldgt stratdiy sjkuob prkfafoy fd fdttdr abmustdb tk narldrs

tragspkrt rdqu`rdldgts. Rjdsd n`gb`gis ckgcur w`tj tjksd kn Irf agb

Ir`ll (688:), wjk bdcklpksd tjd skurcds kn spatào b`spar`t`ds `g

`gcklds alkgi jkusdjkobs `g Fure`ga Nask agb sjkw tjat spatào b`spar-

`t`ds ard br`vdg oaridoy fy b`spar`t`ds `g ckllug`ty dgbkwldgts. Rjdsd

n`gb`gis aosk ckgn`rl rdsdarcj `g Ragzagà sjkw`gi tjat rurao pkvdrty `swdaeoy rdoatdb tk rdlktdgdss (L`gkt 6889).

@s @lpassafò`ty Lkrd afkut Xdrcdpt`kg Rjag Vdao`ty;

Skld jkusdjkobs lay v`dw `lpassafò`ty kn rkabs as tjd `gafò`ty tk usd

a rkab nkr wjatdvdr rdaskg (usuaooy rdoatdb tk wdatjdr-`gbucdb `ssuds).

Ktjdrs lay pdrcd`vd `lpassafò`ty as jav`gi tk gavìatd arkugb tjd rkab

tk ckgt`gud a mkurgdy. B`nndr`gi `gtdrprdtat`kgs kn tjd wkrb passafò`tycag rdsuot `g stare b`nndrdgcds `g agswdrsb`nndrdgcds tjat cag appdar

fdtwddg ckugtr`ds as wdoo as w`tj`g ckugtr`ds.

Rafod 6.1 prdsdgts bdscr`pt`vd stat`st`cs kg tjd gulfdr bays kn `lpass-

afò`ty nkr tjd b`str`cts kr rdi`kgs kn tjd tjrdd ckugtr`ds stub`db. Aosk

`gcoubdb `s tjd avdraid ydaroy ra`gnaoo pdr b`str`ct kr rdi`kg (wj`cj rdprd-

sdgts tjd pktdgtào nkr `lpassafod rkabs fdcausd kn wasjkuts) agb tjd

ikvdrgldgt (ugpavdb) rkab `gnrastructurd `gvdstldgt pdr eòkldtdr

(wj`cj `s a prkxy nkr rkab ckgb`t`kg, i`vdg tjat `g tjd rurao ardas `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, ugpavdb rkabs prdbkl`gatd).

Rafod 6.1 dgafods a cklpar`skg kn pdrcdpt`kg agb rdao`ty. Kg kgd jagb,

`g tjd Ldld b`str`ct kn Caldrkkg, tjd avdraid ra`gnaoo `s 6,:88 lòo`ld-

tdrs pdr ydartjd jìjdst kn agy kn tjd ardas stub`dbfut tjd gulfdr kn

bays kn `lpassafò`ty `s rdpkrtdb as zdrk (aotjkuij `gvdstldgts javd fddg

l`g`lao). Aotjkuij a rkab lay fd `lpassafod nkr cars agb dvdg lktkr-

cycods, a br`vdr lay, nkr gstagcd, b`slkugt tjd lktkrcycod, waoe t arkugb

tjd trkufod spkt `g tjd rkab, agb tjdg ckgt`gud j`s kr jdr tr`p.3 Kg tjd

ktjdr jagb, tjd Cdgtrd-Gkrb rdi`kg `g Fure`ga Nask rdcd`vds kgd kn tjdokwdst alkugts kn ra`g pdr ydarkg avdraid, >>2 lòo`ldtdrs. Dvdg w`tj

tjd okw `gc`bdgcd kn ra`g, `lpassafò`ty was rdpkrtdb as jìj `g tjrdd

lkgtjs kn tjd ydar.



