A.A.J.K.Eranga11/AG/765EG - 765Oct,03, 2016 Rural Development & Techniques

2IntroductionSummary of rural developmentDevelopment techniques & methodsEmpowerment of ruralKeys to empowermentPower decentralizationGood governanceParticipation of rural communityIntegrated system of rural developmentPresent status & ProgrammesConclusionQuestions & discussion

Content

Rural development (RD)is an action that taken to improve living standard of rural people via different approaches.Rural areas are facing major challenges which arise from globalization, demographic change & rural migration of young, well-trained people.Integrated Rural Development (IRD)is a programme concept that covers the majority of our activities. Its what we assist rural communities in making sustainable improvements in living conditions in all aspects of daily life. Any approach to RD is essential to carry after an proper evaluation of existing situation of community already in. as a summery can provide those things as follows,

Introduction3

Summary

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Key aspectsEmpowerment of rural peoplePower decentralizationGood governanceParticipation of rural community

Add your procedure hereRD techniques / Methods

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Empowerment of rural peopleEarlier strategies stated that theyre lack of efficiency & productive to meet economical aspects of rural community.It requires management structure to change their attitudes & behavior.Important decades of 1950 1960s & 1970 1980sThere are several pros and cons in such programs Self help groups & role of NGO in RD.

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Keys to Empowerment of rural7

Decentralizing he power is distributing authority & responsibility among people tThis Is a key factor of good governance too.Some policies are critical to decentralized due to enhance the participation, efficiency & also the equity.

efficiencyPower DecentralizationIdentifying local prioritiesPotentials & resources of participationImplementation & sustainable Mgt of projects 8

Equity

Participation Power Decentralization cont.Providing proper Gov. admin serviceSuch as, Health Education Child care Housing Public transportation etc.Identification & mobilizing resourcesDeploy resources according to participation needs9

Its mentioned as enhancing fact of reducing poverty. This connected with decentralization of power.It helps in, - Visioning of development projects - Demonstrate to realize the vision - Develop the administrative

Governing acts in other countriesInternational over view & traits of good governanceGood governance

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Sensitizing people to make them more responsive to development programs & to encourage local initiatives & self-help.The more participation is better than less & that past development strategies failed through its absence.Participation as a mean - use of participation to achieve some pre-determined goals, achieve aims & objectives of development programs & projects more efficiently, effectively or cheaply (Burkey, 1993; Nelson and Wright, 1995; Oakley, 1991).Participation as an end - an active, dynamic, genuine process which unfolds over time & whose purpose is to develop, strengthen capabilities of rural people to intervene more directly in development initiatives (Cooke and Kothari, 2001; Oakley, 1991) Participation of rural community11

Participation as MeansParticipation as EndImplies use of participation to achieve some predetermined goals/objectives.Attempts to empower people to participate more meaningfully.An attempt to utilize the existing resources in order to achieve the objectives of programs/projects.It attempt to ensure the increased role of people in development initiatives.Motivation is on achieving objective & not so much on act of participation itself.The focus is on improving the ability of the people to participate rather than just in achieving the predetermined objectives of the project.More common in government programs, where main concern is to mobilize the community & involve them in improving of the delivery system.This view finds relatively less favor with the government agencies. NGOs in principle agree with this viewpoint.Participation is generally short term.Viewed as a long term process.Appears to be a passive form of participation.Relatively more active and long term.

Participation of rural community cont.12

There are several approaches to community participation in rural development.

Barriers for effective participation

Participation of rural community cont.Self-Help ApproachBasic need approachParticipatory rural appraisalThe political conditions/power structures of the country and project area.Legislative obstaclesAdministrative obstaclesSocio-cultural impediments Other obstacles

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There are several key factors that helpful in promote participationSensitizing governmentsPromoting policy dialoguesInitializing the planning & implementation in large scale projectsSystematic sensitizationIncreasing supportActions taken by NGOs

