RURAL BUILDINGSAPHRDI/A… · · 2018-01-22i. brick masonry in cement mortar a ... c. rat trap...

RURAL BUILDINGS

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS

• PROTO-TYPE DESIGNS FOR DIFFERENT BUILDINGS

CAN BE ADOPTED TO SUIT LOCAL CONDITIONS

• IN AREAS PRONE TO NATURAL CALAMITIES LIKE

CYCLONES, FLOODS, EARTH QUAKES ETC., DISASTER

RESILIENT FEATURES SHOULD BE BUILT IN.

• NATURAL FACTORS SUCH AS RAIN FALL, WIND

DIRECTIONS, SUN MOVEMENT WILL BE CONSIDERED

FOR DECIDING IN ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING.

• AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS,

SITE TOPOGRAPHY, VEGETATION ETC., SHOULD BE

CONSIDERED IN BUILDING DESIGN.

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NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2005 :

• DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES & GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

• FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY

• BUILDING MATERIALS

• STRUCTURAL DESIGN

• CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY

• BUILDING SERVICES: LIGHTING AND VENTILATION, ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED INSTALLATIONS, AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION, ACOUSTICS, SOUND INSULATION AND NOISE CONTROL, INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS ETC.

• PLUMBING SERVICES: WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE AND SANITATION(INCLUDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT), GAS SUPPLY

• LANDSCAPE, SIGNS, AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES: LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGNS, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES

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SELECTION OF SITES & BUILDING ORIENTATION

• PLANNING:

➢ SITE INSPECTION AND CONDUCTING SITE SURVEY.

➢ FIRST STEP OF PLANNING IS PREPARING THE MARK OUT

PLAN DULY INDICATING THE EXISTING STRUCTURES

➢MINIMUM SITE AREA AS PER REQUIREMENT

• PREFERABLY – RECTANGULAR SHAPE.• FREE FROM HT LINES, FLOOD PRONE & WATER LOGGED

AREAS.• BUILDING TO BE LOCATED NORTH TO SOUTH FOR BETTER

VENTILATION.• VAASTU – CONCEPTS MAY BE ADOPTED

• DISTANCE FROM ELECTRIC LINES:

VERANDAH, BALCONY, OR THE LIKE SHALL NOT BE ERECTED OR RE-ERECTED

OR

ANY ADDITIONS OR ALTERATIONS MADE TO A BUILDING SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUCTED WITHIN THE DISTANCES QUOTED BELOW

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Vertically Horizontallyin m in m

a)Low and medium voltage lines and 2.5 1.2 service lines

b) High voltage lines up to and including 3.7 1.2 11 OOOV

c) High voltage lines above 11 000 V 3.7 2 and up to and including 33000 v

d) Extra high voltage line beyond 3.7 + 0.3 m 2 + 0.3 m33000 V for every additional 33000 v or part)

BUILDING COMPONENTS:• FOUNDATIONS :

➢ DESIGN FOUNDATIONS BASED ON SBC OF THE SOIL. THE DEPTH AND WIDTH SHOULD BE BASED ON SBC.

➢ TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS:

OPEN FOUNDATIONS

STRAP FOUNDATION

STUB FOUNDATION

STRIP FOUNDATION

RAFT FOUNDATION

ARCH FOUNDATION

COLUMN FOOTINGS

PILE FOUNDATIONI. SINGLE OR GROUP OR UNDER REAMED PILE FOUNDATION 6

➢ SUB STRUCTURE:

IN CONVENTIONAL METHOD I.E., FOR OPEN FOUNDATIONS IT CAN BE WITH R.R.

/ STONE / BRICK MASONRY.

IN RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE OVER FOOTINGS PEDESTAL AND COLUMNS WILL BE

PROVIDED.

FOR PILE FOUNDATION PILE WILL COME UP TO GROUND LEVEL WITH PILE CAPPING.

➢ PLINTH BEAMS: ARE PROVIDED AT GROUND LEVEL OR AT BASEMENT LEVEL.

➢ SUPER STRUCTURE:

➢ I. BRICK MASONRY IN CEMENT MORTAR

➢ A. ENGLISH BOND

➢ B. FLEMISH BOND

➢ C. RAT TRAP BOND

III. STONE MASONRY EITHER CRS OR RR STONE

III. FLY ASH BRICK MASONRY

IV. STONE BLOCK MASONRY

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➢ LINTELS: PROVIDED OVER OPENINGS, DOORS AND

WINDOWS. THEY CAN BE MADE OF R.C.C., BRICK

ARCH, STONE OR WOOD.