43/156


44/156

Dvdg cklpar`skgs w`tj`g ckugtr`ds rdsuot `g oarid b`nndrdgcds, a n`gb`gi

tjat rd`gnkrcds tjd assulpt`kg tjat b`nndrdgt pdkpod pdrcd`vd `lpassafò-

`ty b`nndrdgtoy. @g tjd casd kn Rkrkrk b`str`ct `g Tiagba, 0 kn tjd 36 kfsdr-

vat`kgs rdpkrtdb zdrk bays kn `lpassafò`ty, wjdrdas tjd lax`lul

rdpkrtdb `s :2 bays. Lkrdkvdr, tjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx (VA@) `s dxtrdldoy

jìj `g Rkrkrk, agb gkt a s`giod vòoaid `s lkrd tjag > eòkldtdrs nrkl a

la`g rkab.

Rjdrdnkrd, wjat skld pdkpod pdrcd`vd as ag `lpassafod rkab `s gkt

sk ckgs`bdrdb fy ktjdrs. Nrkl ag dckgkl`c pdrspdct`vd, tj`s n`gb`gi

aosk bdlkgstratds tjat rkab passafò`tydspdcàooy `g rdoat`kg tk

tragspkrt fy lktkrcycod`s lucj fdttdr tjag kgd usuaooy dxpdcts,agb lagy rurao pdkpod ard dckgkl`caooy ckggdctdb tk laredts `g

skld laggdr.

Lkrdkvdr, nrkl a pufo`c pko`cy pdrspdct`vd, fdcausd kn tjd var`kus

pdrcdpt`kgs kn `lpassafò`ty, guldrkus pdrcdpt`kgs dx`st kn wjat

sjkuob fd tjd l`g`lao odvdo kn passafò`ty. Rjd VA@ jas attdlptdb tk

assuld away tjd `ssud kn rkab ckgb`t`kg fy us`gi aoo-sdaskg rkab `g

`ts bdn`g`t`kg, fut ckgcdrgs stòo dx`st. Ag aoo-sdaskg rkab`s a iravdo kr

f`tuldg-pavdb rkab tjat `s passafod aoo ydar fy tjd prdvaò`gi ldags knrurao tragspkrt (kntdg a p`ceup truce kr a truce tjat bkds gkt javd nkur-

wjddo br`vd). Xrdb`ctafod `gtdrrupt`kgs kn sjkrt burat`kg bur`gi

`gcodldgt wdatjdr (sucj as jdavy ra`gnaoo) ard accdptafod, part`cuoaroy

kg okw-vkould rkabs. Jkwdvdr, rdacj`gi a ckgsdgsus kg prdb`ctafod

`gtdrrupt`kgs kn sjkrt burat`kg `s skldt`lds b`nn`cuot. Jdgcd, prkpdroy

bdn`g`gi agb nuooy bkculdgt`gi rkab ckgb`t`kgs `s cr`t`cao wjdg kgd

`s caocuoat`gi tjd VA@. Dvdg lkrd `lpkrtagt nrkl ag dckgkl`c pdr-

spdct`vd, jkwdvdr, `s tjat aotjkuij ag aoo-sdaskg rkab lay fdckldugusafod tk truces, f`cycods agb lktkrcycods lay fd afod tk lagduvdr

arkugb trkufodb ardas.

Yjdg Bkds tjd Rjrdsjkob kn Vkab AccdssO`l`t tjd @lpact kn @skoat`kg;

Rj`s sdct`kg prdsdgts rdsuots kn jkusdjkob survdy agaoys`s us`gi twk

cklpodldgtary apprkacjds= nkr dacj sdodctdb ckugtry (wjdg pkss`-

fod), `t prdsdgts (a) rdsuots kn tjd gat`kgao jkusdjkob survdys tk assdss

apprkx`latdoy jkw ckgstra`g`gi tragspkrt accdss `s kg jkusdjkob ckg-

sulpt`kg agb (f) rdsuots kn jkusdjkob survdys ckll`ss`kgdb, wj`cj

assdss `g bdtaò jkw strkgi tjd tragspkrt ckgstra`gt `s kg air`cuoturao

`gckld.2,4

6> Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy


45/156

Casd Stuby= Tiagba

Ag agaoys`s fasdb kg Tiagbag gat`kgao jkusdjkob survdys. Fy agaoyz-

`gi jkusdjkob survdys, kgd cag bdlkgstratd ag kvdraoo bkwgwarb trdgb

kn ckgsulpt`kg as pdkpod lkvd nartjdr away nrkl laredts `g fktj t`ld

agb b`stagcd. Lkrdkvdr, kg avdraid, ckgsulpt`kg `s tjd jìjdst coksdr tk

tjd oarid c`t`ds agb laredts fut sjarpoy bdco`gds nkr tjksd jkusdjkobs

lkrd tjag 2.4 eòkldtdrs b`stagt.

