RURAL LAND RESOURCES – LITHOSPHERE For Paper II you must be able to: Refer to a case-study area on...

RURAL LAND RESOURCES – LITHOSPHERE

For Paper II you must be able to:For Paper II you must be able to:

Refer to a case-study area on the coast and :Refer to a case-study area on the coast and :1.1. Explain, with diagrams, how features in this area have Explain, with diagrams, how features in this area have

been formedbeen formed2.2. The economic and social opportunities for development The economic and social opportunities for development

created by the physical environmentcreated by the physical environment3.3. The effect of visitors on the local populaceThe effect of visitors on the local populace4.4. Restrictions that have been placed on developmentRestrictions that have been placed on development5.5. Environmental conflict in the area and efforts to resolve Environmental conflict in the area and efforts to resolve

these problemsthese problems

Our case study area will be the Dorset Coastline. Our case study area will be the Dorset Coastline.

Also been given World Heritage Site status.Also been given World Heritage Site status.


Refer to a case-study area on the coast and :Refer to a case-study area on the coast and :

1.1. Explain, with diagrams, how features in this area Explain, with diagrams, how features in this area have been formedhave been formed

Durdle Door – Sea ArchDurdle Door – Sea Arch

Old Harry’s Rocks – Stack / StumpOld Harry’s Rocks – Stack / Stump

Lulworth Cove – CoveLulworth Cove – Cove

Chesil Beach – Spit (Chesil Beach – Spit (Tombolo / Bar)Tombolo / Bar)


WHAT ARE THE DEMANDS ON THE COASTLINE?

1.1. Who wants to use it?Who wants to use it?a) Settlement d) Tourismb) Construction industry e) Heavy industryc) Natural habitat f) Scientists

2.2. Do the aims of these groups conflict with one another? Do the aims of these groups conflict with one another?

3.3. Where do possible conflicts arise and who is responsible for Where do possible conflicts arise and who is responsible for managing any problems which arise?managing any problems which arise?

Recently the Ministry for Agriculture, Farming and Fisheries Recently the Ministry for Agriculture, Farming and Fisheries (MAFF) encouraged coastal groups to be set up . Involved all local (MAFF) encouraged coastal groups to be set up . Involved all local interest groups looking at a range of issues – from coastal interest groups looking at a range of issues – from coastal defence defence environmental damage environmental damage

THE DORSET COASTLINEECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES

Breathtaking Scenery – natural features (140km of coastline)

Energy – Potential to generate wind and wave energy Fine sandy beaches – sheltered bays Conservation

Tourism: Become the most important industry Supports 25,000 people in the area Money flows into the local area – shops, restaurants, bars, tourist

attractions

Recreation: International Sailing Venue Will host the 2012 Olympic sailing events Best natural sailing waters in the UK

Natural Harbour: E.g. Poole Harbour – largest natural harbour in the UK Deep, sheltered inlet Important for rare species of birds Magnet for tourism and recreation – sheltered / beauty

THE DORSET COASTLINE

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES

Remember you may be asked about the economic and social limitations for development in your area

Try to think of this on a land user by land user basis:1. Residents?2. Tourists?3. Heavy Industry?


ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT

You will be asked for examples of environmental conflict

which have occurred in a named coastal area.

1. Development in Poole Harbour PROBLEMPROBLEM SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

4,000 boats in the harbour at peakCommercial port and oil drillingPassenger ferries between islands

Zoning of water usersZoning of water users

Quiet areas have been Quiet areas have been encouragedencouraged

Range of water sports Range of water sports competing against a number of competing against a number of quieter leisure pursuits (bird-quieter leisure pursuits (bird-watching)watching)

Encourage pleasure boats to Encourage pleasure boats to go out to sea and not remain go out to sea and not remain in harbourin harbour

Harbour is increasingly popular – Harbour is increasingly popular – large number of visitors. large number of visitors.

- Pollution, congestion, litter, - Pollution, congestion, litter, erosion of footpaths etc.erosion of footpaths etc.

Encourage visitors to come at Encourage visitors to come at quiter times of year – quiter times of year – promotionspromotions

Involve all groups in a Involve all groups in a management planmanagement plan



2. Lulworth Cove

PROBLEMPROBLEM SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSMost visitors come in the short summer seasonLocals complain of noise, litter etc

Promote year round tourismPromote year round tourism

Environmental protection Environmental protection information included in exhibitionsinformation included in exhibitions

90% of visitors come by car or coach 90% of visitors come by car or coach – inconsiderate parking– inconsiderate parking

Large car park built and managed Large car park built and managed by the Lulworth Estateby the Lulworth Estate

Profits used to subsidise public Profits used to subsidise public transport linkstransport links

Mini-roundabout to ease Mini-roundabout to ease congestioncongestion

Shops increase pricesShops increase prices

Second home ownership pushes Second home ownership pushes house prices uphouse prices up

Provide more local authority Provide more local authority housing / subsidised housing for housing / subsidised housing for localslocals

Visitors disturb environmentally Visitors disturb environmentally sensitive areassensitive areas

Restrict access to certain areasRestrict access to certain areas

More attractions – spread peopleMore attractions – spread people


GENERIC SOLUTION:

MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION

Management Plan has been created to: Coordinate efforts between different interest groups Monitor the impact of visitors on the local area Detail proposals for:

Conservation (Science and Conservation Advisory Group)

Access Education (Gateways Towns Group + Education

Working Group) Science

Aim is to create sustainable development in the area – i.e. development

which does not damage the environment. Difficulty is trying to encourage visitors whilst taking measures to limit damaging effects.


ADVANTAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Employment opportunities More money put into local economy Improvements in local infrastructure

Roads and railways improved New libraries, leisure services



GENERIC PROBLEMS

Traffic congestion on narrow country roads Erosion of coastal paths by increased

number of visitors Increase in the price of holiday homes Seasonal employment Pollution Increased domestic refuse and sewage Disruption of environmentally sensitive

areas


COASTAL DEFENCE

The problems of coastal erosion Efforts to protect the coastline

BBC ClipBBC Scotland – Learning Zone

These measures are necessary in a number of areas across the UK – E.g. Wales and Norfolk:

Coastal Protection in the UK


COASTAL DEFENCE – WHY?

Importance of beaches: E.g. Weymouth and Bournemouth rely on

Tourism. Also many settlements are located at the coast.

You should be aware of a range of measures taken to protect the

Dorset coast. Broadly these split into two groups:

1. Soft Defences2. Hard Defences


1. What is the difference between hard and soft defences?

HARD DEFENCEInvolve major engineering works:

1. Sea Walls

2. Groynes

3. Breakwater

SEA DEFENCE GROYNES - BOURNEMOUTH


1. What is the difference between hard and soft defences?

SOFT DEFENCEInvolves minimal human interference, natural processes of beach renewal are promoted:

1. Beach Nourishment

2. Planting vegetation on sand dunes


Preston Beach Road, Weymouth

The Problem: Longshore Drift removing shingle – often led to flooding /

closure of A353 Want to reduce wave energy reaching foreshore Need to give protection without having a negative effect on

other parts of the coastline

Solution: Beach nourishment Adding sand and shingle – needs replaced on a regular basis Acts as a barrier to storm waves Cost = £6.5m

REVISION CARDS

TASKOne revision technique is to use filing cards to collate notes on.

Use the cards you have been given to create notes on the Dorset

coastline

1. At the top of the card put the name of the unit – Environmental Interactions: Rural Land Resources (It can be a good idea to colour code your cards by topic, or number them etc.). Underneath write the case study area

2. Take a separate card and write brief notes on each of the following – remember to include place names and statistics where possible:

a. Economic and Social Opportunities afforded by the landscape

b. Economic and Social Limitations

PAPER II – PAST PAPER QUESTION

PAPER II QUESTIONS ARE WORTH 50 MARKS(If you are looking at questions before 2008 double the marks!)

THEY WILL BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SECTIONS

RURAL LAND RESOURCES – TYPICAL QUESTION

1. Question about features in an area you have studied (20) (You must give named examples of physical features)

2. Question about National Parks or EU/UK Rural Policies (10)

3. Question(s) about (20):a. Economic and Social Opportunities / Limitationsb. Impact of Development / Land Use Conflictsc. Solutions and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Solutions


PAPER II 2007

Rural Land Resources – Always Question 1

Section 1 – You must answer ONE question from this section

This instruction will not be there this year

You must choose the Rural Land Resources question!

You have approximately 37 minutes to answer the whole question

Less than a minute per mark!


PART 1

Describe and suggest reasons for the location of Britain’s National Parks (10 marks)

THINK:

Describe where they areExplain why they are found here


PART 1

Describe and suggest reasons for the location of Britain’s National

Parks (10 marks)

Assess out of 5 allowing up to 3 marks for descriptive points which could include references to there only being two National Parks in Scotland yet a high concentration in northern England (4) and in Wales (3). Candidates could also note the absence of N.P’s in central and south-eastern England.

Explanations for their location ought to focus on such points as the scenic diversity and differing attractions of the various National Parks as well as on accessibility and proximity to urban (catchment) areas.


PART 2

Describe some of the benefits which tourists has brought

THINK:

You must include case study informationNumbers, values, place namesCan be worth as much as two marksMay get marked out of 50% if you do not include


PART 2

Describe some of the benefits which tourists has brought

Benefits brought by an influx of tourists might include:

• new job opportunities for local people • increased business for shops, hotels and restaurants • more wealth generated in the local economy – “multiplier effect” • increased property prices • improved services (eg sports and leisure facilities) and transport links

(eg up-graded roads, more frequent bus services) • less need for young people to leave the area • increased expenditure on conserving the amenities of the area


PART 2

For an area you have studied suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism can be tackled

(20 marks)

THINK:20 marks over two questions – probably aiming for ten in eachYou must give solutionsYou must say how effective these have been

If you do not do both of these things you will be marked out of half the available marks – NO MATTER HOW GOOD YOUR ANSWER IS

You must include: real solutions, values, place names, names of agencies

etc.


PART 2

Suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism can

be tackled (20 marks for both sections of part two)

MARKING INSTRUCTIONS:

Assess out of 10 awarding up to 6 marks for either part.

Answers which fail to offer any evaluation of solutions attempted should score a maximum of 9.

Award up to 1 mark for authentic named examples, eg The Goyt Valley Traffic Management Scheme in the Peak District or the ‘Fix the Fells’ initiative in the Lake District (a £5million, 7 year project to fully repair 145 identified footpaths).


PART 2

Suggest and evaluate ways in which the negative effects of tourism can be tackled (20 marks for both sections of part two)

Tackling the negative effects of tourism could include mention of: • attempted solutions to traffic and congestion problems such as the provision of more parking facilities; promoting park and ride schemes; improving and encouraging the use of public transport; building by-passes or ring roads • the role of visitor education through information centres, leaflets, improved signposting, promoting alternative attractions to reduce pressure on existing honeypots • ways of restoring or preserving footpaths – eg cutting steps into the limestone at Malham Cove to safe guard paths, laying “terram”, fencing off vulnerable areas to restrict access.

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