➢ SUNSHADES: RCC OR GI SHEET

RCC SUNSHADES ARE PROVIDED ALONG WITH

LINTELS

➢ ROOFING:

A. RCC

B. TILED ROOFING

C. SHEET ROOFING

RCC ROOFING: BEAMS AND SLABS ARE DESIGNED

BASED ON SPANS. MINIMUM M20 GRADE CONCRETE ,

IN COASTAL AREAS MINIMUM M30

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• DOORS AND WINDOWS:

➢ TEAK WOOD OR COUNTRY WOOD CAN BE ADOPTED

➢ FLUSH SHUTTERS FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS , GLASS SHUTTERS

FOR WINDOWS USED TO REDUCE WOODEN CONSUMPTION

➢ MS DOORS / MS WINDOWS ARE ALSO USED

FITTINGS: HANDLES, YOWER BOLTS, HINGES, ALDROPS

• FLOORING: STONE FLOORING

▪ CONCRETE FLOORING

▪ TILED FLOORING

PAINTING / WHITE WASHING

WALLS: SNOWCEM, PLASTIC EMULSION , ETC., OR WHITE / COLOUR

WASHING

DOORS AND WINDOWS: ENAMEL PAINTING

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WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

• WATER SUPPLY: TO BE CONNECTED TO VILLAGE WATER SUPLY

SCHEME OR SEPARATE WELL/BORE WELL

• SANITATION:

➢ INDIAN WC OR WESTERN WC

➢ SEPTIC TANK OR LEACH PIT LATRINES

• ELECTRICITY

PROPER WIRING AND FIXTURES

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IMPORTANT FEATURES TO BE ADOPTED AND IMPLEMENTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A PUBLIC BUILDING1. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION OF ROOMS:

• THE MINIMUM AGGREGATE AREA OF OPENINGS, EXCLUDING

DOORS INCLUSIVE OF FRAMES, SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN:

A) ONE-TENTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR DRY HOT CLIMATE;

B) ONE-SIXTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR WET HOT CLIMATE;

C) ONE-EIGHTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR INTERMEDIATE

CLIMATE; AND

D) ONE-TWELFTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR COLD CLIMATE.

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2. WATER CLOSET/BATHROOM:

A) THE SIZE OF INDEPENDENT WATER-CLOSET SHALL BE 0.90 M

WITH MINIMUM WIDTH OF 0.9 M;

B) THE SIZE OF INDEPENDENT BATHROOM SHALL BE 1.20 M WITH A

MINIMUM WIDTH OF 1.0 M;

C) THE SIZE OF COMBINED BATHROOM AND WATER CLOSET SHALL

BE 1.80 M WITH MINIMUM WIDTH OF 1.0 M.

3. BALCONY: THE MINIMUM WIDTH OF INDIVIDUAL BALCONY,

WHERE PROVIDED, SHALL BE 0.9M AND SHALL NOT BE MORE

THAN 1.2M AND IT SHALL NOT PROJECT BEYOND THE PLOT LINE

AND ON ROADS OR PATHWAY.

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4. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

MEANT FOR USE OF PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED:

A. RAMPS WITH GRADIENTS: WHERE RAMPS WITH GRADIENTS ARE

NECESSARY OR DESIRED, THEY SHALL CONFORM TO THE

FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS.

• A RAMP WHEN PROVIDED SHOULD NOT HAVE A SLOPE GREATER

THAN 1 IN 20 OR MAXIMUM OF 1 IN 12 FOR SHORT DISTANCE UP

TO 9000 MM.

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B. DOORS AND DOORWAYS

• DOOR WIDTH:

➢ TO ENABLE WHEELCHAIR USERS TO PASS THROUGH DOORS, THE

MINIMUM CLEAR WIDTH SHOULD BE 900MM AND SHALL BE

OPERABLE BY A SINGLE EFFORT.

➢ IN CERTAIN CASES THE CLEAR WIDTH SHOULD BE 900MM TO

1000M

➢ FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE WHEELCHAIR HAS TO BE TURNED IN THE

DOORWAY, WHERE THERE IS A DOOR-CLOSER OR AT ENTRANCE

DOORS TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND IN OTHER SITUATIONS WHERE

THERE IS CONSIDERABLE TRAFFIC.