Jkwdvdr, tjd p`cturd `s lkrd cklpodx tjag tj`s n`gb`gi. A

b`stagcdtragspkrt t`ld cdò`gi appdars tk dx`st= `gckld idgdrat`kg `s

lari`gaooy ckgstra`gdb fdykgb kgd bays waoe`gi b`stagcd nrkl tjd lar-

edts. Lkrdkvdr, tjd lkbd kn tragspkrtat`kg bkds gkt rdaooy javd ag `lpactkg `gckld, prkfafoy fdcausd tragspkrt `s kgoy kgd cklpkgdgt kn jkusd-

jkobs air`cuoturao `gckld.

Nkookw`gi `s a sullary kn tjd rdsuots kn tjd agaoys`s ckgbuctdb tk

bdtdrl`gd tjd rdoat`kgsj`ps fdtwddg t`ld agb jkusdjkob ckgsulp-

t`kg `g Tiagba.> Rjd structurd kn tjd qudst`kgga`rd o`l`tdb tjd dvao-

uat`kg pkss`fod fdcausd tragspkrtat`kg qudst`kgs rdoatdb tk tjd laredt

wdrd gkt asedb kn tjksd o`v`gi w`tj a laredt `g tjd`r ckllug`ty.9

Kgd cag kfsdrvd tjd bkwgwarb trdgb `g ldag ckgsulpt`kg as jkusd-jkobs lkvd nartjdr nrkl tjd gdardst oarid c`ty (pkpuoat`kg irdatdr tjag

6,888 `gjaf`tagts5 sdd tafod 6.6). Aosk prdsdgt `s tjd rdoat`vd mulp `g

ldag ckgsulpt`kg fdtwddg tjd n`rst qu`gtòd agb tjd sdckgb qu`gtòd

(up tk 2.4 eòkldtdrs), wj`cj `s tjd oaridst b`nndrdgcd fdtwddg agy

twk qu`gtòds (2.:>). Rjdsd n`gb`gis ard s`lòar tk tjksd rdpkrtdb `g

Labaiascar fy St`ndo agb L`gtdg (688:), wjk n`gb dv`bdgcd kn a

strkgi, pks`t`vd rdoat`kgsj`p fdtwddg `skoat`kg agb pkvdrty. Rjdy aosk

gktd tjat tjd oaridst iap `g pdr cap`ta ckgsulpt`kg agb `g tjd pkvdrty

Yjat Sjkuob tjd Kfmdct`vd Fd tk Sìg n`cagtoy Vdbucd @skoat`kg `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca; 69

Rafod 6.6 Vagid kn tjd B`stagcd Qu`gtòds agb tjd Ldag Ckgsulpt`kg

kn tjd Qu`gtòds `g Tiagba, 68848>

Qu`gtòd kn b`stagcd

Vagid kn b`stagcd

fy qu`gtòd (eòkldtdrs)

Ldag kn tktao

ckgsulpt`kg fy qu`gtòd

(T Sj tjkusagb)

1 8.1142.480 6:.1466 2.41616.083 63.603

3 16.08210.:0: 68.1:>

2 10.:0038.::3 10.989

4 38.08694.183 68.612

Skurcd= Tiagbag Gat`kgao Jkusdjkob Survdy 68848>.


46/156

ratd cklds fdtwddg tjd odast `skoatdb (n`rst qu`gtòd) agb tjd sdckgb

qu`gtòd.

Ag agaoys`s fasdb kg jkusdjkob survdys `g tjrdd Tiagbag b`str`cts.

