Swachh Bharat AbhiyanWikipedia The campaign was launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat by PM Modi. It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event. This campaign is launched and is covered under Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (Rural Areas) and under Ministry of Urban Development (Urban Areas). The objective of this program is to accomplish the vision of Clean India by 2 October 2019 (Mahatma Gandhis 150th birthday). The cost of the program is expected to be around 62000 crore which is to be shared between Central Government, State Government and Urban Local Bodies (like MCD, NDMC etc.). According to Swachh Bharat Mission guidelines, this program aims to: Construct individual sanitary latrines for households below the poverty line along with 80% subsidy, wherever demand exists Convert dry latrines into low-cost sanitary latrines Construct exclusive village sanitary complexes for women providing facilities for hand pumping, bathing,sanitation and washing on a selective basis where there is no adequate land or space within houses and where village panchayats are willing to maintain the facilities Set up sanitary marts Construct drains, soaking pits, solid and liquid waste disposal Eliminate open defecation 100% by 2019 Eradicate manual scavenging Spread awareness regarding need for sanitation facilities and health education Facilitate private-sector participation in capital expenditure An appeal is made to all the Members of Parliament to spend at least 50% of their MPLADS (Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme) funds on the initiative. The scheme was foremost launched in 1986 as Central Rural Sanitation Programme. Although in 1999, the Union Government launched Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) to promote sanitation in rural areas. To promote it, the government also issued an award called Nirmal Gram Puraskar for total sanitation coverage, maintenance of clean environment and open-defecation free panchayat villages. On 1 April 2012, TSC was renamed to Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. Sikkim was the first state to achieve full sanitation coverage. Criticisms faced by the scheme: Some people regard that the scheme is not new and that it is just renaming of the initial schemes. All the people associated with the scheme are closely linked with PM Modi who wants to build their reputation with the latter. Since 1986, there have been cases of corruption and non-delivery of projected toilets and latrines. In rural areas, the Gram Panchayat presidents and secretaries often take bribes to build these toilets and villagers cannot afford to pay these bribes. The NITI Aayog, which has set up the guidelines of the scheme, only communicated via upper people like Gram Panchayat presidents and secretaries and never visited villages to check the real condition. The central government is not concerned whether the projected toilets and latrines are being built up or not because Ministry of Panchayati Raj has transferred the grievance cases to the State Governments.Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission This scheme is announced by Arun Jaitley in his maiden budget speech in July 2014 to provide infrastructure in rural areas like public transport, solid waste disposal, sewage treatment and access to drinking water. The scheme, under Ministry of Rural Development, also includes development of economic activities and skill development and will run through PPPs while using various scheme funds. The funds for this scheme has been enhanced from Rs 5000 crore to Rs 50,000 crore.Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana This is another scheme launched in the maiden budget speech of NDA government. Its aim is to improve power supply to rural areas and to strengthen sub-transmission and distribution system. Its long term goal is to provide 24*7 power supply to all rural homes. The scheme is under Power Ministry and Rs 500 crore has been allotted for this scheme. The scheme has replaced Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana.Indira Awaas Yojana (targeting rural poor) This scheme was launched in 1985 by the union government under Rural Development Ministry to provide houses for BPL population in the villages, i.e. for the rural poor. The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife. The construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary and engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited. Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah are required to be constructed along with each IAY house for which additional financial assistance is provided from Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana. The funds are allotted to rural people for: Building their houses in plains and hills/difficult terrain Upgrading their existing houses Purchasing land to build their houses The Modi government aims to replace all temporary (kutchcha) houses from Indian villages by 2017. The funding is mutually shared between Central and State Governments. A software called AWAAS Soft was launched in July 2010 to assist in improved administration of this scheme.Rajiv Awaas Yojana (targeting urban poor) This initiative was introduced by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation that attempts to help slum dwellers (urban poor) gain appropriate housing and address the processes by which slums are created and reproduced. Other facilities like basic civil infrastructure and social amenities are also to be provided to slum dwellers under this scheme. It is sponsored by the Union Government and aims to make India slum-free by 2022.Jawaharlal Nehru Nation Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) It is a massive city-modernisation scheme launched by UPA government under Ministry of Urban Development in December 2005 for a seven-year period (up to March 2012). A total investment of USD 20 billion was projected on this plan. It seeks to provide social and economic infrastructure in cities, basic services to urban poor and wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance. Currently, ten projects are covered by JNNURM funds pertaining to road network, storm water drains, bus rapid transit system, water supply, solid waste management, sewage treatment, river and lake improvement, slum improvement and rehabilitation. 13 specific reforms are mandatory for states and municipalities before funds can be accessed. At the state level, they include decentralisation of urban planning, water supply and sanitation from the states to cities, as well as the enactment of laws for community participation and public disclosure. At the municipal level, they include the adoption of modern accounting systems, e-government, improvements in property tax collection, better cost recovery for water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, and targeting of investments to the poor.

Smart Cities Mission This initiative is launched by Union Government under Ministry of Urban Development in which each the urban cities would be made more liveable and inclusive, besides driving economic growth. Each selected city would get Central assistance of Rs. 100 crore a year for five years. The participation of State Governments is limited as they have to submit only the State Annual Action Plans to the Centre based on which funds would be allocated. All States will get at least one smart city. The centre has now selected 100 cities for this project. To fund for the development of these smart cities, Public-Private Partnership model to be used by States and urban local bodies to mobilise private investments. There will be special emphasis on participation of citizens in prioritising and planning urban interventions. It will be implemented through area based approach, which includes retrofitting, redevelopment, pan-city initiatives and development of new cities. The focus will be on core infrastructure services like adequate and clean water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, efficient urban mobility and public transportation, affordable housing for the poor, power supply, robust IT connectivity, governance, especially e-governance.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) It is another initiative launched under Urban Development Ministry that aims to enable cities and towns to eventually grow into smart cities. It will be implemented in 500 locations with a population of one lakh and above. Under this scheme, State governments can design the plans according to their needs. This scheme is a new form of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).Housing for All by 2022 The initiative is also named as Sardar Patel National Urban Housing Mission. It is an initiative launched by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation that aims to provide a pucca house to every Indian citizen by 2022 (75th year of Indias Independence). For the Ministry, 6 crore houses would be developed and the budgetary allocation has been hiked from Rs 3400 crore in 2014-15 to Rs 5634.47 crore in the 2015-16 fiscal. The government aims to involve local bodies of states, public sector, private developers and other responsible bodies in the massive housing for all programmes. Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) is a PSU under the ministry that provides technical and financial assistance for housing with special focus on the economically weaker sections in both rural and urban areas.