• SIDE-HUNG DOORS:

➢ TO FACILITATE WHEELCHAIR MANEUVER, DOORS SHOULD BE

HUNG WITH THE HINGES IN ROOM CORNERS.

➢ DOORS OPENING OUT INTO CORRIDORS OR CIRCULATION

SPACES SHOULD BE AVOIDED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE.

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C. SANITARY FACILITIES SHALL HAVE AT LEAST ONE WATER CLOSET

CUBICAL FOR THE AMBULANT DISABLED, THAT:

• IS 900 MM WIDE;

• IS AT LEAST 1500 MM, PREFERABLY 1600 MM DEEP;

• HAS A DOOR (WHERE DOORS ARE USED), THAT IS,

• 800 MM WIDE AND SWINGS OUT;

• HAS HANDRAILS ON EACH SIDE, 780 MM HIGH AND

• PARALLEL TO THE FLOOR, 40 MM CLEARANCE BETWEEN RAIL AND WALL,

AND FASTENED SECURELY AT ENDS AND CENTRE; AND

• HAS A WATER-CLOSET WITH THE SEAT 500 MM FROM THE FLOOR.

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• LIFE SAFETY

• GENERAL

• EVERY BUILDING SHALL BE SO CONSTRUCTED, EQUIPPED,

MAINTAINED AND OPERATED AS TO AVOID UNDUE DANGER

TO THE LIFE AND SAFETY OF THE OCCUPANTS FROM FIRE,

SMOKE, FUMES OR PANIC DURING THE TIME PERIOD

NECESSARY FOR ESCAPE.

• GENERAL EXIT REQUIREMENTS

• AN EXIT MAY BE A DOORWAY; CORRIDOR; PASSAGEWAY(S)

TO AN INTERNAL STAIRCASE, OR EXTERNAL STAIRCASE, OR

TO A VERANDAH OR TERRACE(S), WHICH HAVE ACCESS TO

THE STREET, OR TO THE ROOF OF A BUILDING OR A REFUGE

AREA.

• AN EXIT MAY ALSO INCLUDE A HORIZONTAL EXIT LEADING TO

AN ADJOINING BUILDING AT THE SAME LEVEL.

• LIFTS AND ESCALATORS SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED AS

EXITS.

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• NUMBER OF EXITS: THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF

NUMBER OF EXITS SHALL SUPPLEMENT THE REQUIREMENT

OF DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES.

• ALL BUILDINGS, WHICH ARE 15M IN HEIGHT OR ABOVE, AND

ALL BUILDINGS USED AS EDUCATIONAL, ASSEMBLY,

INSTITUTIONAL, INDUSTRIAL, STORAGE, AND HAZARDOUS

OCCUPANCIES AND MIXED OCCUPANCIES WITH ANY OF THE

AFORESAID OCCUPANCIES, HAVING AREA MORE THAN 500M2

ON EACH FLOOR SHALL HAVE A MINIMUM OF TWO

STAIRCASES.

• THEY SHALL BE OF ENCLOSED TYPE; AT LEAST ONE OF THEM

SHALL BE ON EXTERNAL WALLS OF BUILDINGS AND SHALL

OPEN DIRECTLY TO THE EXTERIOR, INTERIOR OPEN SPACE OR

TO AN OPEN PLACE OF SAFETY.

• THE PROVISION OR OTHERWISE OF ALTERNATIVE

STAIRCASES SHALL BE SUBJECT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF

TRAVEL DISTANCE BEING COMPLIED WITH.

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• NOTWITHSTANDING THE DETAILED PROVISION FOR EXITS, THE

FOLLOWING MINIMUM WIDTH SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR

STAIRCASES:

• RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (DWELLINGS) L.0M

• RESIDENTIAL HOTEL BUILDINGS 1.5 M

• ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS LIKE AUDITORIUM, THEATRES AND

CINEMAS 2.0 M

• EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS 1.5M

• INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS LIKE HOSPITALS 2.0M

• ALL OTHER BUILDINGS 1.5M

• THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF RISER SHALL BE 190MM FOR

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND 150MM FOR OTHER BUILDINGS

AND THE NUMBER SHALL BE LIMITED TO 15 PER FLIGHT.

• IN PRACTICE WE ADOPT 11 STEPS PER FLIGHT AND 150MM

RISERS AND 250MM TREAD FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

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The design of staircase shall also take into account the following:

a)The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m.

b) For building 15m in height or more, access to main staircase shall be through afire/smoke check door of a minimum 2 hrs fire resistance rating.