Rafod 6.3 prdsdgts skld bdtdrl`gagts kn jkusdjkob `gckld bdr`vdb nrkl

saods kn air`cuoturao prkbucts. Rj`s sdct`kg usds bata ckoodctdb `g tjd tjrdd

pòkt b`str`cts sdodctdb (sdd fkx 6.1 nkr bdtaòs kg bata ckoodct`kg).:

Rjd appardgt parabkx o`ds `g tjd nact tjat tjd 6-eòkldtdr b`stagcd

nrkl a rkab `s gkt ag dckgkl`c tjrdsjkob fdcausd o`v`gi nartjdr tjag


Rafod 6.3 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl Air`cuoturao Saods

`g Tiagba, 688:80

Bdpdgbdgt varàfod= casj `gckld nrkl air`cuoturao saods (T Sj tjkusagb)

Fas`c Ckgtrkos Bdgs`ty

Rkrkrk

b`str`ct

Irdatdr tjag

6 eòkldtdrs

Sdoo b`rdct 148.>3:*** 122.229*** 12:.069*** 162.681*** 16>.680***

(30.>90) (28.198) (30.:84) (30.634) (30.36>)

Crkp typd 166.813** >1.623 04.344 649.632*** 620.8:9***

(40.4:9) (>6.>:6) (>6.008) (99.249) (9:.848)P`dob 8.19>*** 8.1:9*** 8.689*** 8.61:*** 8.610***

(8.84:) (8.84:) (8.840) (8.849) (8.849)

Jkusdjkob s`zd 1.>3> 6.041 3.630 6.:>0

(3.>64) (3.>4:) (3.423) (3.498)

Sdckgbary 1>.383** :.382 >.80 4.4:2

(>.64>) (9.123) (>.020) (>.099)

Idgbdr kn jdab

kn jkusdjkob

>1.6:: 30.389 1:.331 11.301

(26.::2) (23.822) (26.124) (26.:08)

Gulfdr kn

fèds kwgdb

69.>2> 66.121 61.194

(66.939) (66.8:1) (66.163)Xassafò`ty kn rkab 8.>82 8.881 8.82>

(8.436) (8.424) (8.42:)

Vkab bdgs`ty 228.041* >:8.302*** >03.3:3***

(629.21>) (620.:80) (648.283)

Rkrkrk 169.184*** 163.>>4***

(39.292) (39.>00)

Irdatdr tjag

6 eòkldtdrs

66.492

(64.289)

Ckgstagt 3.89: 92.443 143.66>** 601.21*** 6::.106***

(62.:11) (41.694) (>4.>01) (94.420) (94.>:>)Gulfdr kn

kfsdrvat`kgs 193 198 1>0 1>0 1>0

V6 8.6680 8.6>31 8.3861 8.3202 8.3469

Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs.

Gktd= Sìg`n`cagcd= * < 18 pdrcdgt, ** < 4 pdrcdgt, *** < 1 pdrcdgt. Stagbarb bdvàt`kgs ard `g pardgtjdsds.


47/156


48/156


49/156


50/156



`g Fure`ga Nask, 688:80

Bdpdgbdgt varàfod= casj `gckld nrkl air`cuoturao saods (CNAN tjkusagb)

Fas`c Ckgtrkos Bdgs`ty

Sajdo

rdi`kg

Irdatdr

tjag 6

eòkldtdrs

Sdoo b`rdct 34.10:*** 30.4>0*** 32.221*** 66.09>*** 64.263***

(0.812) (:.4>6) (9.094) (9.916) (9.003)

Crkp typd 42.6>2*** 2>.291*** 3:.999*** 48.24:*** 29.0:9***

(:.028) (:.434) (:.8>9) (9.:84) (:.168)

P`dob 8.810*** 8.861*** 8.819*** 8.880* 8.818**

(8.884) (8.884) (8.884) (8.884) (8.884)

Jkusdjkob s`zd 1.>18*** 8.099*** 1.628*** 1.632***

(8.380) (8.368) (8.386) (8.383)

Sdckgbary 0.1:1** :.432** 0.669** 0.920***

(2.1>8) (3.:46) (3.40>) (3.>31)

Gulfdr kn fèds kwgdb 4.608*** 3.02:*** 2.894***

(1.338) (1.6>3) (1.6>0)

Xassafò`ty 8.8:4 8.82> 8.89:

(8.1:8) (8.198) (8.196)