There are several facts that Strategies to promote effective participation14

Level Characteristics of each type (why participate)1. Passive ParticipationBy being told what is going to happen or has already happened. It is a unilateral announcement by leaders/project mgt without listening to peoples responses or opinion. 2. Participation in Information GivingBy answering questions posed by extractive researchers using questionnaire surveys or similar approaches. People do not have opportunity to influence proceedings, as the findings of the research are neither shared nor checked for accuracy. 3. Participation by ConsultationBy being consulted, and external people listen to views. They define both problems & solutions, may modify these in light of peoples responses. It doesnt concede any share in decision-making, professionals are under no obligation to take on board peoples views.4. Participation for Material IncentivesBy providing resources, (e.g. labour, in return for food, cash or other material incentives). It is common to see this called participation, yet people have no stake in prolonging activities when the incentives end.5. Functional ParticipationBy forming groups to meet predetermined objectives related to the project, which can involve the development/promotion of externally initiated social organisation. It doesnt tend to occur at the early stages of project cycles or planning, but after major decisions have been made. These institutions tend to be dependent on external initiators & facilitators, but may become self-dependent. 6. Interactive ParticipationIn joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formation of new local institutions or the strengthening of existing ones. It tends to involve interdisciplinary methodologies that seek multiple perspectives and make use of systematic and structured learning processes. These groups take control over local decisions, and so people have a stake in maintaining structures or practices.7. Self-MobilisationBy taking initiatives independent of external institutions to change systems. They develop contacts with external institutions for resources and technical advice they need, but retain control over how resources are used. Such self-initiated mobilisation and collective action may or may challenge existing inequitable distributions of wealth and power.

Source: Adapted from Pretty (1995, p.1252) and Kumar (2002, pp.24-25).15

Integrated system of rural development (IRD)Source - "Disintegration, the reason for policy failure an analytical model of integrated rural development By: Gusztv Nemes (Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2015)16

Integrated rural development (IRD)Its a process through which one economic, social, environmental, cultural resources of rural communities are organized in order to achieve & sustain the long term viability of those communities.

Differences of integrated & non integrated development models are,Flow of resourcesFlow of informationLevel of advancement & local development systems17

Present status & Programmes18

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19Rural women in sustainable developmentAids & NGOs roleGovernment role of rural developmentWhat actually people required??Conclusion

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Questions & Discussion21

Rural Community Development

In line with the Mahinda Chinthana vision of the government, lot of money has been allocated to

develop economic and social infrastructure in the rural and estate sector in order to improve

living status of the community living in rural and estate sector.

To go on par with the Mahinda Chinthana policy, Rural Community Development Projects are

implemented every year through Plantation Human Development Trust, Saumyamoorthi

Thondaman Memorial Foundation as well as Local authorities, Divisional Secretariats and

District Secretariats.

There are three programs,

1. Livelihood and basic facility improvement in rural areas.

2. Socio-economic development in lagging areas.

3. Estate housing programme.

Livelihood and Basic Facility Improvement in Rural Areas

The main objective - To create self employment through skills development.

This programme is implemented through the Saumyamoorthi Thondaman Memorial

Foundation which comes under the purview of this Ministry.

The financial allocation received by the Treasury for this programme in 2012 is Rs.200

million and 146 million has been spent within the year 2012.

Following projects have been implemented in year 2012.

1. Prajashakthi and Navashakthi Development Programme

46 Prajashakthi centers in island wide provide computer training programme and internet

facilities to the estate sector youth and school leavers.

Navashakthi programme provide loan facilities to the self employees in the estate sector

and encourage them to do the self employment in order to earn additional income.

Major achievements in 2012

Maintaining and operating 46 Prajashakthi Centers

32,556 Students have been registered and trained at the centers from 2006 up to 2012.

3990 students have been registered at the Prajashakthi centers during the year 2012

Provided loan facilities to 349 entrepreneurs

2. Sports and Cultural Development Programme

The objective - To develop skills in sports and cultural activities in the estate sector.

The Norwood Thondaman Sport Complex provide various type of sports facilities to

youths and encourage them to participate in sports.

The Ramboda Cultural Center provide facilities to the youth to perform cultural activities

Major achievements in 2012

Conducted Karnatic Music,Veena,Mirudangam,Violen and Dancing classes for 60

students

This Aesthetic College is having capacity to train 240 student per annum by 2013

Gymnasium and indoor Badminton court were opened in July 2012.

83 students have registered with the Thondamand Sport Complex to use the facilities of

indoor badminton court and the gymnasium.

3. Vocational Training Programmes

Thondaman Vocational Training Center provides vocational training for youth. Under this

scheme there were 15 courses have been conducted.

Major achievements in 2012

352 Youths were trained

Training capacity has been increased as averages of 400 youths per annum

Socio Economic Development in lagging areas

The main objectives - To cater the basic needs of the rural sector which were not covered by

national level programmes and to incorporate them into the national level agenda.

The financial allocation received by the Treasury for this programme in 2012 is Rs 350

Million.

The Ministry implements project such as access roads, steps, foot paths, school

upgrading, water supply schemes ,re-roofing , improvements of health care and sanitary

facilities, development of religious and cultural centers and providing sports facilities

using this funds to develop the socio economic conditions of the underprivileged

community.

This programme is mainly implemented through PHDT (Plantain Human Development

Trust), Local Authorities and Divisional Secretariats.