• HEIGHT OF BUILDING:

• THE HEIGHT OF BUILDING SHALL NOT EXCEED 15 M.

• NOTES

• 1 FOR BUILDINGS UP TO THE HEIGHT OF 15 M, THERE IS NO

NEED TO PROVIDE LIFTS.

• 2 HOUSING FOR THE LOW-INCOME GROUP SHALL

PREFERABLY BE UP TO A MAXIMUM OF TWO STOREYS.

• 3 BUILDINGS FOR HOUSING BEYOND 15 M IN HEIGHT SHOULD

BE RESORTED TO IN EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND IT

SHOULD BE GOVERNED BY PROVISIONS LAID DOWN IN THIS

CODE.

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REQUIREMENT OF NO. OF WCS, ABLUTION TAPS, URINALS, WASHBASINS, DRINKING WATER FOUNTAINS, CLEANER’S SINK FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS ARE TABULATED BELOW:

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ADOPTION OF APPROPRIATE

TECHNOLOGIES

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Prior to RCC / Concrete technology , Type of structures using

conventional methods are

➢Stone structures with lime or mud mortars.

➢ Mud houses with thatched roofing.

➢Timber houses.

Draw backs of conventional methods :

➢Originally they are not designed to resist earthquake pressure.

➢Now designs have modified to suit earthquake pressure also by introducing

CC bands and vertical reinforcement.

➢This will increase the utilisation of high energy materials like steel and

cement.

NEED TO ADOPT APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES:

• THE BASIC CONCEPT FOR ADOPTION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES IS

TO:

➢ MINIMISE THE UTILISATION OF HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS LIKE CEMENT &

STEEL ETC.

➢ PROVIDE MORE LABOUR INTENSIVE

➢ ADOPTION OF COST EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, LOCAL TRADITIONS

➢ UTILISATION OF LOCAL MATERIALS 25

Appropriate Technologies

Construction of Building is broadly divided into the following:

1)Sub – Structure2)Super Structure3)Roofing4)Finishings

1.Sub-structure:

1. Foundations: Type of foundation is based on soils and its safe bearing capacities

i) In hard soils: Preferably Stub or Arch or concrete & masonry with stone or brick

ii) Loose & filled up soils: Individual footings or strip foundation

iii) BC soils: Under reamed piles with single or double bulbs

Stub Foundation: Maximum C/C distance between Two stubs is 2.50m

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Arch Foundation

Arch Foundations: Under Construction

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Arch Foundation

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d. Basement:

i) RR Masonry/ Solid CC Blocks with Damp Proof Course on top and Plinth beam in Medium and loose soils

ii) Basement height to be decided depending up on site conditions, water

logging areas etc.

2. Super structure: Brick masonry, doors & windows:

I) Brick Masonry:

a. Materials : Bricks / Blocks:

i) 2nd class

ii) wire cut

iii) mud with 5% of cement sun dried

iv) flyash

v) stone blocks

b) Masonry:

i)English ‘or’ Flemish bonds in framed/ conventional type of construction using 2nd class or wire cut or flyash bricks or stone blocks or Mud Blocks or Compressed Stabilised Earthen Blocks

ii) English ‘or’ Flemish with pilasters of appropriate sizes at appropriate places

for conventional building construction using mud bricks.

iii) Rat trap bond for framed / conventional method of construction using 2nd

class, wire cut, flyash and Compressed Stabilised Earthen Blocks (CSEB)

iv) With Mud mortar

II)Lintels:i) Brick Archii) Brickiii) Stoneiv) Wooden (seasoned wood)v) RCCvi) Precastvii) Stone

III ) Doors & Windows:

viii) Wooden frame & shuttersix) RCC frame Wooden Shuttersx) MS frame & shutters

IV)Ventilators:ii) Precast CCiii) Brick Lintels

TECHNOLOGIES:

Brick jali work20

Glass bottle panels37

3) Roofing with:

i. RCC

ii. Filler Material

iii. Tile

iv. Sheet (AC, GI etc.)

v. Stone

vi. Wooden

Mangalore Tiled Roofing with Precast RCC Rafters

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JACK ARCH FERRO CEMENT ROOF SLAB

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WAFFLE SLAB

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Brick Slab (Circular Room with Sloped Roofing)

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Filler Slab With I Section for Sloped Roofing

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FILLER SLAB WITH TILES

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE RIBBED BRICK SLAB

Reinforced Ribbed Brick Slab

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4) Finishings:I)Plastering with

i)Cement Mortar

ii)Mud Mortar

II)Painting with

i)Lime

ii)Distemper

Roof top rain water harvesting system and also solar energy systems should be set up wherever possible

RAT-TRAP

• The rat trap bond is a masonry

technique, where the bricks are used in a

way that creates a cavity within the

wall, while maintaining the same wall

thickness as of a conventional brick

masonry wall.