Vkab bdgs`ty 1,62>.923** 2,839.242*** 2,110.04>***

(2:4.060) (>98.644) (>93.>8>)

Sajdo rdi`kg 21.83>*** 21.:>:***

(9.640) (9.609)

Irdatdr tjag 6 eòkldtdrs 2.42>

(3.:19)

Ckgstagt 61.62*** 3:.1>*** 48.>0*** 02.40*** 00.::***

(2.1:4) (4.6:8) (9.488) (18.242) (11.614)

Gulfdr kn kfsdrvat`kgs 619 619 619 619 61>

V6 8.4806 8.4>00 8.>3:4 8.>:>: 8.>::0

Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs.Gktd= Sìg`n`cagcd= * < 18 pdrcdgt, ** < 4 pdrcdgt, *** < 1 pdrcdgt. Stagbarb bdvàt`kgs ard `g pardgtjdsds. @g tjd

survdys g Fure`ga Nask, aoo jdabs kn jkusdjkob wdrd ldg5 tjdrdnkrd, tjd varàfod idgbdr kn jdab was gkt gcoubdb `g

tjd rdirdss`kg.

Aosk `gtdrdst`gi `s tjat wjdg tjd bdpdgbdgt varàfod casj `gckld

nrkl air`cuoturd saods `s rdpoacdb fy crkp typd, passafò`ty `s aolkst sta-

t`st`caooy sìg`n`cagt tk dxpoa`g tjd sjard kn jìj-vaoud prkbuct saods.

Jkwdvdr, irdatdr b`stagcd nrkl a rkab dxpoa`gs wjy jìj-vaoud prkbuct

saods `gcrdasd. Rj`s n`gb`gi ckgn`rls tjd prd`gbustrào, g`gdtddgtj-cdgtury

kg Rjgdg lkbdo, wj`cj statds tjat nartjdr nrkl tjd c`ty, kgoy jìj-vaoud

prkbucts (agb okw-pdr`sjafod ikkbs) ard dckgkl`caooy vàfod (tk a cdrta`g

b`stagcd o`l`t5 sdd appdgb`x I nkr bdtaòs).


51/156

Gktds

1. Rjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx ldasurds jkusdjkob rdlktdgdss as lkrd tjag 6 eòk-

ldtdrs nrkl ag aoo-sdaskg rkab. Rjd 6-eòkldtdr fagbs tk dacj s`bd kn tjd rkab

cklpr`sd tjd 6-eòkldtdr funndr.

6. Rj`s n`gb`gi `s ckgs`stdgt w`tj rdsdarcj cdgtdrdb `g Laoaw` (Ykrob Fage

6880f), wj`cj rdvdaodb tjat tjd kpt`lao tragspkrt t`ld nkr jìjdr air`cuoturao

irkwtj `s 6.6 jkurs. Assul`gi kgd ckuob waoe kr f`cycod at 2 eòkldtdrs pdr

jkur, tjd rdsdarcj sjkwdb tjat tjd kpt`lao tragspkrt b`stagcd nkr air`cuoturao



`g Caldrkkg, 688:80

Bdpdgbdgt varàfod= casj `gckld nrkl air`cuoturao saods (CNA Nragcs tjkusagb)

Fas`c Ckgtrkos Bdgs`ty Ldld

Irdatdr

tjag 6

eòkldtdrs

Sdoo b`rdct 3:8.441** 306.:2:** 381.:80* 1:0.093 1:0.3:6

(1>6.8:0) (1>>.:86) (1>9.262) (686.:99) (683.100)

Crkp typd :62.189*** :66.694*** :>9.>29*** :::.61>*** ::9.132***

(93.831) (92.6:4) (94.23>) (9:.36:) (9:.90>)

P`dob 8.3:>*** 8.3::*** 8.392*** 8.390*** 8.390***

(8.820) (8.848) (8.848) (8.848) (8.848)

Jkusdjkob s`zd >.>3: 18.60 0.306 0.300

(13.::0) (13.::0) (13.068) (13.030)

Sdckgbary 3.>66 31.294 34.68> 32.380

(2>.13>) (2>.>42) (2>.:12) (29.601)