191.6 million has been spent during the year 2012

Progress of the project of Socio Economic Development in Lagging Areas in 2012

Physical progress -2012

Category No of

projects

Completed In Progress

1. Water Projects 34 2 32

2. Access Road Development projects 79 6 73

3. School building & Other School Projects 16 7 9

4. Religious & cultural development

projects

10 1 9

5. Sports Projects 17 5 12

6. Healthcare & Sanitation (units) 8 0 8

7. Common Amenities 19 7 12

8. Re- roofing (units) 7 0 7

Total Expenditure 190 28 162

Estate Housing Programme

The main objective - Provide shelter to needy families in the estates

This project is implemented through National Housing Development Authority and

Plantation Human Development Trust

The Total allocation for the year 2012 is Rs.140 million and out of this Rs.91.18 millions

has been spent up to 31st December.

National Housing Development Authority- Self Help Housing Program and Special

Projects

A beneficiary family will receive 07 perches block of land under this scheme .The cost of

a house will be Rs 225,000 out of which Rs 100,000 will be a loan while the balance Rs

125,000 will be a grant.

The Estate Housing project was handed over to this ministry at the end of the year 2010

and by that time construction of 1248 houses under the NHDA was in progress. From that

397 houses were completed during the year 2011.

833 numbers of houses (continuations from 2011) are being constructed within this year

and out of that 326 houses were completed by the 31st December 2012.

Progress of the Housing program implemented through the NHDA

District No of Houses in progress

2012

Completed Houses in 2012

Badulla 299 51

Rathnapura 74 26

Nuwara Eliya 140 110

Kandy 160 57

Galle 58 53

Matara 68 13

Kurunegala 10 05

Kalutara 24 11

Total 833 326

Plantation Human Development Trust - New life Housing Program

A beneficiary family will receive 07 perches block of land under this scheme. The cost of

a house in the phase 1 is Rs 440,000 out of which Rs 200,000 is a loan while the balance

Rs 240,000 is a grant.

The amount of loan offered for this new life housing program was increased by Rs

75,000 within this year. Accordingly a loan of Rs 275,000 and a grant of Rs 240,000 are

spent for the houses coming under the phase 11. The total cost of a house has been

increased from Rs.440, 000/= to Rs.515, 000/= during the year 2012.

Construction works on 673 houses were in progress within this year including

continuation projects from 2011 and newly approved projects in 2012.

Region

No of Houses in

progress 2012

Completed Houses in

2012

Galle 60 -

Rathnapura 80 25

Badulla 210 45

Kegalle 15 -

Kandy 76 25

Hatton 116 -

Nuwara Eliya 116 -

Total 673 95

Rural Development Programme-Infrastructure facilities Development, Special Development Programme, Special Gammana

Development Programme and Gampubudu Revolving Fund

There are four Programmes implemented by the Rural Development Division in 2009

i. Infrastructure Facilities Development Programme

This programme is implemented island wide and target is to complete 12240 Projects.

ii. Special Development Programme

Target is to complete 550 Projects. This is being implemented by selected Districts, according to their proposals.

iii. Special Gammana Development Programme

The prime objective of this Programme is to develop some selected Grama Niladari Divisions from the 3060 Grama Niladari Divisions in every aspects as model projects.

iv. Gampubudu Revolving Fund

Our target is to implement 10598 Projects from this Fund. We have been recovered 164.6 Mn. Island wide at this moment. This fund is being used to implement

Livelihood Projects and 50% of the Samurdhi Authoritys contribution will be recovered.

Under Infrastructure Facilities Development, following tasks are performed

Concreting Rural Roads & flight of steps

Project of Irrigation Cannels, Tanks and Lakes

Mini Hydropower Plants

Drinking water & common water supply,

Minor Bridges & Culverts

Projects of Environment Protection

The ways of which these projects could be reachable to the villages are done after Identification of necessities of the villages and to get approvals through Jana Saba After

that recommendation of Divisional Secretary & District Secretary to be forward to the Samurdhi Authority

System of implementing the projects are done Under the Samurdhi Development programme in the Divisional Secretariat.

At least 20% of community participation should be used and Construction of contract system is prohibited.

Monitoring & Evaluation are done District Secretary, Divisional Secretary, and Samurdhi Manager & Samurdhi Development Officer.

Organizing Rural women to establish women societies based on the Grama seva divisions of the respective Divisional Secretariat

Objectives of establishing a womens society

Organizing Womens Societies at grass-root level

Movement of leadership skills of women

Mobilizing savings and credit facilities

Training on financial recording

Programs for exchange of experience among Womens Societies

Capacity building programs

Each Society which has been established should be registered under the Womens Bureau, Minimum of 10 Womens Societies has to be established within the respective division

Eligibility

Any woman who is over 18 years old could join this Society

Note: Minimum number of members for one Womens Society should be 20

Source - http://www.gic.gov.lk/gic/index.php