• While in a conventional English bond or

Flemish bond, bricks are laid flat, in a

Rat trap bond, they are placed on edge

forming the inner and outer face of the

wall, with cross bricks bridging the two

faces49

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When rat trap bond is used for load bearing structures:

a)Room corners are to be provided with solid construction .

b)First layer, sill level layer, 1st layer above lintel level, layer below slab to be of solid

layer

c)Usage of Half bricks or Quarter bricks to be avoided.

Rat-trap brick masonry51

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CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN

• The principal requirement for rat-trap brickwork is the availability of

good quality bricks. The following may be considered as a guiding

principle for ensuring strength of bricks for Rat-trap brickwork:

Type of building construction – Span not exceeding 4.2 0meters, Roof/ floor loads as per IS 875

Recommended compressive strengthof brick

Best Practice Minimum allowable

Load bearing, double storied More than 50 kg/cm2 40 kg/cm2

Load bearing, single storied More than 40 kg/cm2 35 kg/cm2

Infill masonry walls in framed structure ( no restriction on number of stories)

Minimum 35 kg/cm2

Cross joint53

T - joint End Situation at Opening

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• Use wooden strip to prevent mortar from falling into the cavities.

•Rat-trap brickwork is modular in nature. Follow a modular design for

length of walls and sizes of door-window openings -the module size

depends on the available bricks.

•Always lay the first 2 courses of brickwork in a dry run (without mortar) to

ensure the exact location and size of openings as per the rat-trap module

and to ensure that joints in the remaining courses will be properly

staggered with the first 2 courses.

• A solid course of brickwork should be laid at plinth, door and window sill/

lintel level and roof level.

• For exposed brick masonry, pointing should be done with rich

cement mortar.

Module of Rat Trap Masonry

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Wooden Strip while laying Mortar

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QUANTITY REQUIRED• Data for 1.00 Cubic meter of rat-trap bonded brick masonry with wire cut

bricks in cement mortar (1:6).

Description Unit Quantity

Bricks No. 400

Cement kg 36

Coarse Sand cum 0.15

Scaffolding cum 1

Skilled Labour Days 1.56

Unskilled Labour Days 3.95

Curing Labour Days 0.50

Unskilled Labour for Production of Bricks Days 6.25

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ADVANTAGES:a) Economy in use of bricks- 400 bricks are needed in Rat-trap bond

masonry instead of 500 Nos. in Conventional brick walls.

b) Saving in quantity of cement and sand . 0.15cum of Cement Mortar

instead of 0.20cum .

c) Provides better thermal comfort , because of the air cavity in the

brickwork - the building interior remains cooler in summer and

warmer in winter.

d) Rat-trap brickwork with good pointing has an aesthetic appearance

and need not be plastered – which is further saving in cost.

e) Vertical electrical conduiting can run in the cavity of brickwork.

LIMITATIONS:

• It is most suited where good quality bricks with straight and sharp edges are available

• When good quality and uniform size bricks are not available, avoid Rat trap masonry work.

• If the mason is not skilled enough, cement mortar can get wasted by falling into the wall cavity.

• Needs pre-planning in case of concealed electrical conduiting, because chiseling brickwork, like in conventional practice, is not possible. However, this can be taken care of by identifying location of wiring and plumbing in the design and planning stage, so that solid courses of brickwork may be provided inmasonry where the conduits will run.

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Filler slab

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In simply supported RCC slab, Concrete above the neutral axis takes care of compressive forces and Steel below the neutral axis takes care of tensile forces.

Concrete in the bottom half do not satisfy any structural purpose, instead it increases dead load of the RCC slab.

In a filler slab this unnecessary concrete is replaced with a filler material which can be a waste material to ensure economical advantage over an RCC slab.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION A) THE FILLER SLAB CAN BE DESIGNED LIKE A

CONVENTIONAL RCC SLAB AS PER IS 456-2000

DESIGN GUIDELINES, AFTER TAKING INTO

ACCOUNT THE DEAD LOAD REDUCTION DUE TO

THE FILLER MATERIAL AND THE SPACING OF

REINFORCEMENT AS PER THE SIZE OF THE FILLER

MATERIAL.