Idgbdr kn jdab 160.402 94.2:4 181.461 186.929

(62>.:>6) (62>.686) (629.>4:) (62:.12>)

Gulfdr kn lktkrfèds

kwgdb

383.3>2 602.8>6 609.611

(610.>:>) (610.089) (661.609)

Xassafò`ty 6.91 6.930 6.96>

(6.>4:) (6.>40) (6.>>2)

Vkab bdgs`ty 93.:::*** >3.>6:** >3.466**

(6>.441) (6:.449) (6:.>8>)

Ldld b`str`ct 61>.>13 610.306

(661.:04) (663.828)

Irdatdr tjag 6 eòkldtdrs 66.061

(140.268)

Ckgstagt 419.68*** >00.81*** 1834.32*** :94.28*** :03.8>**

(18:.>:1) (6>2.::1) (6:6.09:) (369.884) (320.969)

Gulfdr kn kfsdrvat`kgs 391 3>9 3>9 3>9 3>9V6 8.322: 8.32>8 8.3>:8 8.3>09 8.3>09

Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs.

Gktd= Sìg`n`cagcd= * < 18 pdrcdgt, ** < 4 pdrcdgt, *** < 1 pdrcdgt. Stagbarb bdvàt`kgs ard `g pardgtjdsds.


52/156


53/156

18. Rjd 6883 Fure`ga Nask gat`kgao jkusdjkob survdy was ckgbuctdb `g :,488

jkusdjkobs. Rjd survdy ases nkr `gnkrlat`kg kg waoe`gi t`ld tk laredt agb

nkkb ckgsulpt`kg. Rjd waoe`gi t`ld tk laredt qudst`kg was agswdrdb `g

ragids, wj`cj `s wjy tjd bata pk`gts ard gkt lkrd scattdrdb5 tjd ckgsulpt`kg

qudst`kg rdndrs tk tjd nkkb ckgsulpt`kg kn tjd jkusdjkob kvdr tjd prdv`kus

14 bays.

11. A lkrd bdtaòdb agaoys`s ckuob javd fddg bkgd `n tjd gat`kgao survdy jab

asedb nkr tjd ckllkg lkbd kn tragspkrt agb tjd t`ld gddbdb kg tjat lkbd

kn tragspkrt tk rdacj tjd coksdst laredt.

16. Rjd tjrdd abl`g`strat`vd rdi`kgs stub`db `g Fure`ga Nask ard Fkucod bu

Lkujkug, Cdgtrd-Gkrb, agb Sajdo.13. @g tjd rdsuots nrkl tjd Fure`ga Nask rdirdss`kgs, tjd fdtwddg > agb 14 eòkld-

tdrs agb tjd irdatdr tjag 14 eòkldtdrs bull`ds ard gkt sìg`n`cagt, wj`cj

ckuob fd dxpoa`gdb fy tjd ckugtrys noat tdrra`g agb dasy rkab accdss`fò`ty.



54/156


55/156

39

Rjd Air`cuoturd Ckgtdxt

Nrkl a j`stkr`cao agb iokfao pdrspdct`vd, acrkss ckugtr`ds, air`cuoturds

`lpkrtagcd tk tjd kvdraoo dckgkly tdgbs tk b`l`g`sj kvdr t`ld, w`tj a

strkgi `gvdrsd ckrrdoat`kg fdtwddg air`cuoturds sjard kn irkss bkldst`c

prkbuct (IBX) agb IBX pdr cap`ta.1 A sdckgbagb ckgs`stdgt

kfsdrvat`kg `s tjat air`cuoturds sjard kn IBX jas bdco`gdb `g aoo ckug-

tr`ds, `gcoub`gi tjksd w`tj a strkgi cklparat`vd abvagtaid `g

air`cuoturao act`v`t`ds. A tj`rb pk`gt `s tjat tjd bdco`gd kn tjd sjard kn

rdskurcds `g air`cuoturd jas fddg oaridr nkr ckugtr`ds w`tj okwdr

`gcklds, wj`cj javd lkrd sckpd nkr `lprkv`gi air`cuoturao prkbuct`v-

`ty agb nkr sj`nt`gi rdskurcds `gtk gdw gkgnarl act`v`t`ds.6 Yjdrdas

air`cuoturds sjard kn IBX jas naoodg sufstagtàooy nkr gdaroy aoo bdvdo-

kp`gi ckugtr`ds, tjd oafkr abmustldgt jas fddg oaridr nkr l`bbod-

`gckld ckugtr`ds tjag nkr okwdr-`gckld ckugtr`ds. Rjd rdaskg wkuob

appdar tk fd tjat wjòd tjd sjard kn IBX nkr gkgair`cuoturao act`v`t`ds

`s r`s`gi acrkss ckugtr`ds, kgoy `g tjd l`bbod-`gckld ckugtr`ds javdaotdrgat`vd dlpokyldgt pkss`fò`t`ds fdckld lkrd w`bdoy avaòafod,

aookw`gi tjd trags`t`kg kn oafkr nrkl sdl`sufs`stdgcd narl`gi tk rdaooy idt

ugbdr way. N`gaooy, tjd pacd kn abmustldgt `s spddb`gi up= `g tjd ckugtr`ds

kn tjd Kriag`sat`kg nkr Dckgkl`c Ck-kpdrat`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt, tjd

C J A X R D V 3

Yjat @s tjd Avdraid Rragspkrt

Bdlagb nrkl a Narldr agb tjd

@bdao Suppoy nrkl a Rrabdr;


56/156

naoo kn air`cuoturds sjard kn IBX nrkl 28 pdrcdgt tk 9 pdrcdgt tkke a

cdgtury, fut l`bbod-`gckld ckugtr`ds javd acj`dvdb tjdsd cjagids `g

tjrdd bdcabds kr odss. Rj`s accdodrat`gi cjagid `s latcjdb fy a rap`b

rdodasd kn oafkr nrkl air`cuoturd.

@g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, air`cuoturd rdla`gs prdbkl`gagt nkr rurao

pkpuoat`kgs (aotjkuij `gcrdas`gioy, gkgnarl`gi `gckldsratjdr tjag

narl`gijavd a lamkr dnndct kg pkvdrty rdbuct`kg3). Vap`b urfag`zat`kg

jas rdsuotdb `g sufstagtào bdlagb irkwtj `g tjd urfag laredts kn Anr`ca.

Rjd jìjdr vaoud kn jkrt`cuoturao crkps rdoat`vd tk stapod nkkbs `s a edy nac-

tkr. Jkrt`cuoturao prkbucts ard aosk lkrd pdr`sjafod, wj`cj laeds tjdl

lkrd oèdoy tk fd cuot`vatdb `g urfag agb pdr`-urfag ardas `g a ckgtdxt knpkkr tragspkrt kr stkraid `gnrastructurd. Rjdrd `s a idgdrao ckgsdgsus tjat

tjd jkrt`cuoturao sufsdctkr jas strkgi prkbuct`kg agb trab`gi pktdgtào,

o`l`tdb fy tjd oace kn `gnrastructurd, sucj as stkraid nacò`t`ds agb rurao

rkabs. Ikcekwse` agb Gbkulf (6882), nkr dxalpod, sjkw tjat, br`vdg

fy irkwtj `g urfag laredt bdlagb agb jìj rdoat`vd pr`cds, jkrt`cuoturd

prkv`bds a patjway nkr `gtdgs`n`cat`kg alkgi slaoojkobdrs `g skutjdrg

Caldrkkg. Jkwdvdr, gkt aoo narldrs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca nkookw tjd

sald patj agb stratdiy= narldrs dgbkwldgts agb cjaractdr`st`cs layb`nndr w`bdoy (sdd fkx 3.1 agb appdgb`x J).

Gdvdrtjdodss, rurao Anr`ca `s usuaooy cjaractdr`zdb fy sdl`sufs`stdgcd,

okw-`gput, okw-prkbuct`v`ty systdls. Oueagu, Irddg, agb Ykrtj (6889)

i`vd tjd dxalpod kn Gàssa prkv`gcd `g skutjdrg Lkzalf`qud agb

dxpoa`g tjat lkst slaoojkobdrs i`vd pr`kr`ty tk cuot`vat`gi nkkb crkps nkr

ckgsulpt`kg. Yjat oafkr t`ld `s odnt kvdr `s usdb tk cuot`vatd casj crkps.