THERE CAN BE A CONFLICT BETWEEN FILLER SIZE

AND THE MINIMUM SPACING OF

REINFORCEMENT AS PER THE CODE, WHICH

NEEDS ATTENTION WHILE SELECTING THE FILLER

MATERIAL.

B) THE THICKNESS OF FILLER MATERIAL SHOULD

NOT EXCEED THE DEPTH OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS.

GENERALLY SPEAKING, FOR A SLAB THICKNESS

OF 125MM, THE FILLER MATERIAL DEPTH

SHOULD NOT EXCEED 60MM.

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Filler slab flat roof 61

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c) The size and shape of the filler material are governed by factors like

code guidelines for slab thickness, local availability of the filler

material, desired ceiling finish, etc. and must be carefully selected.

d) Quantity of concrete in the tension zone (bottom half) of the slab that

can be replaced by a filler material depends on the shape of the filler

material available and the thickness of the solid slab

Note : The size of Mangalore tiles may slightly vary from place to place

and manufacturer. However standard sizes are given below.

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S. No. Type of filler material Size of portion of slab using filler material

L (mm) B (mm) T (mm)

1 Double Mangalore tile (one on top of another

410 260 65-70

2 Stabilized mud block 230 350 50-100

3 Burnt clay brick 230 230 75

4 Hollow Concrete Block 400 150-200 100

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e) Shuttering for the filler slab is just like for a conventional RCC slab

f) Minimum bottom cover below reinforcement to be provided as per IS Code

and not less than 20mm .

This forms a grid and the filler material is placed centrally in each space of

the grid. Ensuring the linearity of the tiles, fix the tiles in position using

lumps of the concrete mix on all four sides.

g) No filler material is provided in bands of concrete along the edge of the slab.

The width of this band depends on the actual slab dimensions, thickness of

slab and the edge conditions. The reinforcement spacing in these bands will

be closer than spacing around the filler materials depending upon the design.

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h) Any conduits, such as for concealed electrical work, should be placed in the

spaces between the filler material i.e., along grid line and NOT on top of

filler material.

i) After the filler material has been completely laid, concrete is laid to fill in the

spaces between filler materials and on top of the filler material to achieve

the slab thickness.

j) It is not advisable to use the concrete vibrator to compact the concrete in

the bottom portion of the slab which contains the filler material. This may

disturb the placement of the filler materials. Therefore, special care must be

taken to compact this concrete manually with tamping rods. The concrete

on top of the filler materials is compacted with plate vibrator.

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Quantity Required for Room Size of 3.05m x 3.66m (10’x12’) Internal Dimension:

�Filler material : 2 Mangalore tiles placed one on top of another Total thickness of tiles will be considered as

65mm to 70mm. Size of each tile is considered as 16”x10”.

�Mix of Concrete 1:2:4

�Reinforcement spacing: Main reinforcement 12mm at 356mm spacing.

�Distribution reinforcement 10mm at 483mm spacing.

�No. of grids along longer dimension is 3460 / 356 = 10 (leaving 100mm on either side)�No. of grids along shorter dimension is 2850 / 483 = 6 (leaving 100mm on either side)

�Total no. of tiles required is 10x6 = 60 x 2 = 120Nos.

�Concrete replaced in place tiles = 60 x 3”x16”x10” = 16.66cft = 0.47 cum

�However 20% reduction of concrete is taken into consideration for practical purpose (3.66x3.05x0.125

=0.28cum).

4

�Quantity 1.446cum

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Data for Filler Slab of size 3.51 X 4.12 X0.125m outer to outer (and 3.05 X 3.66m inner dimensions) with Mangalore tiles:

�Quantity Concrete for balance area = 1.81cum -20% of 1.39cum (internal area) = 1.81- 0.28 =1.53cum.�Note: Data is exclusive of centering and shuttering charges.