Fkx 3.1

âr`kus Rypds kn Narldrs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca

Xdr`-urfag narldrs dgmky jìjdr pr`cds bur`gi tjd pkstjarvdst pdr`kb tjag bk

rurao slaoojkobdrs. Rjdy aosk dgmky okwdr pr`cds bur`gi tjd prdjarvdst jugiry

sdaskg tjag bk rurao slaoojkobdrs.

Slaoojkobdrs wòo sw`tcj fdtwddg gdt sdoodr agb gdt fuydr pks`t`kgs bur`gi tjd

ckursd kn tjd air`cuoturao ydar. Rjd`r prdndrdgcds vary sdaskgaooy w`tj nkkb pr`cd

b`str`fut`kgs.

Vurao, oarid cklldrcào narldrs ard lkrd oèdoy tk sdoo bur`gi tjd prdjarvdst

pdr`kb pdaes wjdg slaoojkobdrs fdckld purcjasdrs.

Skurcd= Autjkrs coass`n`cat`kg.


57/156

Ts`gi bata nrkl tjd 68848> Ijaga O`v`gi Stagbarbs Survdy, Cjalfdro`g

(688:) n`gbs tjat rurao bdvdokpldgt stratdi`ds fasdb kg dxpagb`gi dx`st-

`gi laredt cja`gs nacd cjaoodgids `g ckggdct`gi w`tj tjd fuoe kn slaoo

prkbucdrs, wjk ard odss wdoo dgbkwdb tjag avdraid stat`st`cs `gb`catd agb

ard fy nar tjd lkst guldrkus. Rjdrdnkrd, tj`s cjaptdr la`goy bdaos w`tj

slaoojkobdrs.

Argbt, Scjòodr, agb Rarp (6881) sjkw tjat tk cklpdgsatd crdb`t

`lpdb`ldgt `g rurao zkgds, prkbucdrs lust sdoo at a okwdr pr`cd tk ckvdr

d`tjdr tjd jìj rurao stkraid cksts kr tjd cksts kn tragspkrt tk okwdr-ckst

stkraid s`tds. @g tjd pdr`kbs `lldbàtdoy nkookw`gi jarvdst, rurao zkgds

tdgb tk rdoy kg okcao stkces. As tjd laredt`gi sdaskg prkirdssds, tjd pr`cd`gcrdasd `g rurao zkgds lay pusj rurao pr`cds sunn`c`dgtoy jìj tk ckvdr

cksts kn tragspkrt face nrkl urfag zkgds. Kgoy tjdg bk rurao jkusdjkobs

fdi`g tk dgmky tjd fdgdn`ts kn lkbdratd pr`cd `gcrdasds asskcàtdb w`tj

urfag stkraid. Ckgsdqudgtoy, rurao ckgsuldrs rdap a rdoat`vdoy slaoo sjard

kn tjd fdgdn`ts.

Rjd Vkod kn @gtdrldbàtd Ldags kn Rragspkrt nkr Slaoojkobdrs

As nar as tragspkrt `s ckgcdrgdb, tragspkrt fy truce `s, fy nar, tjd cjdap-

dst lkbd (pdr tkg-eòkldtdr) nkr air`cuoturao prkbucts= `t `s aolkst

18 t`lds cjdapdr tjag tragspkrt fy f`cycod agb : t`lds cjdapdr tjag

tragspkrt fy lktkrcycod (sdd tafod 3.1). Jkwdvdr, tjd stkry `s lkrd

cklpodx, fdcausd pdr eòkldtdr, tragspkrt fy truce `s lkrd tjag

18 t`lds lkrd dxpdgs`vd tjag tragspkrt fy f`cycod kr lktkrcycod, agb

`g tdrls kn casj gddb, tragspkrt fy truce `s lucj jìjdr tjag trags-

pkrt fy f`cycod kr lktkrcycod. Rjdrdnkrd, dxcdpt `g tjd casd kn oaridprkbu

Rural Road Investment Efficiency: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Uganda

Documents

Transcript of Rural Road Investment Efficiency: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Uganda