Description Unit Quantity

Cement (1.53*6.6bags /cum = 10.16bags) Bags 10.00

Mangalore tiles Nos. 120.00

Coarse Sand (1.53*0.46/cum = 0.70) Cum 0.70

Aggregate 20mm (1.53*0.92/cum*2/3 =0.94cum) cum 0.95

Aggregate 10mm(1.53*0.92/cum*1/3 =0.47cum) cum 0.47

Total aggregates 1.42

12mm steel (11 Nos.x(3.05+2*0.23) = 11*3.51 = 38.61Rmt @0.888kg/Rmt

= 34.29kg *1.05 = 36.00kg)

kg 36.00

10mm steel 7Nosx(3.66+2*0.23) = 7*4.12 28.84Rmt @ 0.617kg/Rmt

=17.71kg*1.05 = 18.60kg)

kg 18.60

• Data for 1cum of concrete (Filler Slab) excluding the no.of Mangalore tiles:

Materials:Cement – 6.6bags Coarse sand – 0.37cumAggregate 20mm size – 0.50cum Aggregate 10mm size – 0.25cum Total Aggregates -0.75cum

Labour:Mason 1st class – 1.67Nos. Unskilled labour -3.72nos. Curing labour - 1.22Nos. Bar bender – 0.82Nos

•Depending up on tile size, the no. of tiles will vary and also reinforcement

spacing will vary.55

Advantages

• It enhances the thermal comfort inside the building due to heat resistant

qualities of the filler materials used. In the case of waste roofing tiles as filler,

the air gap in between the tiles makes it a good heat insulator

• Reduction (about 20%) in the use of concrete results in saving in the cost of

cement and aggregate compared to cost of tiles.

• Ceiling of this slab can be given an attractive appearance with the filler material

and therefore, a ceiling plaster is not needed

• Masons who are familiar with conventional RCC slab construction can easily adapt

to filler slab construction.

• Filler slabs can be used wherever RCC is used, for e.g.as floor slabs for multi-storied buildings, for sloping roofs, etc

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LIMITATIONS :

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• Since vibrators cannot be used in spaces between the filler

materials, extra care is needed to manually compact the

concrete in this space.

• Inadequate manual compaction can lead to poor quality

concrete

• It is feasible only in regions where suitable filler material is

available which is cheaper than concrete.

Name of Building Building MaterialsState Activities

Traditional Conventional Local available

materials & practices to be adopted

1 2 3 4 5A.P. Other itemsDoor & Wood Wood with flush Wood with flush windowshutters, RCC fame shutters, RCCframeswith MS shutter, MS fame with MS frame with MS shutter, MSshutter frame with MS shutterPlatering lime mortar Cement Mortar wherever wiredbricks are used, the structure can be built without plastering

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Traditional Conventional Local

available materials & practices to be adopted1 2 3 4 5

Rajasthan Foundation Stone, Brick Stone with Stone withcement mortar, cementBrick with mortar, Brick cement mortar with cement

mortar

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materials & practices to be adopted1 2 3 4 5

RajasthanSuper structure Stone, Brick Stone with Stone withcement mortar, cementBrick with mortar, Brick cement mortar with cementmortar Roofing Stone Stone & RCC Stone, RCC &

Ferro cement

(provided it is economical)

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materials & practices to be adopted1 2 3 4 5Rajasthan Skills Unskilledlabour, Semi- Skilled & Skilled Mason

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Traditional Wattle & Daub 87

Bamboo construction Technologies 78

Dome Construction 79

Vault roof Construction 80

TECHNOLOGIES DEMONSTRATED DURING THE WORKSHOP

Stabilized adobe blocks 101

Specifications for some of the cost effective and environmentally sensitive appropriate construction technologies:

Sl.no Technologies Specifications Category

1 Stabilised soil blocks in general building

construction - specification

IS 1725 Wall

2 Specification for precast concrete stone masonry

blocks

IS 12440 Wall

3 Construction of walls using precast concrete stone

masonry blocks-code of practice

IS 14213 Wall

4 Code of practice for application of lime plaster

finish

IS 2394 Wall finishes

5 Specification for precast concrete lintels and sills IS 9893 Fenestrations

6 Specification for stone lintels IS 9394 Fenestrations

7 Bamboo based construction technologies

a. Preservation of bamboo for structural purposes –

code of practice

IS 9096 Bamboo

technologies

b. structural design using bamboo – code of practice IS 15912 Bamboo

technologies

8 Code of practice for design and construction of

floor and roof with precast reinforced concrete

planks and joists

IS 13994 & Standards and

Specifications BMTPC_CT10

Roof 102

Specifications for some of the cost effective and environmentally sensitive appropriate construction technologies:

Sl.no Technologies Specifications Category

9 Specifications for precast doubly- curved shell

units for floors/ roofs



Roof

10 Code of practice for construction of reinforced

Brick Slab (RB) and Reinforced

Brick Concrete (RBC) slabs for floors and roofs

IS10440 & Standards and


Roof

11 Pre-fabricated brick panel and partially precast

concrete Joist for flooring and roofing

– Specification

IS14143 & Standards and


Roof

12 Specifications for precast reinforced concrete

door and window frames


Specifications BMTPC_BC5

Fenestrations

13 Specifications for Fero-cement roofing

channels

Standards and Specifications

BMTPC_CT10

Roof

14 Specifications for micro concrete roofing

(MCR) tiles

Standards and Specifications

BMTPC_BM08

Roof

16 Specifications for Ferro cement door shutters Standards and Specifications

BMTPC_BC6

Fenestrations 103

85

Type of Construction in Uttarakhand

Mostly in Uttarakhand the traditional type of construction of buildings will

include buildings of stone masonry, with wooded or stone flooring and roofing.

In the decade of 1990’s the State has witnessed two destructive Earth Quakes.

The residents of this area lost confidence in Traditional construction practices,

which in turn resulted in switching over to modern types construction i.e.,

construction of buildings with framed structures using cement, steel & bricks for

super structure.

Natural Hazards:

1.Earth Quakes - It falls in Zone IV & V as per Seismic Zoning Map

2.Flood Hazard – Can be present in Isolated low spots, due to Flash Flood phenomena or inundation due to inadequate drainage.

86

Type of Construction in Uttarakhand

The Government of Uttarakhand has released the Technical Guidelines &

Information for Stone Construction in Uttarakhand under Disaster Mitigation

and Management Centre, Dehradun in the year 2013.

In this Manual, it is suggested the earth quake resisting construction

techniques that should be adopted in the traditional stone construction

practices in accordance with the seismic zone mapping.

Options for stone walls: Few types of stone walls which are local practices are illustrated

88

Measures for Achieving Seismic Safety: For Building Category:

a)Control on length, height and thickness of walls in a room

b)Control on size and location of openings

c)Control on material strength and quality of construction

Additional Measures:

d)Seismic bands at Plinth level ( May be omitted if founded on rock or hard

soil)

e)Seismic band at door / window lintel level in all cases

Where Flat Floor/ Roof is adopted:

Seismic band at eave level of floors or roofs consisting of joists or jointed

prefab elements

89

Where Sloping / Pitched Roof is used:

a)Seismic band at eave level of sloping roofs

b)Seismic band at top of gable wall and ridge wall top

c)Bracing in roof structure of trussed as well as raftered roofs

d)Vertical steel bar at each corner and T junction of walls Additional

measures:

e)Seismic band or stiffeners or dowels at corners and T junctions at

window sill level

f)Vertical steel reinforcing bars at jambs of doors and large windows

Vernacular Homes

EXPOSED WIRE CUT BRICK AND RANDOM RUBBLE

Used m- sand

COURTYARD – NATURAL STONES

Usage of Sadharahalli and Granite

MANGALORE TILED ROOFING

FILLER SLAB

BRICK DETAILING

CORBELLING

Wood – Honne and Sal for frames and shutters

Natural Lighting with ventilation to allow hot air to escape

NATURAL LIGHTING IN THE BATHROOM

Sensor based lighting externally and internally with Led to conserve electricity

SOLAR PANEL FOR HOT WATER

SOLAR LIGHTS FOR THE PATHWAY

SOLAR PANEL LIGHTING FOR THE STREET

MANGALORE TILES ROOF

FLOORING – JAISALMER, KOTA, WOOD

NATURAL STONE PILLARS FOR SUPPORT

DRAFT WALL FOR COMPOUND AND NO GATE

Doors- reused from demolished temples

BLINDS- KHUS-KHUS AND BAMBOO

OTHERS

• RAIN WATER HARVESTING- WATER IS

COLLECTED FROM ALL ROOF TOPS AND

DIVERTED TO ANOTHER SUMP WHICH IS USED

FOR GARDENING, CLEANING VESSELS AND

WASHING CLOTHES.

• ORGANIC GARDEN- NO FERTILIZERS USED .

COCO PIT WITH NEEM CAKE, BONE MEAL AND

COW DUNG ARE MIXED TO A PROPORTION TO

ACT AS FERTILIZER. KITCHEN WASTE IS USED

TO CREATE COMPOST.

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